1
|
Digby ZA, Chen Y, Akkaoui K, Schlenoff JB. Bulk Biopolyelectrolyte Complexes from Homopolypeptides: Solid "Salt Bridges". Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1453-1462. [PMID: 36753621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Salt bridges, pairings between oppositely charged amino acids, are dispersed throughout proteins to assist folding and interactions. Biopolyelectrolyte complexes (BioPECs) were made between the homopolypeptides poly-l-arginine (PLR) and poly-l-lysine (PLK) with sodium triphosphate (STPP), as well as from polypeptide-only combinations. Viscoelastic measurements on these high salt bridge density materials showed many were solid, even glassy, in nature. Although the polypeptide-phosphate complexes had similar moduli at room temperature, the PLR-STPP complex displayed an unusual melting event above 70 °C not seen in PLK-STPP. This event was supported with differential scanning calorimetry. Infrared spectroscopy showed the PLK-STPP system contained β-sheets, while PLR-STPP did not. Stoichiometric, macroscopic BioPECs of PLR and PLK with poly-l-aspartic acid (PLD) and poly-l-glutamic acid (PLE) were made. PLR-PLD was found to undergo a melting event similar to that in PLR-STPP. ATR-FTIR studies showed that BioPECs made with PLD do not contain β-sheets, while those composed of PLE do. This work illustrates an expanded palette of unique properties from these biomaterials, such as strong viscoelastic differences between PECs containing PLE and PLD, even though they differ by only one carbon on the side chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Digby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Khalil Akkaoui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Joseph B Schlenoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Argudo PG, Giner-Casares JJ. Folding and self-assembly of short intrinsically disordered peptides and protein regions. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:1789-1812. [PMID: 36133101 PMCID: PMC9417027 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00941e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Proteins and peptide fragments are highly relevant building blocks in self-assembly for nanostructures with plenty of applications. Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and protein regions (IDRs) are defined by the absence of a well-defined secondary structure, yet IDPs/IDRs show a significant biological activity. Experimental techniques and computational modelling procedures for the characterization of IDPs/IDRs are discussed. Directed self-assembly of IDPs/IDRs allows reaching a large variety of nanostructures. Hybrid materials based on the derivatives of IDPs/IDRs show a promising performance as alternative biocides and nanodrugs. Cell mimicking, in vivo compartmentalization, and bone regeneration are demonstrated for IDPs/IDRs in biotechnological applications. The exciting possibilities of IDPs/IDRs in nanotechnology with relevant biological applications are shown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo G Argudo
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO 16 Avenue Pey-Berland 33600 Pessac France
| | - Juan J Giner-Casares
- Departamento de Química Física y T. Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Nanoquímica IUNAN, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO) Campus de Rabanales, Ed. Marie Curie E-14071 Córdoba Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dec R, Guza M, Dzwolak W. Reduction of a disulfide-constrained oligo-glutamate peptide triggers self-assembly of β 2-type amyloid fibrils with the chiroptical properties determined by supramolecular chirality. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:866-872. [PMID: 32593758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds prevent aggregation of globular proteins by stabilizing the native state. However, a disulfide bond within a disordered state may accelerate amyloidogenic nucleation by navigating fluctuating polypeptide chains towards an orderly assembly of β-sheets. Here, the self-assembly behavior of Glu-Cys-(Glu)4-Cys-Glu peptide (E6C2), in which an intrachain disulfide bond is engineered into an amyloidogenic homopolypeptide motif, is investigated. To this end, the Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence kinetic assay is combined with infrared spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman scattering measurements. Regardless of whether the disulfide bond is intact or reduced, E6C2 monomers remain disordered within a broad range of pH. On the other hand, only reduced E6C2 self-assembles into amyloid fibrils with the unique infrared traits indicative of three-center hydrogen bonds involving main-chain carbonyl as a bifurcating acceptor and main-chain NH and side-chain -COOH groups as hydrogen donors: the bonding pattern observed in so-called β2-fibrils. AFM analysis of β2-E6C2 reveals tightly packed rectangular superstructures whose presence coincides with strong chiroptical properties. Our findings suggest that formation of chiral amyloid superstructures may be a generic process accessible to various substrates, and that the fully extended conformation of a poly-Glu chain is a condition sine qua non for self-assembly of β2-fibrils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Guza
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Dzwolak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Morawiak M, Stolarska M, Cieślak M, Urbanczyk‐Lipkowska Z. Interactions of rationally designed small peptide dendrons functionalized with valine or sinapic acid with α‐helix and β‐sheet structures of poly‐
l
‐lysine and poly‐
l
‐glutamic acid. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Morawiak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Maciej Cieślak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Batys P, Morga M, Bonarek P, Sammalkorpi M. pH-Induced Changes in Polypeptide Conformation: Force-Field Comparison with Experimental Validation. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2961-2972. [PMID: 32182068 PMCID: PMC7590956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microsecond-long all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, circular dichroism, laser Doppler velocimetry, and dynamic light-scattering techniques have been used to investigate pH-induced changes in the secondary structure, charge, and conformation of poly l-lysine (PLL) and poly l-glutamic acid (PGA). The employed combination of the experimental methods reveals for both PLL and PGA a narrow pH range at which they are charged enough to form stable colloidal suspensions, maintaining their α-helix content above 60%; an elevated charge state of the peptides required for colloidal stability promotes the peptide solvation as a random coil. To obtain a more microscopic view on the conformations and to verify the modeling performance, peptide secondary structure and conformations rising in MD simulations are also examined using three different force fields, i.e., OPLS-AA, CHARMM27, and AMBER99SB*-ILDNP. Ramachandran plots reveal that in the examined setup the α-helix content is systematically overestimated in CHARMM27, while OPLS-AA overestimates the β-sheet fraction at lower ionization degrees. At high ionization degrees, the OPLS-AA force-field-predicted secondary structure fractions match the experimentally measured distribution most closely. However, the pH-induced changes in PLL and PGA secondary structure are reasonably captured only by the AMBER99SB*-ILDNP force field, with the exception of the fully charged PGA in which the α-helix content is overestimated. The comparison to simulations results shows that the examined force fields involve significant deviations in their predictions for charged homopolypeptides. The detailed mapping of secondary structure dependency on pH for the polypeptides, especially finding the stable colloidal α-helical regime for both examined peptides, has significant potential for practical applications of the charged homopolypeptides. The findings raise attention especially to the pH fine tuning as an underappreciated control factor in surface modification and self-assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Batys
- Jerzy
Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Morga
- Jerzy
Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Bonarek
- Department
of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and
Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Madhumitha D, Vaidyanathan V, Dhathathreyan A. Plasticity or elasticity? Relating elastic moduli with secondary structural features of mixed films of polypeptides at air/fluid and fluid/solid interfaces. Biophys Chem 2020; 258:106329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
7
|
Aggregation selectivity of amyloid
β
1‐11
peptide in aqueous ionic liquid solutions. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
8
|
Naassaoui I, Aschi A. Evaluation of Properties and Structural Transitions of Poly-L-lysine: Effects of pH and Temperature. J MACROMOL SCI B 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2019.1638593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imen Naassaoui
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, LR99ES16, Laboratoire Physique de la Matière Molle et de la Modélisation Électromagnétique, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Adel Aschi
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, LR99ES16, Laboratoire Physique de la Matière Molle et de la Modélisation Électromagnétique, Tunis, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thu TTM, Co NT, Tu LA, Li MS. Aggregation rate of amyloid beta peptide is controlled by beta-content in monomeric state. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:225101. [PMID: 31202253 DOI: 10.1063/1.5096379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the key factors that govern the rate of protein aggregation is of immense interest since protein aggregation is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Previous experimental and theoretical studies have revealed that the hydrophobicity, charge, and population of the fibril-prone monomeric state control the fibril formation rate. Because the fibril structures consist of cross beta sheets, it is widely believed that those sequences that have a high beta content (β) in the monomeric state should have high aggregation rates as the monomer can serve as a template for fibril growth. However, this important fact has never been explicitly proven, motivating us to carry out this study. Using replica exchange molecular dynamics simulation with implicit water, we have computed β of 19 mutations of amyloid beta peptide of 42 residues (Aβ42) for which the aggregation rate κ has been measured experimentally. We have found that κ depends on β in such a way that the higher the propensity to aggregation, the higher the beta content in the monomeric state. Thus, we have solved a long-standing problem of the dependence of fibril formation time of the β-structure on a quantitative level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tran Thi Minh Thu
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology, SBI Building, Quang Trung Software City, Tan Chanh Hiep Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Truong Co
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ly Anh Tu
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology-VNU HCM, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Mai Suan Li
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Berbeć S, Dec R, Molodenskiy D, Wielgus-Kutrowska B, Johannessen C, Hernik-Magoń A, Tobias F, Bzowska A, Ścibisz G, Keiderling TA, Svergun D, Dzwolak W. β2-Type Amyloidlike Fibrils of Poly-l-glutamic Acid Convert into Long, Highly Ordered Helices upon Dissolution in Dimethyl Sulfoxide. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:11895-11905. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b08308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Berbeć
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Dec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dmitry Molodenskiy
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, c/o DESY, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Beata Wielgus-Kutrowska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Hernik-Magoń
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Fernando Tobias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago 60607-7061, United States
| | - Agnieszka Bzowska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Ścibisz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Timothy A. Keiderling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago 60607-7061, United States
| | - Dmitri Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, c/o DESY, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Wojciech Dzwolak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen Y, Xing Z, Liao D, Qiu F. Neglected Hydrophobicity of Dimethanediyl Group in Peptide Self-Assembly: A Hint from Amyloid-like Peptide GNNQQNY and Its Derivatives. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:10470-10477. [PMID: 30372075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b09220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Besides typical hydrophobic amino acids providing hydrophobic interactions, glutamine as a hydrophilic amino acid has also been known to be an important element in many self-assembling peptides, but it is still not clear how this particular amino acid contributes to the self-assembling process. We supposed that the dimethanediyl group in the side chain of glutamine could provide hydrophobic interaction for peptide self-assembly. To prove this hypothesis, we used the GNNQQNY peptide and its derivatives as examples to show the importance of the dimethanediyl group for peptide self-assembly. We found a very close relationship between the number of dimethanediyl groups, the strength of hydrophobic interaction, and the self-assembling ability of the peptides, indicating the hydrophobicity of the dimethanediyl group and its important role for self-assembly. This new finding might be instructive for clarifying the self-assembling mechanism of many natural peptides, as well as for developing novel self-assembling peptide nanomaterials.
Collapse
|
12
|
Song Z, Fu H, Wang R, Pacheco LA, Wang X, Lin Y, Cheng J. Secondary structures in synthetic polypeptides from N-carboxyanhydrides: design, modulation, association, and material applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7401-7425. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00095f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This article highlights the conformation-specific properties and functions of synthetic polypeptides derived from N-carboxyanhydrides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Hailin Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Program at the Institute of Materials Science
- University of Connecticut
- Storrs
- USA
| | - Ruibo Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Lazaro A. Pacheco
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics)
| | - Yao Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Program at the Institute of Materials Science
- University of Connecticut
- Storrs
- USA
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Conformations and molecular interactions of poly-γ-glutamic acid as a soluble microbial product in aqueous solutions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12787. [PMID: 28986570 PMCID: PMC5630630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble microbial products (SMPs) are of significant concern in the natural environment and in engineered systems. In this work, poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), which is predominantly produced by Bacillus sp., was investigated in terms of pH-induced conformational changes and molecular interactions in aqueous solutions; accordingly, its sedimentation coefficient distribution and viscosity were also elucidated. Experimental results indicate that pH has a significant impact on the structure and molecular interactions of γ-PGA. The conformation of the γ-PGA acid form (γ-PGA-H) is rod-like while that of the γ-PGA sodium form (γ-PGA-Na) is sphere-like. The transformation from α-helix to random coil in the γ-PGA secondary structure is primarily responsible for this shape variation. The intramolecular hydrogen bonds in the γ-PGA-H structure decrease and intramolecular electrostatic repulsion increases as pH increases; however, the sedimentation coefficient distributions of γ-PGA are dependent on intermolecular interactions rather than intramolecular interactions. Concentration has a more substantial effect on intermolecular electrostatic repulsion and chain entanglement at higher pH values. Consequently, the sedimentation coefficient distributions of γ-PGA shift significantly at pH 8.9 from 0.1 to 1.0 g/L, and the viscosity of γ-PGA (5% w/v) significantly increases as pH increases from 2.3 to 6.0.
Collapse
|
14
|
Hernik-Magoń A, Fedorczyk B, Dec R, Puławski W, Misicka A, Dzwolak W. Effects of terminal capping on the fibrillation of short (L-Glu) n peptides. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 159:861-868. [PMID: 28892870 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several homopolypeptides including poly-l-glutamic acid (PLGA) form amyloid-like fibrils under favorable physicochemical conditions. We have shown recently that even short uncapped (Glu)n peptides (for n>3) form fibrillar β-aggregates which cross-seed with amyloid fibrils obtained from high molecular weight fractions of PLGA. Here we investigate effects of N-terminal acetylation and C-terminal amidation on the amyloidogenic tendencies of (Glu)n peptides containing 3, 4, and 5 residues. Our results based primarily on time-lapse FT-IR spectroscopy and AFM microscopy indicate that selective modifications of C-termini (and, to a lesser degree, of N-termini) decrease capacity of tetra- and pentapeptides to form fibrils. On the other hand, peptides modified at both ends appear to form fibrils as fast as unmodified analogues. In fact, the double terminal modification enables fibrillation of (Glu)3 which is not fibrillogenic in the unmodified state. The AFM data suggests that the double capping results in the aggregates becoming more tape-like or acquiring noticeable tendencies to bend. According to seeding and cross-seeding experiments, there is a high degree of promiscuity between modified and unmodified peptides. Possible mechanisms explaining how amyloidogenic propensities of (Glu)n peptides are affected by terminal modifications have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Hernik-Magoń
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1 St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Fedorczyk
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1 St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Dec
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1 St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Puławski
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1 St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Misicka
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1 St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Dzwolak
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1 St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|