1
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Sadiki A, Liu S, Vaidya SR, Kercher EM, Lang RT, McIsaac J, Spring BQ, Auclair JR, Zhou ZS. Site-Specific Conjugation of Native Antibody: Transglutaminase-Mediated Modification of a Conserved Glutamine While Maintaining the Primary Sequence and Core Fc Glycan via Trimming with an Endoglycosidase. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:465-471. [PMID: 38499390 PMCID: PMC11036358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
A versatile chemo-enzymatic tool to site-specifically modify native (nonengineered) antibodies is using transglutaminase (TGase, E.C. 2.3.2.13). With various amines as cosubstrates, this enzyme converts the unsubstituted side chain amide of glutamine (Gln or Q) in peptides and proteins into substituted amides (i.e., conjugates). A pleasant surprise is that only a single conserved glutamine (Gln295) in the Fc region of IgG is modified by microbial TGase (mTGase, EC 2.3.2.13), thereby providing a highly specific and generally applicable conjugation method. However, prior to the transamidation (access to the glutamine residue by mTGase), the steric hindrance from the nearby conserved N-glycan (Asn297 in IgG1) must be reduced. In previous approaches, amidase (PNGase F, EC 3.5.1.52) was used to completely remove the N-glycan. However, PNGase F also converts a net neutral asparagine (Asn297) to a negatively charged aspartic acid (Asp297). This charge alteration may markedly change the structure, function, and immunogenicity of an IgG antibody. In contrast, in our new method presented herein, the N-glycan is trimmed by an endoglycosidase (EndoS2, EC 3.2.1.96), hence retaining both the core N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) moiety and the neutral asparaginyl amide. The trimmed glycan also reduces or abolishes Fc receptor-mediated functions, which results in better imaging agents by decreasing nonspecific binding to other cells (e.g., immune cells). Moreover, the remaining core glycan allows further derivatization such as glycan remodeling and dual conjugation. Practical and robust, our method generates conjugates in near quantitative yields, and both enzymes are commercially available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amissi Sadiki
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and
Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and
Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Shefali R. Vaidya
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and
Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Eric M. Kercher
- Translational
Biophotonics Cluster, Department of Physics, Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ryan T. Lang
- Translational
Biophotonics Cluster, Department of Physics, Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - James McIsaac
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and
Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Bryan Q. Spring
- Translational
Biophotonics Cluster, Department of Physics, Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jared R. Auclair
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and
Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Zhaohui Sunny Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and
Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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2
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Liu Y, Lu X, Chen M, Wei Z, Peng G, Yang J, Tang C, Yu P. Advances in screening, synthesis, modification, and biomedical applications of peptides and peptide aptamers. Biofactors 2024; 50:33-57. [PMID: 37646383 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Peptides and peptide aptamers have emerged as promising molecules for a wide range of biomedical applications due to their unique properties and versatile functionalities. The screening strategies for identifying peptides and peptide aptamers with desired properties are discussed, including high-throughput screening, display screening technology, and in silico design approaches. The synthesis methods for the efficient production of peptides and peptide aptamers, such as solid-phase peptide synthesis and biosynthesis technology, are described, along with their advantages and limitations. Moreover, various modification techniques are explored to enhance the stability, specificity, and pharmacokinetic properties of peptides and peptide aptamers. This includes chemical modifications, enzymatic modifications, biomodifications, genetic engineering modifications, and physical modifications. Furthermore, the review highlights the diverse biomedical applications of peptides and peptide aptamers, including targeted drug delivery, diagnostics, and therapeutic. This review provides valuable insights into the advancements in screening, synthesis, modification, and biomedical applications of peptides and peptide aptamers. A comprehensive understanding of these aspects will aid researchers in the development of novel peptide-based therapeutics and diagnostic tools for various biomedical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meilun Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng Wei
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guangnan Peng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunhua Tang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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3
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Vasić K, Knez Ž, Leitgeb M. Transglutaminase in Foods and Biotechnology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12402. [PMID: 37569776 PMCID: PMC10419021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stabilization and reusability of enzyme transglutaminase (TGM) are important goals for the enzymatic process since immobilizing TGM plays an important role in different technologies and industries. TGM can be used in many applications. In the food industry, it plays a role as a protein-modifying enzyme, while, in biotechnology and pharmaceutical applications, it is used in mediated bioconjugation due to its extraordinary crosslinking ability. TGMs (EC 2.3.2.13) are enzymes that catalyze the formation of a covalent bond between a free amino group of protein-bound or peptide-bound lysine, which acts as an acyl acceptor, and the γ-carboxamide group of protein-bound or peptide-bound glutamine, which acts as an acyl donor. This results in the modification of proteins through either intramolecular or intermolecular crosslinking, which improves the use of the respective proteins significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Vasić
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.V.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Željko Knez
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.V.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maja Leitgeb
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.V.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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4
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Fischer NH, Oliveira MT, Diness F. Chemical modification of proteins - challenges and trends at the start of the 2020s. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:719-748. [PMID: 36519403 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01237e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomally expressed proteins perform multiple, versatile, and specialized tasks throughout Nature. In modern times, chemically modified proteins, including improved hormones, enzymes, and antibody-drug-conjugates have become available and have found advanced industrial and pharmaceutical applications. Chemical modification of proteins is used to introduce new functionalities, improve stability or drugability. Undertaking chemical reactions with proteins without compromising their native function is still a core challenge as proteins are large conformation dependent multifunctional molecules. Methods for functionalization ideally should be chemo-selective, site-selective, and undertaken under biocompatible conditions in aqueous buffer to prevent denaturation of the protein. Here the present challenges in the field are discussed and methods for modification of the 20 encoded amino acids as well as the N-/C-termini and protein backbone are presented. For each amino acid, common and traditional modification methods are presented first, followed by more recent ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Henrik Fischer
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Teresa Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik Diness
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Ji X, Zhu N, Ma Y, Liu J, Hu Y. Protein C-Terminal Tyrosine Conjugation via Recyclable Immobilized BmTYR. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40532-40539. [PMID: 36385814 PMCID: PMC9647846 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein modification plays an essential role in biological and pharmaceutical research. Due to the ordinary selectivity and inevitable damage to proteins of chemical synthetic methods, increased efforts were focused on biocatalysts which exhibited high regioselectivity and mild reaction conditions. However, separation of the biocatalysts and modified proteins remained a problem, especially when scaling up. Here, we developed a simple method for site-specific protein modification with a recyclable biocatalyst. The immobilizing tyrosinase (BmTYR) on magnetic beads can oxidize C-terminal tyrosine residues of the target protein to o-quinone, followed by the spontaneous addition of different nucleophiles (e.g., aniline derivatives), resulting in a C-terminal modified protein. Compared to the homogeneous biocatalytic system reported before, this heterogeneous system leads to an easier separation. Furthermore, the solid-phase biocatalyst can be regenerated during separation, providing reusability and lower costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Ji
- State
Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia, Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nanlin Zhu
- Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanjie Ma
- State
Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia, Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Youhong Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia, Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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van Hest J, Zheng G, Rotello VM. Bioorthogonal Chemistry and Bioconjugation: Synergistic Tools for Biology and Biomedicine. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1409-1410. [PMID: 34323066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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7
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Govindarajan A, Gnanasambandam V. Toward Intracellular Bioconjugation Using Transition-Metal-Free Techniques. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1431-1454. [PMID: 34197073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bioconjugation is the chemical strategy of covalent modification of biomolecules, using either an external reagent or other biomolecules. Since its inception in the twentieth century, the technique has grown by leaps and bounds, and has a variety of applications in chemical biology. However, it is yet to reach its full potential in the study of biochemical processes in live cells, mainly because the bioconjugation strategies conflict with cellular processes. This has mostly been overcome by using transition metal catalysts, but the presence of metal centers limit them to in vitro use, or to the cell surface. These hurdles can potentially be circumvented by using metal-free strategies. However, the very modifications that are necessary to make such metal-free reactions proceed effectively may impact their biocompatibility. This is because biological processes are easily perturbed and greatly depend on the prevailing inter- and intracellular environment. With this taken into consideration, this review analyzes the applicability of the transition-metal-free strategies reported in this decade to the study of biochemical processes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaditya Govindarajan
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry - 605014, India
| | - Vasuki Gnanasambandam
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry - 605014, India
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8
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Sadiki A, Vaidya SR, Abdollahi M, Bhardwaj G, Dolan ME, Turna H, Arora V, Sanjeev A, Robinson TD, Koid A, Amin A, Zhou ZS. Site-specific conjugation of native antibody. Antib Ther 2020; 3:271-284. [PMID: 33644685 PMCID: PMC7906296 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, non-specific chemical conjugations, such as acylation of amines on lysine or alkylation of thiols on cysteines, are widely used; however, they have several shortcomings. First, the lack of site-specificity results in heterogeneous products and irreproducible processes. Second, potential modifications near the complementarity-determining region may reduce binding affinity and specificity. Conversely, site-specific methods produce well-defined and more homogenous antibody conjugates, ensuring developability and clinical applications. Moreover, several recent side-by-side comparisons of site-specific and stochastic methods have demonstrated that site-specific approaches are more likely to achieve their desired properties and functions, such as increased plasma stability, less variability in dose-dependent studies (particularly at low concentrations), enhanced binding efficiency, as well as increased tumor uptake. Herein, we review several standard and practical site-specific bioconjugation methods for native antibodies, i.e., those without recombinant engineering. First, chemo-enzymatic techniques, namely transglutaminase (TGase)-mediated transamidation of a conserved glutamine residue and glycan remodeling of a conserved asparagine N-glycan (GlyCLICK), both in the Fc region. Second, chemical approaches such as selective reduction of disulfides (ThioBridge) and N-terminal amine modifications. Furthermore, we list site-specific antibody–drug conjugates in clinical trials along with the future perspectives of these site-specific methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amissi Sadiki
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Shefali R Vaidya
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Mina Abdollahi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Gunjan Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Michael E Dolan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Downstream Development, Biologics Process Development, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Company Limited), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Harpreet Turna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Varnika Arora
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Athul Sanjeev
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Timothy D Robinson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Andrea Koid
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Aashka Amin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
| | - Zhaohui Sunny Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
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9
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Sadiki A, Kercher EM, Lu H, Lang RT, Spring BQ, Zhou ZS. Site-specific Bioconjugation and Convergent Click Chemistry Enhances Antibody-Chromophore Conjugate Binding Efficiency. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:596-603. [PMID: 32080860 DOI: 10.1111/php.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizer (PS)-antibody conjugates (photoimmunoconjugates, PICs) enable cancer cell-targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT). Nonspecific chemical bioconjugation is widely used to synthesize PICs but gives rise to several shortcomings. The conjugates are heterogeneous, and the process is not easily reproducible. Moreover, modifications at or near the binding sites alter both binding affinity and specificity. To overcome these limitations, we introduce convergent assembly of PICs via a chemo-enzymatic site-specific approach. First, an antibody is conjugated to a clickable handle via site-specific modification of glutamine (Gln) residues catalyzed by transglutaminase (TGase, EC 2.3.2.13). Second, the modified antibody intermediate is conjugated to a compatible chromophore via click chemistry. Utilizing cetuximab, we compared this site-specific conjugation protocol to the nonspecific chemical acylation of amines using N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) chemistry. Both the heavy and light chains were modified via the chemical route, whereas, only a glutamine 295 in the heavy chain was modified via chemo-enzymatic conjugation. Furthermore, a 2.3-fold increase in the number of bound antibodies per cell was observed for the site-specific compared with nonspecific method, suggesting that multiple stochastic sites of modification perturb the antibody-antigen binding. Altogether, site-specific bioconjugation leads to homogenous, reproducible and well-defined PICs, conferring higher binding efficiency and probability of clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amissi Sadiki
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Eric M Kercher
- Translational Biophotonics Cluster, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.,Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Haibin Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.,College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ryan T Lang
- Translational Biophotonics Cluster, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.,Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Bryan Q Spring
- Translational Biophotonics Cluster, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.,Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.,Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.,Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Zhaohui Sunny Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.,Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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10
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Doti N, Caporale A, Monti A, Sandomenico A, Selis F, Ruvo M. A recent update on the use of microbial transglutaminase for the generation of biotherapeutics. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:53. [PMID: 32172335 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent scientific progresses on the use of enzyme-mediated reactions in organic, non-aqueous and aqueous media have significantly supported the growing demand of new biotechnological and/or pharmacological products. Today, a plethora of microbial enzymes, used as biocatalysts, are available. Among these, microbial transglutaminases (MTGs) are broadly used for their ability to catalyse the formation of an isopeptide bond between the γ-amide group of glutamines and the ε-amino group of lysine. Due to their promiscuity towards primary amine-containing substrates and the more stringent specificity for glutamine-containing peptide sequences, several combined approaches can be tailored for different settings, making MTGs very attractive catalysts for generating protein-protein and protein small molecule's conjugates. The present review offers a recent update on the modifications attainable by MTG-catalysed bioreactions as reported between 2014 and 2019. In particular, we present a detailed and comparative overview on the MTG-based methods for proteins and antibodies engineering, with a particular outlook on the synthesis of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Doti
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR (IBB-CNR), Via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Naples, Italy.
| | - A Caporale
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR (IC-CNR), c/o Area Science Park s.s. 14 Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Monti
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR (IBB-CNR), Via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABIF), University L. Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi, 43, 80100, Caserta, Italy
| | - A Sandomenico
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR (IBB-CNR), Via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Selis
- BioVIIIx R&D, Via B. Brin, 59C, 80142, Naples, Italy
| | - M Ruvo
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR (IBB-CNR), Via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Naples, Italy.
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11
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