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Yadav Schmid S, Ma X, Hammons JA, Mergelsberg ST, Harris BS, Ferron T, Yang W, Zhou W, Zheng R, Zhang S, Legg BA, Van Buuren A, Baer MD, Chen CL, Tao J, De Yoreo JJ. Influence of Peptoid Sequence on the Mechanisms and Kinetics of 2D Assembly. ACS NANO 2024; 18:3497-3508. [PMID: 38215492 PMCID: PMC10832064 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted intense interest due to their potential for applications in fields ranging from chemical sensing to catalysis, energy storage, and biomedicine. Recently, peptoids, a class of biomimetic sequence-defined polymers, have been found to self-assemble into 2D crystalline sheets that exhibit unusual properties, such as high chemical stability and the ability to self-repair. The structure of a peptoid is close to that of a peptide except that the side chains are appended to the amide nitrogen rather than the α carbon. In this study, we investigated the effect of peptoid sequence on the mechanism and kinetics of 2D assembly on mica surfaces using in situ AFM and time-resolved X-ray scattering. We explored three distinct peptoid sequences that are amphiphilic in nature with hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks and are known to self-assemble into 2D sheets. The results show that their assembly on mica starts with deposition of aggregates that spread to establish 2D islands, which then grow by attachment of peptoids, either monomers or unresolvable small oligomers, following well-known laws of crystal step advancement. Extraction of the solubility and kinetic coefficient from the dependence of the growth rate on peptoid concentration reveals striking differences between the sequences. The sequence with the slowest growth rate in bulk and with the highest solubility shows almost no detachment; i.e., once a growth unit attaches to the island edge, there is almost no probability of detaching. Furthermore, a peptoid sequence with a hydrophobic tail conjugated to the final carboxyl residue in the hydrophilic block has enhanced hydrophobic interactions and exhibits rapid assembly both in the bulk and on mica. These assembly outcomes suggest that, while the π-π interactions between adjacent hydrophobic blocks play a major role in peptoid assembly, sequence details, particularly the location of charged groups, as well as interaction with the underlying substrate can significantly alter the thermodynamic stability and assembly kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Yadav Schmid
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiang Ma
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Joshua A. Hammons
- Physical
and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Sebastian T. Mergelsberg
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bradley S. Harris
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Thomas Ferron
- Physical
and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Wenchao Yang
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Renyu Zheng
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Benjamin Adam Legg
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Anthony Van Buuren
- Physical
and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Marcel D. Baer
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Chun-Long Chen
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jinhui Tao
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - James J. De Yoreo
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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