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Phillips SG, Lankone AR, O'Hagan SS, Ganji N, Fairbrother DH. Gas-Phase Functionalization of Phytoglycogen Nanoparticles and the Role of Reagent Structure in the Formation of Self-Limiting Hydrophobic Shells. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2902-2913. [PMID: 38593289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
A suite of acyl chloride structural isomers (C6H11OCl) was used to effect gas-phase esterification of starch-based phytoglycogen nanoparticles (PhG NPs). The surface degree of substitution (DS) was quantified using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, while the overall DS was quantified using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Gas-phase modification initiates at the NP surface, with the extent of surface and overall esterification determined by both the reaction time and the steric footprint of the acyl chloride reagent. The less sterically hindered acyl chlorides diffuse fully into the NP interior, while the branched isomers are restricted to the near-surface region and form self-limiting hydrophobic shells, with shell thicknesses decreasing with increasing steric footprint. These differences in substitution were also reflected in the solubility of the NPs, with water solubility systematically decreasing with increasing DS. The ability to separately control both the surface and overall degree of functionalization and thereby form thin hydrophobic shells has significant implications for the development of polysaccharide-based biopolymers as nanocarrier delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah G Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alyssa R Lankone
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | | | - Nasim Ganji
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - D Howard Fairbrother
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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2
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Ma Y, Morozova SM, Kumacheva E. From Nature-Sourced Polysaccharide Particles to Advanced Functional Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2312707. [PMID: 38391153 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Polysaccharides constitute over 90% of the carbohydrate mass in nature, which makes them a promising feedstock for manufacturing sustainable materials. Polysaccharide particles (PSPs) are used as effective scavengers, carriers of chemical and biological cargos, and building blocks for the fabrication of macroscopic materials. The biocompatibility and degradability of PSPs are advantageous for their uses as biomaterials with more environmental friendliness. This review highlights the progresses in PSP applications as advanced functional materials, by describing PSP extraction, preparation, and surface functionalization with a variety of functional groups, polymers, nanoparticles, and biologically active species. This review also outlines the fabrication of PSP-derived macroscopic materials, as well as their applications in soft robotics, sensing, scavenging, water harvesting, drug delivery, and bioengineering. The paper is concluded with an outlook providing perspectives in the development and applications of PSP-derived materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sofia M Morozova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Center of Fluid Physics and Soft Matter, N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 5/1 2-nd Baumanskaya street, Moscow, 105005, Russia
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
- The Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 4 Taddle Creek Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
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Morozova SM, Korzhikova-Vlakh EG. Fibrillar Hydrogel Based on Cellulose Nanocrystals Crosslinked via Diels-Alder Reaction: Preparation and pH-Sensitive Release of Benzocaine. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4689. [PMID: 38139941 PMCID: PMC10748274 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A fibrillar hydrogel was obtained by covalent crosslinking via Diels-Alder reaction of two types of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with furan and maleimide groups. Gelation has been studied at various ratios of components and temperatures in the range from 20 to 60 °C. It was shown that the rheological properties of the hydrogel can be optimized by varying the concentration and ratio of components. Due to the rigid structure of the CNCs, the hydrogel could be formed at a concentration of at least 5 wt%; however, it almost does not swell either in water with pH 5 or 7 or in the HBSS buffer. The introduction of aldehyde groups into the CNCs allows for the conjugation of physiologically active molecules containing primary amino groups due to the formation of imine bonds. Here, we used benzocaine as a model drug for conjugation with CNC hydrogel. The resulting drug-conjugated hydrogel demonstrated the stability of formulation at pH 7 and a pH-sensitive release of benzocaine due to the accelerated hydrolytic cleavage of the imine bond at pH < 7. The developed drug-conjugated hydrogel is promising as wound dressings for local anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M. Morozova
- Center of Fluid Physics and Soft Matter, N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya St. 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenia G. Korzhikova-Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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Truzzi E, Bertelli D, Bilia AR, Vanti G, Maretti E, Leo E. Combination of Nanodelivery Systems and Constituents Derived from Novel Foods: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2614. [PMID: 38004592 PMCID: PMC10674267 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel Food is a new category of food, regulated by the European Union Directive No. 2015/2283. This latter norm defines a food as "Novel" if it was not used "for human consumption to a significant degree within the Union before the date of entry into force of that regulation, namely 15 May 1997". Recently, Novel Foods have received increased interest from researchers worldwide. In this sense, the key areas of interest are the discovery of new benefits for human health and the exploitation of these novel sources of materials in new fields of application. An emerging area in the pharmaceutical and medicinal fields is nanotechnology, which deals with the development of new delivery systems at a nanometric scale. In this context, this review aims to summarize the recent advances on the design and characterization of nanodelivery systems based on materials belonging to the Novel Food list, as well as on nanoceutical products formulated for delivering compounds derived from Novel Foods. Additionally, the safety hazard of using nanoparticles in food products, i.e., food supplements, has been discussed in view of the current European regulation, which considers nanomaterials as Novel Foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Truzzi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Davide Bertelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Anna Rita Bilia
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” (DICUS), University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (A.R.B.); (G.V.)
| | - Giulia Vanti
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” (DICUS), University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (A.R.B.); (G.V.)
| | - Eleonora Maretti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Eliana Leo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy;
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Huang Y, Li S, Zettle LWC, Ma Y, Naguib HE, Kumacheva E. Nanogels designed for cell-free nucleic acid sequestration. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:14531-14542. [PMID: 37609883 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03231k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wounds exhibit over-expression of cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid (cfDNA), leading to a prolonged inflammation and non-healing wounds. Scavenging excessive cfDNA molecules is a promising strategy for chronic wound treatment. Nanoscopic particles act as efficient cfDNA scavengers due to their large surface area, however their efficiency in cfDNA uptake was limited by adsorption solely on the nanoparticle surface. In contrast, nanogels may provide multiple cfDNA binding sites in the nanoparticle interior, however their use for cfDNA scavenging is yet to be explored. Herein, we report cationic nanogels derived from a copolymer of chitosan and poly{2-[(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride} end-grafted to the chitosan backbone as side chains. The nanogels retain their positive charge at the pH and ionic strength of chronic wound exudate, enabling electrostatically driven cfDNA scavenging. The network structure of the nanogels leads to the cfDNA sequestration in the nanogel interior, in addition to surface attachment. A key factor in cfDNA sequestration is the ratio of the pore size of the nanogel-to-cfDNA molecular dimensions. The enhanced cfDNA scavenging efficiency, along with biocompatibility of the nanogels, makes them a promising component of dressings for chronic wound treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.
| | - Shangyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Logan W C Zettle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Yingshan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hani E Naguib
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
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Zhang Y, Fu L, Martinez MR, Sun H, Nava V, Yan J, Ristroph K, Averick SE, Marelli B, Giraldo JP, Matyjaszewski K, Tilton RD, Lowry GV. Temperature-Responsive Bottlebrush Polymers Deliver a Stress-Regulating Agent In Vivo for Prolonged Plant Heat Stress Mitigation. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:3346-3358. [PMID: 36874196 PMCID: PMC9976702 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c06461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anticipated increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme temperatures will damage crops. Methods that efficiently deliver stress-regulating agents to crops can mitigate these effects. Here, we describe high aspect ratio polymer bottlebrushes for temperature-controlled agent delivery in plants. The foliar-applied bottlebrush polymers had near complete uptake into the leaf and resided in both the apoplastic regions of the leaf mesophyll and in cells surrounding the vasculature. Elevated temperature enhanced the in vivo release of spermidine (a stress-regulating agent) from the bottlebrushes, promoting tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum) photosynthesis under heat and light stress. The bottlebrushes continued to provide protection against heat stress for at least 15 days after foliar application, whereas free spermidine did not. About 30% of the ∼80 nm short and ∼300 nm long bottlebrushes entered the phloem and moved to other plant organs, enabling heat-activated release of plant protection agents in phloem. These results indicate the ability of the polymer bottlebrushes to release encapsulated stress relief agents when triggered by heat to provide long-term protection to plants and the potential to manage plant phloem pathogens. Overall, this temperature-responsive delivery platform provides a new tool for protecting plants against climate-induced damage and yield loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Zhang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Implications
of Nano Technology (CEINT), Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Liye Fu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Implications
of Nano Technology (CEINT), Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Michael R. Martinez
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Implications
of Nano Technology (CEINT), Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hui Sun
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Valeria Nava
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Implications
of Nano Technology (CEINT), Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jiajun Yan
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Implications
of Nano Technology (CEINT), Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kurt Ristroph
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Implications
of Nano Technology (CEINT), Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Saadyah E. Averick
- Neuroscience
Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Allegheny
General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, United States
| | - Benedetto Marelli
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Juan Pablo Giraldo
- Department
of Botany and Plant Sciences, University
of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Implications
of Nano Technology (CEINT), Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Robert D. Tilton
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Implications
of Nano Technology (CEINT), Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Gregory V. Lowry
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Implications
of Nano Technology (CEINT), Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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