1
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Wang Q, Yang Z, Feng X, Liu X. Modification of nanocellulose via atom transfer radical polymerization and its reinforcing effect in waterborne UV-curable resin. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126743. [PMID: 37689290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are green reinforcing materials, and their potential has been evaluated in the preparation of waterborne UV-curable resin composites with high-performance. Herein, we present a novel and scalable approach for preparing surface-modified CNCs with acrylic-based polymers to strengthen the compatibility and interaction between CNCs and UV-curable resins. Using tert-butyl acrylate as the monomer, the nanocellulose grafted copolymer CNC-g-PtBA was successfully synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of a macromolecular initiator. Then, the CNC-g-PtBA is blended into the acrylic resin as a nanofiller to prepare the UV-curable nanocomposite. The results indicated that the contact angle of the CNCs increased from 38.7° to approximately 74.8°, and their thermal stability was significantly improved after graft modification. This contributed to the effective alleviation of the agglomeration phenomenon of nanocomposites due to the high hydrophilicity of pure CNCs. Notably, not only was the UV curing efficiency of the nanocomposites greatly increased but the mechanical properties were also further enhanced. Specifically, with the addition of 0.5 wt% CNC-g-PtBA, the curing time of the nanocomposite was shortened from >30 mins down to approximately 6 mins, and the bending strength was increased from 10 MPa for the original resin and 5 MPa for the addition of pure CNCs to 14.3 MPa, and the bending modulus was also greatly increased (up to approximately 730 MPa). Compared to pure CNCs, they are compatible with the resin, exhibiting high mechanical strength and flexibility, and have virtually no effect on the light transmission of the nanocomposites. Additionally, dielectric analysis (DEA) was used to monitor the dielectric constant and conductivity of the UV-curable nanocomposites in real time to further characterize their curing kinetics. The permittivity of these nanocomposites increased by 125 % compared to pristine resin, which shows potential for applications in high dielectric composites or for improving electrical conductivity. This work provides a feasible method for preparing UV-curable nanocomposites with high curing efficiency and permittivity, realizing a wider application of this high-performance nanocomposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhaozhe Yang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xinhao Feng
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xinyou Liu
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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2
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Guo M, Hsieh YL. Tunable poly(lauryl methacrylate) surface grafting via SI-ATRP on a one-pot synthesized cellulose nanofibril macroinitiator core as a shear-thinning rheology modifier and drag reducer. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26089-26101. [PMID: 37664202 PMCID: PMC10472512 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04610a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimally one-pot synthesized 2-bromoproponyl esterified cellulose nanofibril (Br-CNF) has been validated as a robust macroinitiator for self-surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) of lauryl methacrylate (LMA) in tunable graft lengths and high conversions of up to 92.7%. SI-ATRP of LMA surface brushes on Br-CNF followed first order kinetics in lengths at up to 46 degree of polymerization (DP) based on mass balance or 31 DP by solution-state 1H NMR in DMSO-d6. With increasing PLMA graft lengths, Br-CNF-g-PLMA cast films exhibited increasing hydrophobicity with water contact angles from 80.9° to 110.6°. The novel Br-CNF-g-PLMA exhibited dual shear thinning behavior of the Br-CNF core as evident by n < 1 flow behavior index and drag reducing properties of PLMA grafts with increased viscosity at up to 21 071×. Br-CNF-g-PLMA with 46 DP could be fully dispersed in silicon pump oil to function as a drag reducer to enhance viscosity up to 5× at 25, 40, and 55 °C. The novel macroinitiator capability of Br-CNF in SI-ATRP of vinyl monomers and the bottlebrush-like LMA surface grafted Br-CNF as highly effective viscosity modifier and drag reducer further demonstrate the versatile functionality of Br-CNF beyond hydrophobic coatings and reactive polyols previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhe Guo
- Chemical Engineering, University of California at Davis Davis California 95616-8722 USA +1 530 752 084
| | - You-Lo Hsieh
- Chemical Engineering, University of California at Davis Davis California 95616-8722 USA +1 530 752 084
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California at Davis Davis California 95616-8722 USA
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3
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Alam KM, Garcia JC, Kiriakou MV, Chaulagain N, Vrushabendrakumar D, Cranston ED, Gusarov S, Kobryn AE, Shankar K. Enhanced luminescence sensing performance and increased intrachain order in blended films of P3HT and cellulose nanocrystals. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:205703. [PMID: 36787629 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acbbd1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Blended films comprising poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA)-grafted cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), exhibited more intense photoluminescence (PL) and longer PL emission lifetimes compared to pristine P3HT films. Optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra indicated reduced torsional disorder i.e. enhanced backbone planarity in the P3HT@CNC blended composites compared to the bare P3HT. Such molecule-level geometrical modification resulted in both smaller interchain and higher intrachain exciton bandwidth in the blended composites compared to the bare P3HT, because of reduced interchain interactions and enhanced intrachain order. These results indicate a potential switch of the aggregation behavior from dominant H-aggregates to J-aggregates, supported by Raman spectroscopy. The reorganization of micromolecular structure and concomitant macroscopic aggregation of the conjugated polymer chains resulted in a longer conjugation length for the P3HT@CNC blended composites compared to the bare P3HT. Additionally, this nanoscale morphological change produced a reduction in the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy gap of the blends, evidenced from optical absorption spectra. Classical molecular dynamics simulation studies predicted the probability of enhanced planarity in the polymer backbone following interactions with CNC surfaces. Theoretical results from density functional theory calculations corroborate the experimentally observed reduction of optical bandgap in the blends compared to bare P3HT. The blended composite outperformed the bare P3HT in nitro-group PL sensing tests with a pronounced difference in the reaction kinetics. While the PL quenching dynamics for bare P3HT followed Stern-Volmer kinetics, the P3HT@CNC blended composite exhibited a drastic deviation from the same. This work shows the potential of a functionalized rod-like biopolymer in tuning the optoelectronic properties of a technologically important polymeric organic semiconductor through control of the nanoscale morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi M Alam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - John C Garcia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Michael V Kiriakou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Narendra Chaulagain
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Damini Vrushabendrakumar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Departments of Wood Science and Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Sergey Gusarov
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Alexander E Kobryn
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Karthik Shankar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
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4
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Chen S, Li D, Song F, Wang XL, Wang YZ. Thermoformable and transparent one-component nanocomposites based on surface grafted cellulose nanofiber. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:213-222. [PMID: 36347373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
One-component nanocomposites based on poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) grafted cellulose nanofiber (CNF) with high polymer graft percentage were fabricated. At relative ambient conditions, less active vinyl monomer, MMA, and styrene were grafted from CNF via surface-initiated Cu(0)-mediated reversible deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRP), and PMMA/PS grafted CNFs could reach a graft percentage as high as 7550 % and 3530 %, respectively. The one-component composite films were manufactured by simple hot-pressing subsequentially. Optical transparency, thermal stability, and glass transition temperature of one-component nanocomposites were enhanced dramatically in contrast with the bicomponent nanocomposite. The uniform fracture surface confirmed the uniform dispersity by morphological observation. Mechanical tests indicated that break elongation and tensile strength ascended notably, and tensile modulus slightly descended as the graft percentage increased for PS and PMMA grafted CNF one-component composite. It was concluded that for glassy graft chains, obtaining one-component nanocomposites with high enough graft chain length was essential to achieve moderated mechanical performance without compromising optical properties and thermal manufacturing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikai Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Dong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Fei Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiu-Li Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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5
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Guo M, Hsieh YL. 2-Bromopropionyl Esterified Cellulose Nanofibrils as Chain Extenders or Polyols in Stoichiometrically Optimized Syntheses of High-Strength Polyurethanes. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4574-4585. [PMID: 36200931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2-Bromopropionyl bromide esterified cellulose nanofibrils (Br-CNFs) facilely synthesized from one-pot esterification of cellulose and in situ ultrasonication exhibited excellent N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) dispersibility and reactivity to partially replace either chain extender or soft segment diol in the stoichiometrically optimized syntheses of polyurethanes (PUs). PUs polymerized with Br-CNF to replace either 11 mol% 1,4-butadiol chain extender OHs or 1.8 mol% polytetramethylene ether glycol OHs, i.e., 1.5 or 0.3 wt% Br-CNF in PUs, exhibited an over 3 times increased modulus, nearly 4 times higher strength, and a 50% increase in strain. In either role, the experimental modulus exceeding those predicted by the Halpin-Tsai model gave evidence of the stoichiometrically optimized covalent bonding with Br-CNF, while the improved strain was attributed to increased hydrogen-bonding interactions between Br-CNF and the soft segment. These new Br-CNFs not only offer novel synthetic strategies to incorporate nanocelluloses in polyurethanes but also maximize their reinforcing effects via their versatile polyol reactant and cross-linking roles, demonstrating promising applications in the synthesis of other polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhe Guo
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, California95616-8722, United States
| | - You-Lo Hsieh
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, California95616-8722, United States
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6
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Xu J, Zhang J, Zhang F, Zhang L. Copolymer-Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystals as a pH- and NIR-Triggered Drug Carrier for Simultaneous Photothermal Therapy and Chemotherapy of Cancer Cells. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4308-4317. [PMID: 36146942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As a class of biocompatible and biodegradable naturally derived nanomaterials, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with diverse surface functionalization have aroused considerable attention for a range of biomedical applications in drug or gene delivery, as a fluorescent nanoprobe, in cancer targeting, and in photothermal cancer therapy, among others. Herein, we construct the copolymer-functionalized CNCs as a pH- and near-infrared (NIR)-triggered drug carrier for simultaneous photothermal therapy and chemotherapy of cancer cells. Poly(ε-caprolactone)-b-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PCL-b-PDMAEMA) was conjugated onto the surface of CNCs through ring-opening polymerization, followed by activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP). The resultant CNC-based drug carrier can encapsulate doxorubicin (DOX) as a therapeutic agent and indocyanine green (ICG) as an NIR dye in the PCL core and the PDMAEMA shell, respectively, via hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. In addition to the intrinsic pH response, the release profile of DOX can also be controlled by the duration of laser irradiation due to collapse of the crystal structure of the PCL domain with the increase of temperature induced by photothermal conversion. The drug carrier can exhibit enhanced cytotoxicity toward HepG2, human hepatocyte carcinoma, cells upon laser irradiation, which can be attributed to the synergistic effect arising from NIR-triggered burst release of DOX and photothermal heating. The rod-like morphology of the CNC-based drug carrier may help accelerate the endocytosis in cell membranes compared with its common spherical counterpart. Based on the abovementioned advantages, copolymer-functionalized CNCs can serve as a promising candidate for effective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fusheng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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7
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Wang YR, Yin CC, Zhang JM, Wu J, Yu J, Zhang J. Functional Cellulose Materials Fabricated by Using Ionic Liquids as the Solvent. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Kiriakou M, Pakdel AS, Berry RM, Hoare T, Dubé MA, Cranston ED. Incorporation of Polymer-Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals into Latex-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives. ACS MATERIALS AU 2022; 2:176-189. [PMID: 36855757 PMCID: PMC9888609 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.1c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
While the improvement of water-based adhesives with renewable additives is important as industry shifts toward more sustainable practices, a complete understanding of how the compatibility between additives and polymers affects adhesive performance is currently lacking. To elucidate these links, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were first functionalized via surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization with the hydrophobic polymers poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to facilitate their incorporation into latex-based pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs). Next, PBA latexes were synthesized using seeded semibatch emulsion polymerization with unmodified or polymer-grafted CNCs added in situ at a loading of 0.5 or 1 phm (parts per hundred parts of monomer). Viscosity and electron microscopy suggested that the polymer-grafted CNCs were incorporated inside or on the latex particles. PSAs containing any CNC type had one or more improved properties (compared to the no-CNC "base case"); CNCs with a low degree of polymerization (DP) grafts exhibited improved tack (up to 2.5-fold higher) and peel strength (up to 6-fold higher) relative to PSAs with unmodified CNCs. The best performing PSA contained the low DP PMMA-grafted CNCs, which is attributed to the higher glass transition temperature and the higher wettability of the PMMA grafts compared to PBA, and the more uniform dispersion of polymer-grafted CNCs throughout the PSA film. In contrast, PSAs containing CNCs with high DP grafts resulted in reduced tack and peel strength (compared to low DP grafts) due to enhanced CNC aggregation. Unfortunately, all PSAs containing polymer-grafted CNCs exhibited inferior shear strength relative to PSAs with unmodified CNCs (and comparable shear strength to the no-CNC "base case"). Collectively, these results provide guidelines for future optimization of more sustainable latex-based PSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
V. Kiriakou
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L7, Canada
| | - Amir Saeid Pakdel
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Catalysis Research
and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, ON K1N
6N5, Canada
| | - Richard M. Berry
- CelluForce
Inc., 625 President-Kennedy
Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 1K2, Canada
| | - Todd Hoare
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L7, Canada
| | - Marc A. Dubé
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Catalysis Research
and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, ON K1N
6N5, Canada
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L7, Canada
- Departments
of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Yang H, Cai S, Jiang Y, Cao Z, Ma W, Gong F, Tao G, Liu C. High‐efficient surface tailoring via reverse atom transfer radical polymerization and reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer polymerization in an aqueous system initiated by a monocenter redox pair. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haicun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering (Changzhou University) Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Shuipi Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering (Changzhou University) Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Wenzhong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering (Changzhou University) Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Fanghong Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
- School of Mechanical Technology Wuxi Institute of Technology Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Guoliang Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Chunlin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
- Changzhou University Huaide College Changzhou Jiangsu China
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