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Capelôa L, Miravet Martí R, Duro-Castaño A, Nebot VJ, Barz M. Utility of Triethyloxonium Tetrafluoroborate for Chloride Removal during Sarcosine N-Carboxyanhydride Synthesis: Improving NCA Purity. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304375. [PMID: 38563634 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The clinical translation of polysarcosine (pSar) as polyethylene glycol (PEG) replacement in the development of novel nanomedicines creates a broad demand of polymeric material in high-quality making high-purity sarcosine N-carboxyanhydride (Sar-NCA) as monomer for its production inevitable. Within this report, we present the use of triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate in Sar-NCA synthesis with focus on amino acid and chloride impurities to avoid the sublimation of Sar-NCAs. With a view towards upscaling into kilogram or ton scale, a new methodology of monomer purification is introduced by utilizing the Meerwein's Salt triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate to remove chloride impurities by covalent binding and converting chloride ions into volatile products within a single step. The novel straightforward technique enables access to monomers with significantly reduced chloride content (<100 ppm) compared to Sar-NCA derived by synthesis or sublimation. The derived monomers enable the controlled-living polymerization in DMF and provide access to pSar polymers with Poisson-like molecular weight distribution within a high range of chain lengths (Xn 25-200). In conclusion, the reported method can be easily applied to Sar-NCA synthesis or purification of commercially available pSar-NCAs and eases access to well-defined hetero-telechelic pSar polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Capelôa
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), University Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz (JGU), Obere Zahlbacher Straße 63, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Vicent J Nebot
- Curapath, Av. Benjamin Franklin 19, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Matthias Barz
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), University Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz (JGU), Obere Zahlbacher Straße 63, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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2
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Kabil MF, Azzazy HMES, Nasr M. Recent progress on polySarcosine as an alternative to PEGylation: Synthesis and biomedical applications. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123871. [PMID: 38301810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Biotherapeutic PEGylation to prolong action of medications has gained popularity over the last decades. Various hydrophilic natural polymers have been developed to tackle the drawbacks of PEGylation, such as its accelerated blood clearance and non-biodegradability. Polypeptoides, such as polysarcosine (pSar), have been explored as hydrophilic substitutes for PEG. pSar has PEG-like physicochemical characteristics such as water solubility and no reported cytotoxicity and immunogenicity. This review discusses pSar derivatives, synthesis, characterization approaches, biomedical applications, in addition to the challenges and future perspectives of pSar based biomaterials as an alternative to PEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Fawzi Kabil
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Hassan Mohamed El-Said Azzazy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Maha Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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3
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Capelôa L, Schwiertz D, Barz M. Facile Synthesis of AA'B- and ABC-type Polypept(o)ide Miktoarm Star Polymers Utilizing Polysarcosine End Group Functionalization for Core Introduction. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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4
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Skoulas D, Fattah S, Wang D, Cryan S, Heise A. Systematic study of enzymatic degradation and plasmid DNA complexation of mucus penetrating star‐shaped lysine/sarcosine polypept(o)ides with different block arrangements. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2200175. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Skoulas
- D. Skoulas, A. Heise Department of Chemistry RCSI University of Medicine and Health Science 123 St. Stephens Green Dublin D02YN77 Ireland
| | - Sarinj Fattah
- S. Fattah, S.‐A. Cryan School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences Dublin D02YN77 Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, TCD Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Dandan Wang
- Dandan Wang School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences Dublin D02YN77 Ireland
- Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Sally‐Ann Cryan
- S. Fattah, S.‐A. Cryan School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences Dublin D02YN77 Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, TCD Dublin 2 Ireland
- A. Heise, S.‐A. Cryan Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), AMBER The SFI Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Andreas Heise
- D. Skoulas, A. Heise Department of Chemistry RCSI University of Medicine and Health Science 123 St. Stephens Green Dublin D02YN77 Ireland
- A. Heise, S.‐A. Cryan Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), AMBER The SFI Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre Dublin 2 Ireland
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5
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Mahi B, Gauthier M, Hadjichristidis N. Hybrid Arborescent Polypeptide-Based Unimolecular Micelles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Drug Encapsulation. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2441-2458. [PMID: 35588158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports novel hybrid arborescent polypeptides based on poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate)-co-poly(γ-tert-butyl l-glutamate)-g-polysarcosine [P(BG-co-Glu(OtBu))-g-PSar]. The synthesis is launched by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of N-carboxyanhydride of γ-benzyl l-glutamate (BG-NCA) and γ-tert-butyl l-glutamate (Glu(OtBu)-NCA) to synthesize a random copolymer P(BG-co-Glu(OtBu)) serving as a precursor for the arborescent system, followed by deprotection of the tert-butyl (tBu) groups to afford free COOH moieties serving as coupling sites. Two copolymerization reactions were carried out to afford the side chains. One type of side chain was a random copolymer P(BG-co-Glu(OtBu)), while the other type was a triblock copolymer PGlu(OtBu)-b-PBG-b-PGlu(OtBu). The peptide coupling reactions were conducted between the COOH moieties on the precursor and the terminus amine on the chain end of the P(BG-co-Glu(OtBu)) random copolymer or the PGlu(OtBu)-b-PBG-b-PGlu(OtBu) triblock copolymer to obtain G0 polymers. Afterward, hydrolyzing the tBu moieties of the G0 substrates yielded randomly functionalized G0 and end-functionalized G0. Randomly functionalized G0 was used as a substrate for the next generation G1 (randomly functionalized and end-functionalized G1 after deprotection) or coated with polysarcosine (PSar) to gain G0-g-PSar. The G0 substrate prepared with the triblock copolymer PGlu(OtBu)-b-PBG-b-PGlu(OtBu) was only grafted with PSar after deprotection, resulting in G0-eg-PSar. Depending on the functionality mode of the G1 substrate, the PSar coating yielded two different graft polymers, G1-g-PSar and G1-eg-PSar, for randomly functionalized and end-functionalized G1, respectively. The PSar hydrophilic shell was decorated with the sequence of (arginine, glycine, and aspartic acid) tripeptides (RGD) as a targeting ligand to improve the potentiality of the arborescent unimolecular micelles as drug carriers. Preparative size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used to fractionate these complex macromolecular architectures. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and SEC were used for molecular characterization of all intermediate and final products and dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for micellar characterization. A comparison between randomly grafted (g) and end-grafted (eg) unimolecular micelles demonstrates that the former has an undefined core-shell structure, unlike its end-grafted analog. In addition, this study has proved that decoration of the shell with RGD contributed to avoiding micelle aggregation but limited chemotherapy agent encapsulation. However, more than their naked analog, the sustained release was noticeable in decorated micelles. Doxorubicin was utilized as a chemotherapy model, and loading was achieved successfully by physical entrapment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Mahi
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mario Gauthier
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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Xu T, Skoulas D, Ding D, Cryan SA, Heise A. Exploring the potential of polypeptide–polypeptoide hybrid nanogels for mucosal delivery. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01126c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
By chain extension of polysarcosine with phenylalanine and cystine, nanogels are formed. The nanogels facilitate the transport of dyes across an artificial mucus coated membrane and their release by reductive bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Group, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Dimitrios Skoulas
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Dawei Ding
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Group, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
- AMBER, The SFI Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andreas Heise
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
- AMBER, The SFI Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
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7
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Zheng B, Bai T, Tao X, Ling J. An Inspection into Multifarious Ways to Synthesize Poly(Amino Acid)s. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100453. [PMID: 34562289 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(α-amino acid)s (PAAs) attract growing attention due to their essential role in the application as biomaterials. To synthesize PAAs with desired structures and properties, scientists have developed various synthetic techniques with respective advantages. Here, different approaches to preparing PAAs are inspected. Basic features and recent progresses of these methods are summarized, including polymerizations of amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs), amino acid N-thiocarboxyanhydrides (NTAs), and N-phenoxycarbonyl amino acids (NPCs), as well as other synthetic routes. NCA is the most classical monomer to prepare PAAs with high molecular weights (MWs). NTA polymerizations are promising alternative pathways to produce PAAs, which can tolerate nucleophiles including alcohols, mercaptans, carboxyl acids, and water. By various techniques including choosing appropriate solvents or using organic acids as promoters, NTAs polymerize to produce polypeptoids and polypeptides with narrow dispersities and designed MWs up to 55.0 and 57.0 kg mol-1 , respectively. NPC polymerizations are phosgene-free ways to synthesize polypeptides and polypeptoids. For the future prospects, detail investigations into polymerization mechanisms of NTA and NPC are expected. The synthesis of PAAs with designed topologies and assembly structures is another intriguing topic. The advantages and unsettled problems in various synthetic ways are discussed for readers to choose appropriate approaches for PAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botuo Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Tianwen Bai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xinfeng Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jun Ling
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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8
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Wang TT, Xia YY, Gao JQ, Xu DH, Han M. Recent Progress in the Design and Medical Application of In Situ Self-Assembled Polypeptide Materials. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:753. [PMID: 34069645 PMCID: PMC8160760 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by molecular self-assembly, which is ubiquitous in natural environments and biological systems, self-assembled peptides have become a research hotspot in the biomedical field due to their inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability, properties that are afforded by the amide linkages forming the peptide backbone. This review summarizes the biological advantages, principles, and design strategies of self-assembled polypeptide systems. We then focus on the latest advances in in situ self-assembly of polypeptides in medical applications, such as oncotherapy, materials science, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery, and then briefly discuss their potential challenges in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Yi-Yi Xia
- Institution of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-Y.X.); (J.-Q.G.)
| | - Jian-Qing Gao
- Institution of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-Y.X.); (J.-Q.G.)
| | - Dong-Hang Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Min Han
- Institution of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-Y.X.); (J.-Q.G.)
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9
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Bauer T, Imschweiler J, Muhl C, Weber B, Barz M. Secondary Structure-Driven Self-Assembly of Thiol-Reactive Polypept(o)ides. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2171-2180. [PMID: 33830742 PMCID: PMC8154267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Secondary structure formation differentiates polypeptides from most of the other synthetic polymers, and the transitions from random coils to rod-like α-helices or β-sheets represent an additional parameter to direct self-assembly and the morphology of nanostructures. We investigated the influence of distinct secondary structures on the self-assembly of reactive amphiphilic polypept(o)ides. The individual morphologies can be preserved by core cross-linking via chemoselective disulfide bond formation. A series of thiol-responsive copolymers of racemic polysarcosine-block-poly(S-ethylsulfonyl-dl-cysteine) (pSar-b-p(dl)Cys), enantiopure polysarcosine-block-poly(S-ethylsulfonyl-l-cysteine) (pSar-b-p(l)Cys), and polysarcosine-block-poly(S-ethylsulfonyl-l-homocysteine) (pSar-b-p(l)Hcy) was prepared by N-carboxyanhydride polymerization. The secondary structure of the peptide segment varies from α-helices (pSar-b-p(l)Hcy) to antiparallel β-sheets (pSar-b-p(l)Cys) and disrupted β-sheets (pSar-b-p(dl)Cys). When subjected to nanoprecipitation, copolymers with antiparallel β-sheets display the strongest tendency to self-assemble, whereas disrupted β-sheets hardly induce aggregation. This translates to worm-like micelles, solely spherical micelles, or ellipsoidal structures, as analyzed by atomic force microscopy and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, which underlines the potential of secondary structure-driven self-assembly of synthetic polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias
A. Bauer
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Imschweiler
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Muhl
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Benjamin Weber
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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10
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Lu Y, Dai H, Cheng P, Shi H, Tang L, Sun X, Ou Z. Regenerated coenzyme-based preparation of bienzyme-polymer nanoconjugates and their applications for the synthesis of ethyl (R)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0775-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Ashford MB, England RM, Akhtar N. Highway to Success—Developing Advanced Polymer Therapeutics. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne B. Ashford
- Advanced Drug Delivery Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Macclesfield SK10 2NA UK
| | - Richard M. England
- Advanced Drug Delivery Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Macclesfield SK10 2NA UK
| | - Nadim Akhtar
- New Modalities & Parenteral Development Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Macclesfield SK10 2NA UK
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12
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Lymph-directed immunotherapy - Harnessing endogenous lymphatic distribution pathways for enhanced therapeutic outcomes in cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 160:115-135. [PMID: 33039497 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The advent of immunotherapy has revolutionised the treatment of some cancers. Harnessing the immune system to improve tumour cell killing is now standard clinical practice and immunotherapy is the first line of defence for many cancers that historically, were difficult to treat. A unifying concept in cancer immunotherapy is the activation of the immune system to mount an attack on malignant cells, allowing the body to recognise, and in some cases, eliminate cancer. However, in spite of a significant proportion of patients that respond well to treatment, there remains a subset who are non-responders and a number of cancers that cannot be treated with these therapies. These limitations highlight the need for targeted delivery of immunomodulators to both tumours and the effector cells of the immune system, the latter being highly concentrated in the lymphatic system. In this context, macromolecular therapies may provide a significant advantage. Macromolecules are too large to easily access blood capillaries and instead typically exhibit preferential uptake via the lymphatic system. In contexts where immune cells are the therapeutic target, particularly in cancer therapy, this may be advantageous. In this review, we examine in brief the current immunotherapy approaches in cancer and how macromolecular and nanomedicine strategies may improve the therapeutic profiles of these drugs. We subsequently discuss how therapeutics directed either by parenteral or mucosal administration, can be taken up by the lymphatics thereby accessing a larger proportion of the body's immune cells. Finally, we detail drug delivery strategies that have been successfully employed to target the lymphatics.
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13
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England RM, Moss JI, Gunnarsson A, Parker JS, Ashford MB. Synthesis and Characterization of Dendrimer-Based Polysarcosine Star Polymers: Well-Defined, Versatile Platforms Designed for Drug-Delivery Applications. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3332-3341. [PMID: 32672451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of star polymers designed for future drug-delivery applications. A generation-5 lysine dendrimer was used as a macroinitiator for the ring-opening polymerization of the sarcosine N-carboxyanhydride monomer to produce 32-arm star polymers with narrow molar mass distributions and desirable hydrodynamic size control. Fluorescent dye-labeled polymers were dosed in mice to measure plasma pharmacokinetics. Long circulation times were observed, representing ideal properties for biophysical targeting of tumors. In vivo efficacy of one of these star polymers conjugated to the therapeutic molecule SN-38 was evaluated in mice bearing SW620 xenografted tumors to demonstrate high antitumor activity and low body weight loss compared to the SN-38 prodrug irinotecan and this shows the potential of these delivery systems. As a further build, we demonstrated that these star polymers can be easily chain-end-functionalized with useful chemical moieties, giving opportunities for future receptor-targeting strategies. Finally, we describe the synthetic advantages of these star polymers that make them attractive from a pharmaceutical manufacturing perspective and report characterization of the polymers with a variety of techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M England
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K.,Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 4TF, U.K
| | - Jennifer I Moss
- Early TDE, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Anders Gunnarsson
- Discovery Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 50, Sweden
| | - Jeremy S Parker
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 4TF, U.K
| | - Marianne B Ashford
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
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