1
|
Walkowiak JJ, Litzen I, Michalska-Walkowiak J, Förster B, Stouten J, Bernaerts KV, Demco DE, Pich A. Microgels with controlled network topologies by photocrosslinking-assisted continuous precipitation polymerization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 675:614-619. [PMID: 38991275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we present a new synthesis methodology based on photo-crosslinking-assisted continuous precipitation polymerization which allows controlling the distribution of crosslinks in microgels. In our approach we substituted conventional crosslinking agent by a comonomer carrying photo-crosslinkable 4-oxocyclopent-2-en-1-yl group. Microgel size, morphology, distribution of crosslinks and packing density of the polymer chains are studied as a function of retention time (Rt) in the flow reactor. Dynamic and static light scattering (DLS and SLS) as well as small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) proved an excellent level of control over the distribution of crosslinks in microgels during the polymerization process. These results were confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), indicating a difference in microgel stiffness and arrangement of the polymer network as resulting from increased Rt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek J Walkowiak
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Inga Litzen
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Joanna Michalska-Walkowiak
- CNRS, UMR 8232 - IPCM - Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire - Polymer Chemistry Team, Sorbonne Université, 4 Pl. Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Beate Förster
- Ernst Ruska Centre (ER-C 1) Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jules Stouten
- Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Katrien V Bernaerts
- Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Dan E Demco
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sommerfeld IK, Palm P, Hussnaetter KP, Pieper MI, Bulut S, Lile T, Wagner R, Walkowiak JJ, Elling L, Pich A. Microgels with Immobilized Glycosyltransferases for Enzymatic Glycan Synthesis. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3807-3822. [PMID: 38807305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Glycans, composed of linked monosaccharides, play crucial roles in biology and find diverse applications. Enhancing their enzymatic synthesis can be achieved by immobilizing enzymes on materials such as microgels. Here, we present microgels with immobilized glycosyltransferases, synthesized through droplet microfluidics, immobilizing enzymes either via encapsulation or postattachment. SpyTag-SpyCatcher interaction was used for enzyme binding, among others. Fluorescamine and permeability assays confirmed enzyme immobilization and microgel porosity, while enzymatic activities were determined using HPLC. The potential application of microgels in cascade reactions involving multiple enzymes was demonstrated by combining β4GalT and α3GalT in an enzymatic reaction with high yields. Moreover, a cascade of β4GalT and β3GlcNAcT was successfully implemented. These results pave the way toward a modular membrane bioreactor for automated glycan synthesis containing the presented biocatalytic microgels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Katja Sommerfeld
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
- DWI─Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Philip Palm
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Kai Philip Hussnaetter
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Maria Isabell Pieper
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
- DWI─Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Selin Bulut
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
- DWI─Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Tudor Lile
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
- DWI─Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Rebekka Wagner
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Jacek Janusz Walkowiak
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
- DWI─Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, RD Geleen 6167, The Netherlands
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
- DWI─Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, RD Geleen 6167, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fansher D, Besna JN, Fendri A, Pelletier JN. Choose Your Own Adventure: A Comprehensive Database of Reactions Catalyzed by Cytochrome P450 BM3 Variants. ACS Catal 2024; 14:5560-5592. [PMID: 38660610 PMCID: PMC11036407 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 BM3 monooxygenase is the topic of extensive research as many researchers have evolved this enzyme to generate a variety of products. However, the abundance of information on increasingly diversified variants of P450 BM3 that catalyze a broad array of chemistry is not in a format that enables easy extraction and interpretation. We present a database that categorizes variants by their catalyzed reactions and includes details about substrates to provide reaction context. This database of >1500 P450 BM3 variants is downloadable and machine-readable and includes instructions to maximize ease of gathering information. The database allows rapid identification of commonly reported substitutions, aiding researchers who are unfamiliar with the enzyme in identifying starting points for enzyme engineering. For those actively engaged in engineering P450 BM3, the database, along with this review, provides a powerful and user-friendly platform to understand, predict, and identify the attributes of P450 BM3 variants, encouraging the further engineering of this enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas
J. Fansher
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
| | - Jonathan N. Besna
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1J4
| | - Ali Fendri
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
| | - Joelle N. Pelletier
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1J4
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zou Z, Ji Y, Schwaneberg U. Empowering Site-Specific Bioconjugations In Vitro and In Vivo: Advances in Sortase Engineering and Sortase-Mediated Ligation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202310910. [PMID: 38081121 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Sortase-mediated ligation (SML) has emerged as a powerful and versatile methodology for site-specific protein conjugation, functionalization/labeling, immobilization, and design of biohybrid molecules and systems. However, the broader application of SML faces several challenges, such as limited activity and stability, dependence on calcium ions, and reversible reactions caused by nucleophilic side-products. Over the past decade, protein engineering campaigns and particularly directed evolution, have been extensively employed to overcome sortase limitations, thereby expanding the potential application of SML in multiple directions, including therapeutics, biorthogonal chemistry, biomaterials, and biosensors. This review provides an overview of achieved advancements in sortase engineering and highlights recent progress in utilizing SML in combination with other state-of-the-art chemical and biological methodologies. The aim is to encourage scientists to employ sortases in their conjugation experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zou
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biotechnology, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yu Ji
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biotechnology, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biotechnology, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hussnaetter KP, Palm P, Pich A, Franzreb M, Rapp E, Elling L. Strategies for Automated Enzymatic Glycan Synthesis (AEGS). Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108208. [PMID: 37437855 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Glycans are the most abundant biopolymers on earth and are constituents of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans with multiple biological functions. The availability of different complex glycan structures is of major interest in biotechnology and basic research of biological systems. High complexity, establishment of general and ubiquitous synthesis techniques, as well as sophisticated analytics, are major challenges in the development of glycan synthesis strategies. Enzymatic glycan synthesis with Leloir-glycosyltransferases is an attractive alternative to chemical synthesis as it can achieve quantitative regio- and stereoselective glycosylation in a single step. Various strategies for synthesis of a wide variety of different glycan structures has already be established and will exemplarily be discussed in the scope of this review. However, the application of enzymatic glycan synthesis in an automated system has high demands on the equipment, techniques, and methods. Different automation approaches have already been shown. However, while these techniques have been applied for several glycans, only a few strategies are able to conserve the full potential of enzymatic glycan synthesis during the process - economical and enzyme technological recycling of enzymes is still rare. In this review, we show the major challenges towards Automated Enzymatic Glycan Synthesis (AEGS). First, we discuss examples for immobilization of glycans or glycosyltransferases as an important prerequisite for the embedment and implementation in an enzyme reactor. Next, improvement of bioreactors towards automation will be described. Finally, analysis and monitoring of the synthesis process are discussed. Furthermore, automation processes and cycle design are highlighted. Accordingly, the transition of recent approaches towards a universal automated glycan synthesis platform will be projected. To this end, this review aims to describe essential key features for AEGS, evaluate the current state-of-the-art and give thought- encouraging impulses towards future full automated enzymatic glycan synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Philip Hussnaetter
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Philip Palm
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry and DWI Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Franzreb
- Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Hermann v. Helmholtz, Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- glyXera GmbH, Brenneckestrasse 20 * ZENIT, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical System, Bioprocess Engineering, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Maity S, Gaur D, Mishra B, Dubey NC, Tripathi BP. Bactericidal and biocatalytic temperature responsive microgel based self-cleaning membranes for water purification. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 642:129-144. [PMID: 37003009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study focuses on creating an antimicrobial and biocatalytic smart gating membrane by synthesizing unique core-shell microgels. The core-shell microgels are synthesized by grafting short chains of poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) onto a poly((N-isopropyl acrylamide)-co-glycidyl methacrylate)) (P(NIPAm-co-GMA)) core. Subsequently, the produced microgels are utilized as a substrate for synthesizing and stabilizing silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) through an in-situ approach. These Ag NPs immobilized microgels are then suction filtered over a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) track-etched support to create cross-linked composite microgel membranes (CMMs). After structural and permeation characterization of the prepared CMMs, the laccase enzyme is then covalently grafted to the surface of the membrane and tested for its effectiveness in degrading Reactive red-120 dye. The laccase immobilized biocatalytic CMMs show effective degradation of the Reactive red-120 by 71%, 48%, and 34% at pH 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Furthermore, the immobilized laccase enzyme showed better activity and stability in terms of thermal, pH, and storage compared to the free laccase, leading to increased reusability. The unique combination of Ag NPs and laccase on a thermoresponsive microgel support resulted in a responsive self-cleaning membrane with excellent antimicrobial and dye degradation capabilities for environmentally friendly separation technology.
Collapse
|
7
|
Susmitha A, Arya JS, Sundar L, Maiti KK, Nampoothiri KM. Sortase E-mediated site-specific immobilization of green fluorescent protein and xylose dehydrogenase on gold nanoparticles. J Biotechnol 2023; 367:11-19. [PMID: 36972749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Sortase, a bacterial transpeptidase enzyme, is an attractive tool for protein engineering due to its ability to break a peptide bond at a specific site and then reform a new bond with an incoming nucleophile. Here, we present the immobilization of two recombinant proteins, enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and xylose dehydrogenase (XylB) over triglycine functionalized PEGylated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using C. glutamicum sortase E. For the first time, we used a new class of sortase from a non-pathogenic organism for sortagging. The site-specific conjugation of proteins with LAHTG-tagged sequences on AuNPs via covalent cross-linking was successfully detected by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and UV-vis spectral analysis. The sortagging was initially validated by an eGFP model protein and later with the xylose dehydrogenase enzyme. The catalytic activity, stability, and reusability of the immobilized XylB were studied with the bioconversion of xylose to xylonic acid. When compared to the free enzyme, the immobilized XylB was able to retain 80% of its initial activity after four sequential cycles and exhibited no significant variations in instability after each cycle for about 72h. These findings suggest that C. glutamicum sortase could be useful for immobilizing site-specific proteins/enzymes in biotransformation applications for value-added chemical production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aliyath Susmitha
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Jayadev S Arya
- Chemical Science and Technology Division, Organic Chemistry Section, CSIR, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Lekshmi Sundar
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kaustabh Kumar Maiti
- Chemical Science and Technology Division, Organic Chemistry Section, CSIR, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Kesavan Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nevolianis T, Wolter N, Kaven LF, Krep L, Huang C, Mhamdi A, Mitsos A, Pich A, Leonhard K. Kinetic Modeling of a Poly( N-vinylcaprolactam- co-glycidyl methacrylate) Microgel Synthesis: A Hybrid In Silico and Experimental Approach. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nevolianis
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062Aachen, Germany
| | - Nadja Wolter
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., 52074Aachen, Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Luise F. Kaven
- Chair of Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Lukas Krep
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062Aachen, Germany
| | - Can Huang
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062Aachen, Germany
| | - Adel Mhamdi
- Chair of Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Mitsos
- Chair of Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074Aachen, Germany
- JARA-SOFT, 52056Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., 52074Aachen, Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Kai Leonhard
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu H, Zheng B. Hydrogel-Based Multi-enzymatic System for Biosynthesis. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 186:51-76. [PMID: 37306702 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis involving multi-enzymatic reactions is usually an efficient and economic method to produce plentiful important molecules. To increase the product yield in biosynthesis, the involved enzymes can be immobilized to carriers for enhancing enzyme stability, increasing synthesis efficiency and improving enzyme recyclability. Hydrogels with three-dimensional porous structures and versatile functional groups are promising carriers for enzyme immobilization. Herein, we review the recent advances of the hydrogel-based multi-enzymatic system for biosynthesis. First, we introduce the strategies of enzyme immobilization in hydrogel, including the pros and cons of the strategies. Then we overview the recent applications of the multi-enzymatic system for biosynthesis, including cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) and non-protein synthesis, especially high value-added molecules. In the last section, we discuss the future perspective of the hydrogel-based multi-enzymatic system for biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- Institute for Cell Analysis, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Institute for Cell Analysis, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sulman AM, Matveeva VG, Bronstein LM. Cellulase Immobilization on Nanostructured Supports for Biomass Waste Processing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3796. [PMID: 36364572 PMCID: PMC9656580 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanobiocatalysts, i.e., enzymes immobilized on nanostructured supports, received considerable attention because they are potential remedies to overcome shortcomings of traditional biocatalysts, such as low efficiency of mass transfer, instability during catalytic reactions, and possible deactivation. In this short review, we will analyze major aspects of immobilization of cellulase-an enzyme for cellulosic biomass waste processing-on nanostructured supports. Such supports provide high surface areas, increased enzyme loading, and a beneficial environment to enhance cellulase performance and its stability, leading to nanobiocatalysts for obtaining biofuels and value-added chemicals. Here, we will discuss such nanostructured supports as carbon nanotubes, polymer nanoparticles (NPs), nanohydrogels, nanofibers, silica NPs, hierarchical porous materials, magnetic NPs and their nanohybrids, based on publications of the last five years. The use of magnetic NPs is especially favorable due to easy separation and the nanobiocatalyst recovery for a repeated use. This review will discuss methods for cellulase immobilization, morphology of nanostructured supports, multienzyme systems as well as factors influencing the enzyme activity to achieve the highest conversion of cellulosic biowaste into fermentable sugars. We believe this review will allow for an enhanced understanding of such nanobiocatalysts and processes, allowing for the best solutions to major problems of sustainable biorefinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandrina M. Sulman
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Standardization, Tver State Technical University, 22 A. Nikitina St., 170026 Tver, Russia
| | - Valentina G. Matveeva
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Standardization, Tver State Technical University, 22 A. Nikitina St., 170026 Tver, Russia
- Regional Technological Centre, Tver State University, Zhelyabova St., 33, 170100 Tver, Russia
| | - Lyudmila M. Bronstein
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Av., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80303, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Endogenous Nitric Oxide-Releasing Microgel Coating Prevents Clot Formation on Oxygenator Fibers Exposed to In Vitro Blood Flow. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12010073. [PMID: 35054599 PMCID: PMC8779597 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: Clot formation on foreign surfaces of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation systems is a frequent event. Herein, we show an approach that mimics the enzymatic process of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) release on the oxygenator membrane via a biomimetic, non-fouling microgel coating to spatiotemporally inhibit the platelet (PLT) activation and improve antithrombotic properties. This study aims to evaluate the potential of this biomimetic coating towards NO-mediated PLT inhibition and thereby the reduction of clot formation under flow conditions. Methods: Microgel-coated (NOrel) or bare (Control) poly(4-methyl pentene) (PMP) fibers were inserted into a test channel and exposed to a short-term continuous flow of human blood. The analysis included high-resolution PLT count, pooled PLT activation via β-Thromboglobulin (β-TG) and the visualization of remnants and clots on the fibers using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: In the Control group, PLT count was significantly decreased, and β-TG concentration was significantly elevated in comparison to the NOrel group. Macroscopic and microscopic visualization showed dense layers of stable clots on the bare PMP fibers, in contrast to minimal deposition of fibrin networks on the coated fibers. Conclusion: Endogenously NO-releasing microgel coating inhibits the PLT activation and reduces the clot formation on PMP fibers under dynamic flow.
Collapse
|
12
|
Sun M, Peng S, Nie L, Zou Y, Yang L, Gao L, Dou X, Zhao C, Feng C. Three-Dimensional Chiral Supramolecular Microenvironment Strategy for Enhanced Biocatalysis. ACS NANO 2021; 15:14972-14984. [PMID: 34491712 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
How the three-dimensional (3D) chiral environment affects the biocatalysis remains an important issue, thereby inspiring the development of a microenvironment that highly mimics the natural features of enzyme to guarantee enhanced biocatalysis. In this study, two gelators bearing d/l-phenylalanine as chiral centers are designed to construct the 3D chiral catalytic microenvironment for enhancing the biocatalysis of lipase. Such a microenvironment is programmed through chiral transmission of chirality from molecular chirality to achiral polymers. It shows that the chirality of the microenvironment evidently influences the catalytic efficiency of immobilized lipase inside the system, and the 3D microenvironment constructed by right-handed helical nanostructures can enhance the catalytic activity of lipase inside as high as 10-fold for catalyzing 4-nitrophenyl palmitate (NPP) to 4-nitrophenol (NP) and 1.4-fold for catalyzing lipids to triglycerides (TGs) in 3T3-L1 cells than that of the achiral microenvironment. Moreover, the 3D chiral microenvironment has the merits of good catalytic efficiency, high storage stability, and efficient recyclability. This strategy of designing a 3D chiral microenvironment suitable for biocatalysis will overcome the present limitations of enzymatic immobilization in traditional materials and enhance the understanding of biocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Sun
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Shiqiao Peng
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Lei Nie
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Yunqing Zou
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Laiben Gao
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Dou
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Changli Zhao
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chuanliang Feng
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Valikhani D, Bolivar JM, Pelletier JN. An Overview of Cytochrome P450 Immobilization Strategies for Drug Metabolism Studies, Biosensing, and Biocatalytic Applications: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donya Valikhani
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal and Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CGCC), 1375 Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux Ave., Montréal, Quebec H2 V 0B3, Canada
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec City Quebec G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Juan M. Bolivar
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Complutense Ave., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joelle N. Pelletier
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal and Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CGCC), 1375 Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux Ave., Montréal, Quebec H2 V 0B3, Canada
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec City Quebec G1 V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Édouard-Montpetit ave, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nöth M, Hussmann L, Belthle T, El-Awaad I, Davari MD, Jakob F, Pich A, Schwaneberg U. MicroGelzymes: pH-Independent Immobilization of Cytochrome P450 BM3 in Microgels. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:5128-5138. [PMID: 33206503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Microgels are an emerging class of "ideal" enzyme carriers because of their chemical and process stability, biocompatibility, and high enzyme loading capability. In this work, we synthesized a new type of permanently positively charged poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) microgel with 1-vinyl-3-methylimidazolium (quaternization of nitrogen by methylation of N-vinylimidazole moieties) as a comonomer (PVCL/VimQ) through precipitation polymerization. The PVCL/VimQ microgels were characterized with respect to their size, charge, swelling degree, and temperature responsiveness in aqueous solutions. P450 monooxygenases are usually challenging to immobilize, and often, high activity losses occur after the immobilization (in the case of P450 BM3 from Bacillus megaterium up to 100% loss of activity). The electrostatic immobilization of P450 BM3 in permanently positively charged PVCL/VimQ microgels was achieved without the loss of catalytic activity at the pH optimum of P450 BM3 (pH 8; ∼9.4 nmol 7-hydroxy-3-carboxy coumarin ethyl ester/min for free and immobilized P450 BM3); the resulting P450-microgel systems were termed P450 MicroGelzymes (P450 μ-Gelzymes). In addition, P450 μ-Gelzymes offer the possibility of reversible ionic strength-triggered release and re-entrapment of the biocatalyst in processes (e.g., for catalyst reuse). Finally, a characterization of the potential of P450 μ-Gelzymes to provide resistance against cosolvents (acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, and 2-propanol) was performed to evaluate the biocatalytic application potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Nöth
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Larissa Hussmann
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomke Belthle
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Islam El-Awaad
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mehdi D Davari
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Jakob
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zou Z, Mate DM, Nöth M, Jakob F, Schwaneberg U. Enhancing Robustness of Sortase A by Loop Engineering and Backbone Cyclization. Chemistry 2020; 26:13568-13572. [PMID: 32649777 PMCID: PMC7693181 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus sortase A (SaSrtA) is widely used for site-specific protein modifications, but it lacks the robustness for performing bioconjugation reactions at elevated temperatures or in presence of denaturing agents. Loop engineering and subsequent head-to-tail backbone cyclization of SaSrtA yielded the cyclized variant CyM6 that has a 7.5 °C increased melting temperature and up to 4.6-fold increased resistance towards denaturants when compared to the parent rM4. CyM6 gained up to 2.6-fold (vs. parent rM4) yield of conjugate in ligation of peptide and primary amine under denaturing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zou
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 352074AachenGermany
- DWI–Leibniz-Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstraβe 5052074AachenGermany
| | - Diana M. Mate
- DWI–Leibniz-Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstraβe 5052074AachenGermany
- Current address: Center of Molecular Biology “Severo Ochoa”Universidad Autónoma de MadridNicolás Cabrera 128049MadridSpain
| | - Maximilian Nöth
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 352074AachenGermany
- DWI–Leibniz-Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstraβe 5052074AachenGermany
| | - Felix Jakob
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 352074AachenGermany
- DWI–Leibniz-Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstraβe 5052074AachenGermany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 352074AachenGermany
- DWI–Leibniz-Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstraβe 5052074AachenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zou Z, Nöth M, Jakob F, Schwaneberg U. Designed Streptococcus pyogenes Sortase A Accepts Branched Amines as Nucleophiles in Sortagging. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2476-2481. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zou
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI − Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Nöth
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI − Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Jakob
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI − Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI − Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fauser J, Savitskiy S, Fottner M, Trauschke V, Gulen B. Sortase-Mediated Quantifiable Enzyme Immobilization on Magnetic Nanoparticles. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1883-1892. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Fauser
- Department of Biochemistry and Signaltransduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sergey Savitskiy
- Department of Biochemistry and Signaltransduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Maximilian Fottner
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Vanessa Trauschke
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig Maximilians-Universität, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799, Munich, Germany
| | - Burak Gulen
- Department of Biochemistry and Signaltransduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|