1
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Haque Pial T, Li Y, Olvera de la Cruz M. Microscopically segregated ligand distribution in co-assembled peptide-amphiphile nanofibers. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4640-4647. [PMID: 38819791 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00315b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Peptide amphiphiles (PAs) self-assemble into cylindrical nanofibers with applications in protein purification, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. For these applications, functionalized PAs are often co-assembled with oppositely charged filler PAs. Finding the conditions at which these fibers are homogeneously mixed or segregated is crucial for the required application. We co-assemble negative C12VVEE fillers and positive C12VVKK-OEG4-Z33 ligands, which are important for antibody purifications. Our results show that the ligands tend to cluster and locally segregate in the fiber surfaces. The Z33s are overall neutral and form large aggregates in bulk solution due to short range attractions. However, full segregation of the C12VVKK-OEG4-Z33 is not observed in the cylindrical surface due to the electrostatic penalty of forming large domains of similarly charged molecules. This is commensurate with previous theoretical predictions, showing that the competition between short-range attractive interactions and long-range electrostatic repulsions leads to pattern formation in cylindrical surfaces. This work offers valuable insight into the design of functionalized nanofibers for various biomedical and chemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turash Haque Pial
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Center of Computation and Theory of Soft Materials, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Center of Computation and Theory of Soft Materials, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Center of Computation and Theory of Soft Materials, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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2
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Adak A, Castelletto V, de Sousa A, Karatzas KA, Wilkinson C, Khunti N, Seitsonen J, Hamley IW. Self-Assembly and Antimicrobial Activity of Lipopeptides Containing Lysine-Rich Tripeptides. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1205-1213. [PMID: 38204421 PMCID: PMC10865344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The conformation and self-assembly of two pairs of model lipidated tripeptides in aqueous solution are probed using a combination of spectroscopic methods along with cryogenic-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The palmitoylated lipopeptides comprise C16-YKK or C16-WKK (with two l-lysine residues) or their respective derivatives containing d-lysine (k), i.e., C16-Ykk and C16-Wkk. All four molecules self-assemble into spherical micelles which show structure factor effects in SAXS profiles due to intermicellar packing in aqueous solution. Consistent with micellar structures, the tripeptides in the coronas have a largely unordered conformation, as probed using spectroscopic methods. The molecules are found to have good cytocompatibility with fibroblasts at sufficiently low concentrations, although some loss of cell viability is noted at the highest concentrations examined (above the critical aggregation concentration of the lipopeptides, determined from fluorescence dye probe measurements). Preliminary tests also showed antimicrobial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindyasundar Adak
- School
of Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AH, U.K.
| | - Valeria Castelletto
- School
of Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AH, U.K.
| | - Ana de Sousa
- School
of Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AH, U.K.
| | - Kimon-Andreas Karatzas
- School
of Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AH, U.K.
| | - Callum Wilkinson
- School
of Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AH, U.K.
| | - Nikul Khunti
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Jani Seitsonen
- Nanomicroscopy
Center, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 2, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Ian W. Hamley
- School
of Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AH, U.K.
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3
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Li Y, Kim M, Pial TH, Lin Y, Cui H, Olvera de la Cruz M. Aggregation-Induced Asymmetric Charge States of Amino Acids in Supramolecular Nanofibers. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8176-8184. [PMID: 37721979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatic interactions contribute critically to the kinetic pathways and thermodynamic outcomes of peptide self-assembly involving one or more than one charged amino acids. While it is well understood in protein folding that those amino acids with acidic/basic side chains could shift their pKas when placed in a hydrophobic microenvironment, to what extent aggregation of monomeric peptide units from the bulk solution could alter their charged status and how this change in pKa values would reciprocally impact their assembly outcomes. Here, we design and analyze two solution systems containing peptide amphiphiles with hydrocarbon chains of different lengths to determine the factor of deprotonation on assembly. Our results suggest that models of supramolecular nanofibers with uniformly distributed, fully charged amino acids are oversimplified. We demonstrate, with molecular dynamics simulations, and validate with experimental results that asymmetric, different protonation states of the peptides lead to distinct nanostructures after self-assembly. The results give estimates on the electrostatic interactions in peptide amphiphiles required for their self-assembly and shed light on modeling molecular assembly systems containing charged amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center of Computation and Theory of Soft Materials, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - M Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Institute for NanoBiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - T H Pial
- Center of Computation and Theory of Soft Materials, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Y Lin
- Center of Computation and Theory of Soft Materials, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - H Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Institute for NanoBiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - M Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center of Computation and Theory of Soft Materials, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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4
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Jana B, Jin S, Go EM, Cho Y, Kim D, Kim S, Kwak SK, Ryu JH. Intra-Lysosomal Peptide Assembly for the High Selectivity Index against Cancer. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18414-18431. [PMID: 37525328 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes remain powerful organelles and important targets for cancer therapy because cancer cell proliferation is greatly dependent on effective lysosomal function. Recent studies have shown that lysosomal membrane permeabilization induces cell death and is an effective way to treat cancer by bypassing the classical caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. However, most lysosome-targeted anticancer drugs have very low selectivity for cancer cells. Here, we show intra-lysosomal self-assembly of a peptide amphiphile as a powerful technique to overcome this problem. We designed a peptide amphiphile that localizes in the cancer lysosome and undergoes cathepsin B enzyme-instructed supramolecular assembly. This localized assembly induces lysosomal swelling, membrane permeabilization, and damage to the lysosome, which eventually causes caspase-independent apoptotic death of cancer cells without conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. It has specific anticancer effects and is effective against drug-resistant cancers. Moreover, this peptide amphiphile exhibits high tumor targeting when attached to a tumor-targeting ligand and causes significant inhibition of tumor growth both in cancer and drug-resistant cancer xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batakrishna Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongeon Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Min Go
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumi Cho
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangpil Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Kwak
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Hyoung Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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5
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Kumar Bag S, Karmakar M, Mondal B, Thakur A. Non-Conjugated Bis-(Dithienylethene)-Naphthalenediimide as a Dynamic Anti-Counterfeiting Agent: Driving the Wheel of Photoswitching Enactment. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301314. [PMID: 37262061 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Photochromic fluorescent molecules dramatically extend their fields of applications ranging from optical memories, bioimaging, photoswitches, photonic devices, anti-counterfeiting technology and many more. Here, we have logically designed and synthesized a triazole appended bis-(dithienylethene)-naphthalenediimide based photo-responsive material, 5, which demonstrated fluorescence enhancement property upon photocyclization (ΦF =0.42), with high photocyclization (44 s, ksolution =0.0355 s-1 , ksolid =0.0135 s-1 ) and photocycloreversion (160 s, ksolution =0.0181 s-1 , ksolid =0.0085 s-1 ) rate and decent photoreaction quantum yield (Φo→c =0.93 and Φc→o =0.11). The open isomer almost converted to the closed isomer at photo-stationary state (PSS) with distinct color change from colorless to blue with 92.85 % conversion yield. A reversible noninvasive modulation of fluorescence through efficient photoinduced electron transfer (PET) process was observed both in solution as well as in solid state. The fluorescence modulation through PET process was further corroborated with thermodynamic calculations using the Rehm-Weller equation and quantum chemical studies (DFT). The thermally stable compound 5 exhibits high fatigue resistance property (up to 50 cycles) both in solution and solid state. Furthermore, the compound 5 was successfully applied as erasable ink and in deciphering secret codes (Quick Response/bar code) portending potential promising application in anti-counterfeiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Kumar Bag
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, 700032, Kolkata, India
| | - Manisha Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, 700032, Kolkata, India
| | - Bijan Mondal
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universität Strasse 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Arunabha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, 700032, Kolkata, India
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6
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Hu Y, Fan Y, Chen B, Li H, Zhang G, Su J. Stimulus-responsive peptide hydrogels: a safe and least invasive administration approach for tumor treatment. J Drug Target 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37469142 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2236332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Tumours, with increasing mortality around the world, have bothered human beings for decades. Enhancing the targeting of antitumor drugs to tumour tissues is the key to enhancing their antitumor effects. The tumour microenvironment is characterised by a relatively low pH, overexpression of certain enzymes, redox imbalance, etc. Therefore, smart drug delivery systems that respond to the tumour microenvironment have been proposed to selectively release antitumor drugs. Among them, peptide hydrogels as a local drug delivery system have received much attention due to advantages such as high biocompatibility, degradability and high water-absorbing capacity. The combination of peptide segments with different physiological functions allows for tumour targeting, self-aggregation, responsiveness, etc. Morphological and microstructural changes in peptide hydrogels can occur when utilising the inherent pathological microenvironment of tumours to trigger drug release, which endows such systems with limited adverse effects and improved therapeutic efficiency. Herein, this review outlined the driving forces, impact factors, and sequence design in peptide hydrogels. We also discussed the triggers to induce the transformation of peptide-based hydrogels in the tumour microenvironment and described the advancements of peptide-based hydrogels for local drug delivery in tumour treatment. Finally, we gave a brief perspective on the prospects and challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Hu
- National '111' Centre for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Centre of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Fan
- Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ban Chen
- National '111' Centre for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Centre of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Equipment Intensification and Intrinsic Safety, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jiangtao Su
- National '111' Centre for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Centre of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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7
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Pramanik B, Islam MM, Patra HK. Rational design of peptide-based implants for corneal bioengineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 81:102947. [PMID: 37163824 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of damaged cornea can save vision for millions of patients. Most of these patients are waiting for transplantation of a donor cornea or suitable substitute to restore vision. Although donor cornea transplantation is the most clinically accepted treatment, shortage of donor cornea results in almost 69 out of every 70 patients untreated with the waiting list for transplantation drastically increasing every year according to a prepandemic estimation. Therefore, corneal replacements are coming up as a cutting-edge alternative strategy. In view of the peptides, especially collagen-like peptides and peptide amphiphiles with bioactive functional motifs demonstrate promising avenue for the corneal tissue engineering and promoting regeneration, by their hierarchical self-assembling propensity to acquire desired nano- to macroscale 3D architecture. Here, we analyze rational peptide designing, self-assembly, and strategies of peptide/peptide-based nanoscale building blocks to create the extracellular matrix mimetic implants for functional regeneration of the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapan Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel; School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad M Islam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hirak K Patra
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.
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8
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Sun W, Gregory DA, Zhao X. Designed peptide amphiphiles as scaffolds for tissue engineering. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 314:102866. [PMID: 36898186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Peptide amphiphiles (PAs) are peptide-based molecules that contain a peptide sequence as a head group covalently conjugated to a hydrophobic segment, such as lipid tails. They can self-assemble into well-ordered supramolecular nanostructures such as micelles, vesicles, twisted ribbons and nanofibers. In addition, the diversity of natural amino acids gives the possibility to produce PAs with different sequences. These properties along with their biocompatibility, biodegradability and a high resemblance to native extracellular matrix (ECM) have resulted in PAs being considered as ideal scaffold materials for tissue engineering (TE) applications. This review introduces the 20 natural canonical amino acids as building blocks followed by highlighting the three categories of PAs: amphiphilic peptides, lipidated peptide amphiphiles and supramolecular peptide amphiphile conjugates, as well as their design rules that dictate the peptide self-assembly process. Furthermore, 3D bio-fabrication strategies of PAs hydrogels are discussed and the recent advances of PA-based scaffolds in TE with the emphasis on bone, cartilage and neural tissue regeneration both in vitro and in vivo are considered. Finally, future prospects and challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - David Alexander Gregory
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Xiubo Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
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9
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de Carvasal KP, Vergoten G, Vasseur JJ, Smietana M, Morvan F. Supramolecular Recognition of Phosphodiester-Based Donor and Acceptor Oligomers Forming Gels in Water. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:756-765. [PMID: 36724436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by automated DNA synthesis, electron-rich dialkoxynaphthalene (DAN) donor and electron-deficient naphthalene-tetracarboxylic diimide (NDI) acceptor phosphodiester-linked homohexamers were synthesized by the phosphoramidite method. Two types of hexamers were prepared, one with only one phosphodiester between the aromatics (i.e., DAN or NDI) and a second with two phosphodiesters around a propanediol between the aromatics, leading to the latter more flexible and more hydrophilic hexamers. The folding properties of these homohexamers alone or mixed together, in water only, were studied by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM imaging revealed that a 1:1 mixture of hexaDAN and hexaNDI formed fibers by charge transfer donor-acceptor recognition leading to a hydrogel after drying. The organization of the resulting structures is strongly dependent on the nature of the complementary partner, leading to the formation of mono- or multilayer hydrogel networks with different compactness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévan Pérez de Carvasal
- Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Gérard Vergoten
- Université de Lille, Inserm, INFINITE - U1286, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculté de Pharmacie, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, Lille 59006, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Vasseur
- Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Michael Smietana
- Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - François Morvan
- Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Montpellier 34293, France
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10
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Short Peptide-Based Smart Thixotropic Hydrogels †. Gels 2022; 8:gels8090569. [PMID: 36135280 PMCID: PMC9498505 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thixotropy is a fascinating feature present in many gel systems that has garnered a lot of attention in the medical field in recent decades. When shear stress is applied, the gel transforms into sol and immediately returns to its original state when resting. The thixotropic nature of the hydrogel has inspired scientists to entrap and release enzymes, therapeutics, and other substances inside the human body, where the gel acts as a drug reservoir and can sustainably release therapeutics. Furthermore, thixotropic hydrogels have been widely used in various therapeutic applications, including drug delivery, cornea regeneration and osteogenesis, to name a few. Because of their inherent biocompatibility and structural diversity, peptides are at the forefront of cutting-edge research in this context. This review will discuss the rational design and self-assembly of peptide-based thixotropic hydrogels with some representative examples, followed by their biomedical applications.
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11
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Pramanik B, Ahmed S. Peptide-Based Low Molecular Weight Photosensitive Supramolecular Gelators. Gels 2022; 8:gels8090533. [PMID: 36135245 PMCID: PMC9498526 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last couple of decades, stimuli-responsive supramolecular gels comprising synthetic short peptides as building blocks have been explored for various biological and material applications. Though a wide range of stimuli has been tested depending on the structure of the peptides, light as a stimulus has attracted extensive attention due to its non-invasive, non-contaminant, and remotely controllable nature, precise spatial and temporal resolution, and wavelength tunability. The integration of molecular photo-switch and low-molecular-weight synthetic peptides may thus provide access to supramolecular self-assembled systems, notably supramolecular gels, which may be used to create dynamic, light-responsive “smart” materials with a variety of structures and functions. This short review summarizes the recent advancement in the area of light-sensitive peptide gelation. At first, a glimpse of commonly used molecular photo-switches is given, followed by a detailed description of their incorporation into peptide sequences to design light-responsive peptide gels and the mechanism of their action. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives for developing next-generation photo-responsive gels and materials are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapan Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 84105, Israel
- Correspondence: (B.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Sahnawaz Ahmed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata, Kolkata 700054, India
- Correspondence: (B.P.); (S.A.)
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12
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Dowari P, Roy S, Das S, Chowdhuri S, Kushwaha R, Das BK, Ukil A, Das D. Mannose‐decorated composite peptide hydrogel with thixotropic and syneresis properties and its application in treatment of Leishmaniasis. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200550. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Payel Dowari
- IIT Guwahati: Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Chemistry Department of Chemistry, IIT Guwahati, Kamrup 781039 Guwahati INDIA
| | - Shalini Roy
- University of Calcutta Biochemistry 35, Ballygunge Circular Road 700019 Kolkata INDIA
| | - Saurav Das
- IIT Guwahati: Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Chemistry IIT GUWAHATI 781039 KAMRUP INDIA
| | - Sumit Chowdhuri
- IIT Guwahati: Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Chemistry Department of Chemistry, IIT Guwahati, Kamrup 781039 Guwahati INDIA
| | - Ritvika Kushwaha
- IIT Guwahati: Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Chemistry Department of Chemistry, IIT Guwahati, Kamrup 781039 Guwahati INDIA
| | - Basab Kanti Das
- IIT Guwahati: Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Chemistry Department of Chemistry, IIT Guwahati, Kamrup 781039 Guwahati INDIA
| | - Anindita Ukil
- University of Calcutta Biochemistry 35, Ballygunge Circular Road 700019 Kolkata INDIA
| | - Debapratim Das
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Department of Chemistry IIT Guwahati 781039 Guwahati INDIA
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13
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More VG, Nadimetla DN, Zalmi GA, Gawade VK, Jadhav RW, Mane YD, Bhosale SV. A New 'Off-On' System Based on Core-Substituted Naphthalene Diimide with Dimethylamine for Reversible Acid-Base Sensing. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200060. [PMID: 35678482 PMCID: PMC9179010 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new 'Off-On' system designed and synthesised by functionalisation of a naphthalene diimide (NDI) core with dimethylamine produces 4,9-bis(dimethylamino)-2,7-dioctylbenzo[lmn][3,8]-phenanthroline-1,3,6,8-(2H,7H)-tetraone, abbreviated as DDPT (1). DDPT 1 was synthesised using a simple strategy, namely aromatic nucleophilic substitution using Br2 -NDI with dimethylamine at 110 °C. DDPT was characterized by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. DDPT 1 was then used for optical studies through protonation of its dimethylamine core with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), blue-shifting the absorption band from 600 nm to 545 nm in solution. Interestingly, the fluorescence of DDPT 1 is weak in solution with a quantum yield Φ=0.09, which is significantly enhanced to Φ=0.78 upon addition of TFA. The limit of detection (LOD) was determined to 2.77 nm. Furthermore, DDPT 1 can be used for naked eyed detection not only under UV light (365 nm) but also using visible light, as clear changes can be clearly seen upon addition of TFA. The binding constant of DDPT was calculated to 2.1×10-3 m-1 . Importantly, DDPT 1 showed reversible switching by alternative addition of acid (TFA) and base (triethylamine) without loss of activity. Immobilised on paper, DDPT 1 can be used for strip-test sensing in which the colour changes from blue to reddish when expose to TFA vapours and reverse in the presence of triethylamine vapours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal G More
- School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, 403 206, Goa, India
| | - Dinesh N Nadimetla
- School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, 403 206, Goa, India
| | - Geeta A Zalmi
- School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, 403 206, Goa, India
| | - Vilas K Gawade
- School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, 403 206, Goa, India
| | - Ratan W Jadhav
- School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, 403 206, Goa, India
| | - Yogesh D Mane
- Department of Chemistry, BSS Art's, Science and Commerce College, Makni, Tq. Lohara, 413604, Maharashtra, Dist. Osmanabad, India
| | - Sheshanath V Bhosale
- School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, 403 206, Goa, India
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14
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Das S, Das D. Rational Design of Peptide-based Smart Hydrogels for Therapeutic Applications. Front Chem 2021; 9:770102. [PMID: 34869218 PMCID: PMC8635208 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.770102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based hydrogels have captivated remarkable attention in recent times and serve as an excellent platform for biomedical applications owing to the impressive amalgamation of unique properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, easily tunable hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, modular incorporation of stimuli sensitivity and other functionalities, adjustable mechanical stiffness/rigidity and close mimicry to biological molecules. Putting all these on the same plate offers smart soft materials that can be used for tissue engineering, drug delivery, 3D bioprinting, wound healing to name a few. A plethora of work has been accomplished and a significant progress has been realized using these peptide-based platforms. However, designing hydrogelators with the desired functionalities and their self-assembled nanostructures is still highly serendipitous in nature and thus a roadmap providing guidelines toward designing and preparing these soft-materials and applying them for a desired goal is a pressing need of the hour. This review aims to provide a concise outline for that purpose and the design principles of peptide-based hydrogels along with their potential for biomedical applications are discussed with the help of selected recent reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Debapratim Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
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15
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Gayen K, Paul S, Hazra S, Banerjee A. Solvent-Directed Transformation of the Self-assembly and Optical Property of a Peptide-Appended Core-Substituted Naphthelenediimide and Selective Detection of Nitrite Ions in an Aqueous Medium. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:9577-9587. [PMID: 34319747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study vividly displays the different self-assembling behavior and consequent tuning of the fluorescence property of a peptide-appended core-substituted naphthalenediimide (N1) in the aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents (n-hexane/n-decane/methyl cyclohexane) and in an aqueous medium within micelles. The N1 is highly fluorescent in the monomeric state and self-aggregates in a hydrocarbon solvent, exhibiting "H-type" or "face-to-face" stacking as indicated by a blue shift of absorption maxima in the UV-vis spectrum. In the H-aggregated state, the fluorescence emission of N1 changes to green from the yellow emission obtained in the monomeric state. In the presence of a micelle-forming surfactant, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), the N1 is found to be dispersed in a water medium. Interestingly, upon encapsulation of N1 into the micelle, the molecule alters its self-assembling pattern and optical property compared to its behavior in the hydrocarbon solvent. The N1 exhibits "edge-to-edge" stacking or J aggregates inside the micelle as indicated by the UV-vis spectroscopic study, which shows a red shift of the absorption maxima compared to that in the monomeric state. The fluorescence emission also differs in the water medium with the NDI derivative exhibiting red emission. FT-IR studies reveal that all amide NHs of N1 are hydrogen-bonded within the micelle (in the J-aggregated state), whereas both non-bonding and hydrogen-bonding amide NHs are present in the H-aggregated state. This is a wonderful example of solvent-mediated transformation of the aggregation pattern (from H to J) and solvatochromism of emission over a wide range from green in the H-aggregated state to yellow in the monomeric state and orangish-red in the J-aggregated state. Moreover, the J aggregate has been successfully utilized for selective and sensitive detection of nitrite ions in water even in the presence of other common anions (NO3-, SO42-, HSO4-, CO32-, and Cl-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousik Gayen
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Subir Paul
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Soumyajit Hazra
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arindam Banerjee
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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16
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Sarkar A, Sasmal R, Das A, Venugopal A, Agasti SS, George SJ. Tricomponent Supramolecular Multiblock Copolymers with Tunable Composition via Sequential Seeded Growth. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18209-18216. [PMID: 34111324 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of supramolecular block co-polymers (BCP) with small monomers and predictive sequence requires elegant molecular design and synthetic strategies. Herein we report the unparalleled synthesis of tri-component supramolecular BCPs with tunable microstructure by a kinetically controlled sequential seeded supramolecular polymerization of fluorescent π-conjugated monomers. Core-substituted naphthalene diimide (cNDI) derivatives with different core substitutions and appended with β-sheet forming peptide side chains provide perfect monomer design with spectral complementarity, pathway complexity and minimal structural mismatch to synthesize and characterize the multi-component BCPs. The distinct fluorescent nature of various cNDI monomers aids the spectroscopic probing of the seeded growth process and the microscopic visualization of resultant supramolecular BCPs using Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM). Kinetically controlled sequential seeded supramolecular polymerization presented here is reminiscent of the multi-step synthesis of covalent BCPs via living chain polymerization. These findings provide a promising platform for constructing unique functional organic heterostructures for various optoelectronic and catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Sarkar
- New Chemistry Unit (NCU) and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Ranjan Sasmal
- New Chemistry Unit (NCU) and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Angshuman Das
- New Chemistry Unit (NCU) and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Akhil Venugopal
- New Chemistry Unit (NCU) and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Sarit S Agasti
- New Chemistry Unit (NCU) and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Subi J George
- New Chemistry Unit (NCU) and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, India
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17
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Gayen K, Hazra S, Pal AK, Paul S, Datta A, Banerjee A. Tuning of the optoelectronic properties of peptide-appended core-substituted naphthalenediimides: the role of self-assembly of two positional isomers. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:7168-7176. [PMID: 34263281 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00752a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates how the self-assembly pattern of two different and isomeric peptide-appended core-substituted naphthalenediimides (NDIs) affects the modulation of their optoelectronic properties. Two isomeric peptide-attached NDIs were synthesized, purified and characterized. Interchanging the position of attachment of the peptide units and the alkyl chains in the NDI has altered the respective self-assembling patterns of these isomeric molecules in the aggregated states. The isomer having a peptide moiety in the core position and the alkyl chain in the imide position (compound N1) forms face to face stacking or 'H' aggregates in aliphatic solvents including n-hexane, and n-decane, whereas compound N2, in which the peptide moiety is at the imide position and the alkyl chain is attached at the core position of NDI exhibits edge to edge stacking or J aggregates under the same conditions as it is evident from their UV-vis studies. The H aggregated species (obtained from N1) show inter-connected nanofibers, whereas the J aggregated species (obtained from N2) exhibit the morphology of helical nanoribbons. FT-IR and X-ray diffraction studies are in favor of the same aggregation behavior. The individual packing patterns of these two peptide-based isomers have a direct impact on their respective electrical conductivity. Interestingly, the H aggregated species shows 100 times greater current conductivity than that of the J aggregate. Moreover, it is only the H aggregated species that exhibits a photocurrent, and no such photocurrent response is observed with the J aggregates. Computational studies also support that different types of aggregation patterns are formed by these two isomeric molecules in the same solvent system. This unique example of tuning of optoelectronic behavior holds future promise for the development of new peptide-conjugated π-functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousik Gayen
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Soumyajit Hazra
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Arun K Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Subir Paul
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Arindam Banerjee
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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18
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Bhosale SV, Al Kobaisi M, Jadhav RW, Morajkar PP, Jones LA, George S. Naphthalene diimides: perspectives and promise. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9845-9998. [PMID: 34308940 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00239a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the developments in the field of naphthalene diimides (NDIs) from 2016 to the presentday. NDIs are shown to be an increasingly interesting class of molecules due to their electronic properties, large electron deficient aromatic cores and tendency to self-assemble into functional structures. Almost all NDIs possess high electron affinity, good charge carrier mobility, and excellent thermal and oxidative stability, making them promising candidates for applications in organic electronics, photovoltaic devices, and flexible displays. NDIs have also been extensively studied due to their potential real-world uses across a wide variety of applications including supramolecular chemistry, sensing, host-guest complexes for molecular switching devices, such as catenanes and rotaxanes, ion-channels, catalysis, and medicine and as non-fullerene accepters in solar cells. In recent years, NDI research with respect to supramolecular assemblies and mechanoluminescent properties has also gained considerable traction. Thus, this review will assist a wide range of readers and researchers including chemists, physicists, biologists, medicinal chemists and materials scientists in understanding the scope for development and applicability of NDI dyes in their respective fields through a discussion of the main properties of NDI derivatives and of the status of emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheshanath V Bhosale
- School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa-403 206, India.
| | - Mohammad Al Kobaisi
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Ratan W Jadhav
- School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa-403 206, India.
| | - Pranay P Morajkar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa-403 206, India.
| | - Lathe A Jones
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Subi George
- New Chemistry Unit (NCU), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur PO, Bangalore-560064, India
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19
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Sarkar A, Sasmal R, Das A, Venugopal A, Agasti SS, George SJ. Tricomponent Supramolecular Multiblock Copolymers with Tunable Composition via Sequential Seeded Growth. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Sarkar
- New Chemistry Unit (NCU) and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat) Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur Bangalore 560064 India
| | - Ranjan Sasmal
- New Chemistry Unit (NCU) and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat) Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur Bangalore 560064 India
| | - Angshuman Das
- New Chemistry Unit (NCU) and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat) Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur Bangalore 560064 India
| | - Akhil Venugopal
- New Chemistry Unit (NCU) and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat) Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur Bangalore 560064 India
| | - Sarit S. Agasti
- New Chemistry Unit (NCU) and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat) Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur Bangalore 560064 India
| | - Subi J. George
- New Chemistry Unit (NCU) and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat) Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur Bangalore 560064 India
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20
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Guchhait S, Roy A, Das S, Khan M, Pradhan A, Choudhury SM, Roy S. Tripeptide based nontoxic hydrogelators as carrier of vitamin B12 and doxorubicin. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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Ghosh G, Kartha KK, Fernández G. Tuning the mechanistic pathways of peptide self-assembly by aromatic interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:1603-1606. [PMID: 33463645 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07199d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have unravelled the key influence of aromatic interactions on the mechanistic pathways of peptide self-assembly by introducing suitable chromophores (pyrene vs. naphthalene). Although both self-assembled peptides are indistinguishable in their morphologies, this minor structural difference strongly affects the packing modes (parallel vs. antiparallel) and the corresponding self-assembly mechanism (cooperative vs. isodemsic).
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Ghosh
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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22
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Chowdhuri S, Saha A, Pramanik B, Das S, Dowari P, Ukil A, Das D. Smart Thixotropic Hydrogels by Disulfide-Linked Short Peptides for Effective Three-Dimensional Cell Proliferation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:15450-15462. [PMID: 33306395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular assembly of short peptides is a crucial process and has shown numerous potential applications as biomaterials. In the present work, the hydrogelation process of short peptides containing C-terminal "Lys-Cys" (KC) residues have been studied in detail. The N-terminal capping is found to be essential for effective gelation. Out of 12 peptides we studied, two of them could form hydrogels efficiently: Ac-VVKC-NH2 and Ac-FFKC-NH2. In both cases, the monomer-to-dimer formation through disulfide linkages by Cys residues controls the aggregation process. Interestingly, the presence of H2O2 facilitated the dimerization and thereby reduced the gelation time but could not impart much effect on the mechanical properties of the gels. Detailed rheological study revealed that both hydrogels are thixotropic in nature. Moreover, they are responsive to glutathione (GSH) due to the presence of disulfide linkages. However, the hydrogel of Ac-FFKC-NH2 is found to be stronger and more effective for biological applications. The thixotropic nature as well as a model drug release study in response to varying GSH concentration indicates the possible use of the hydrogel as an injectable local drug delivery vehicle. The hydrogel of Ac-FFKC-NH2 is noncytotoxic in nature. Three-dimensional cell proliferation has been found to be more effective than 2D, as it mimics the in vivo situation more closely if not exactly. In the present study, we have shown that both differentiated RAW macrophages and undifferentiated THP-1 monocytes could proliferate significantly within the 3D matrix of the hydrogel, without depicting any apparent cytotoxicity. Thus, the hydrogel of Ac-FFKC-NH2 has potential for application in localized drug administration and as a supporting biomaterial to study basic phenomena involving cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Chowdhuri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Amrita Saha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Bapan Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Saurav Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Payel Dowari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Anindita Ukil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Debapratim Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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23
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Das AK, Gavel PK. Low molecular weight self-assembling peptide-based materials for cell culture, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, anticancer, drug delivery, bioimaging and 3D bioprinting applications. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:10065-10095. [PMID: 33073836 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01136c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we have focused on the design and development of low molecular weight self-assembling peptide-based materials for various applications including cell proliferation, tissue engineering, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, wound healing, drug delivery, bioimaging and 3D bioprinting. The first part of the review describes about stimuli and various noncovalent interactions, which are the key components of various self-assembly processes for the construction of organized structures. Subsequently, the chemical functionalization of the peptides has been discussed, which is required for the designing of self-assembling peptide-based soft materials. Various low molecular weight self-assembling peptides have been discussed to explain the important structural features for the construction of defined functional nanostructures. Finally, we have discussed various examples of low molecular weight self-assembling peptide-based materials for cell culture, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, wound healing, drug delivery, bioimaging and 3D bioprinting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba K Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India.
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24
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Yin X, Chen Z, Chen Y, Xie Y, Xiong B, Jiang H, Zhu J. Lipidated gemini peptide amphiphiles with enhanced loading capacity and cell membrane affinity for drug delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 195:111271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Deepthi K, R B AR, Prasad VS, Gowd EB. Co-assembly of functionalized donor-acceptor molecules within block copolymer microdomains via the supramolecular assembly approach with an improved charge carrier mobility. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7312-7322. [PMID: 32672783 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00894j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate the three-component self-assembly of functionalized small molecules (donor and acceptor) and a polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) block copolymer using the supramolecular approach. The introduction of functional groups on both the donor (1-pyrenebutyric acid, PBA) and acceptor (functionalized naphthalene diimide, FNDI) molecules can form stable charge-transfer (CT) complexes within the block copolymer domains and these supramolecules exhibited a charge carrier mobility of around 1.01 × 10-4 cm2 (V s)-1. In this case, both the molecules can form H-bonding with P4VP chains, and as well as π-π stacking between the PBA and FNDI molecules is also possible within the block copolymer domains. These noncovalent interactions lead to the formation of stable hierarchical structures and CT complexes between PBA and FNDI, where bilayer donor-acceptor (D-A) stacks formed within the block copolymer microdomains. Overall, the organization of both functionalized donor and acceptor molecules within the block copolymer domain exhibits an enhanced charge carrier mobility, which is potentially useful in the fabrication of organic photovoltaic cells and organic light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Deepthi
- Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India.
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26
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Gayen K, Basu K, Nandi N, Sundar Das K, Hermida-Merino D, Hamley IW, Banerjee A. A Self-Assembled Peptide-Appended Naphthalene Diimide: A Fluorescent Switch for Sensing Acid and Base Vapors. Chempluschem 2020; 84:1673-1680. [PMID: 31943879 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A histidine-containing bola-amphiphilic molecule (NDIP) containing a peptide-appended naphthalenediimide (NDI) forms fluorescent hydrogels in phosphate buffer and organogels with benzenoid solvents. These gels were characterized by several spectroscopic and microscopic techniques including FT-IR, HR-TEM, powder X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering, UV-Vis and fluorescence studies. The gelator molecule exhibits no significant fluorescence in the xerogel state, while it shows a significant fluorescence (bright cyan) in the presence of volatile organic/inorganic acid vapors; this cyan color vanishes in presence of base (ammonia vapors). A reusable paper-strip-based method based on this self-assembled fluorescent material can be used to easily detect hazardous volatile acid and base vapors with the naked eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousik Gayen
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-, 7000032, India
| | - Kingshuk Basu
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-, 7000032, India
| | - Nibedita Nandi
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-, 7000032, India
| | - Krishna Sundar Das
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-, 7000032, India
| | | | - Ian W Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Arindam Banerjee
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-, 7000032, India
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27
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Mondal S, Das S, Nandi AK. A review on recent advances in polymer and peptide hydrogels. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:1404-1454. [PMID: 31984400 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02127b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the very recent developments on the use of the stimuli responsive properties of polymer hydrogels for targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering, and biosensing utilizing their different optoelectronic properties. Besides, the stimuli-responsive hydrogels, the conducting polymer hydrogels are discussed, with specific attention to the energy generation and storage behavior of the xerogel derived from the hydrogel. The electronic and ionic conducting gels have been discussed that have applications in various electronic devices, e.g., organic field effect transistors, soft robotics, ionic skins, and sensors. The properties of polymer hybrid gels containing carbon nanomaterials have been exemplified here giving attention to applications in supercapacitors, dye sensitized solar cells, photocurrent switching, etc. Recent trends in the properties and applications of some natural polymer gels to produce thermal and acoustic insulating materials, drug delivery vehicles, self-healing material, tissue engineering, etc., are discussed. Besides the polymer gels, peptide gels of different dipeptides, tripeptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, cyclic peptides, etc., are discussed, giving attention mainly to biosensing, bioimaging, and drug delivery applications. The properties of peptide-based hybrid hydrogels with polymers, nanoparticles, nucleotides, fullerene, etc., are discussed, giving specific attention to drug delivery, cell culture, bio-sensing, and bioimaging properties. Thus, the present review delineates, in short, the preparation, properties, and applications of different polymer and peptide hydrogels prepared in the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Mondal
- Polymer Science Unit, School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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Jiang Y, Xu Y. A mussel-inspired osteogenesis microenvironment with bioactive peptides for the dual-functionalization of biomedical substrates. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02997a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A facile but useful peptide modified strategy for the dual-functionalization of biomedical implants with cell-adhesion-enhancing as well as differentiation-inducing abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361003
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361003
- P. R. China
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Roy B, Govindaraju T. Amino Acids and Peptides as Functional Components in Arylenediimide-Based Molecular Architectonics. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bappaditya Roy
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P. O., Bengaluru-560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Thimmaiah Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P. O., Bengaluru-560064, Karnataka, India
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Dasgupta A, Das D. Designer Peptide Amphiphiles: Self-Assembly to Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:10704-10724. [PMID: 31330107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Peptide amphiphiles (PAs) are extremely attractive as molecular building blocks, especially in the bottom-up fabrication of supramolecular soft materials, and have potential in many important applications across various fields of science and technology. In recent years, we have designed and synthesized a large group of peptide amphiphiles. This library of PAs has the ability to self-assemble into a variety of aggregates such as fibers, nanosphere, vesicles, nanosheet, nanocups, nanorings, hydrogels, and so on. The mechanism behind the formation of such a wide range of structures is intriguing. Each system has its individual method of aggregation and results in assemblies with important applications in areas including chemistry, biology, and materials science. The aim of this feature article is to bring together our recent achievements with designer PAs with respect to their self-assembly processes and applications. Emphasis is placed on rational design, mechanistic aspects of the self-assembly processes, and the applications of these PAs. We hope that this article will provide a conceptual demonstration of the different approaches taken toward the construction of these task-specific PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antara Dasgupta
- Eris Lifesciences , Plot Nos. 30 and 31, Brahmaputra Industrial Park, Amingaon, North Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam 781031 , India
| | - Debapratim Das
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam - 781039 , India
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Singha N, Srivastava A, Pramanik B, Ahmed S, Dowari P, Chowdhuri S, Das BK, Debnath A, Das D. Unusual confinement properties of a water insoluble small peptide hydrogel. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5920-5928. [PMID: 31360397 PMCID: PMC6566298 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01754b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike polymeric hydrogels, in the case of supramolecular hydrogels, the cross-linked network formation is governed by non-covalent forces. Hence, in these cases, the gelator molecules inside the network retain their characteristic physicochemical properties as no covalent modification is involved. Supramolecular hydrogels thus get dissolved easily in aqueous medium as the dissolution leads to a gain in entropy. Thus, any supramolecular hydrogel, insoluble in bulk water, is beyond the present understanding and hitherto not reported as well. Herein, we present a peptide-based (PyKC) hydrogel which remained insoluble in water for more than a year. Moreover, in the gel state, any movement of solvent or solute to and from the hydrogel is highly restricted resulting in a high degree of compartmentalization. The hydrogel could be re-dissolved in the presence of some biomolecules which makes it a prospective material for in vivo applications. Experimental studies and all atom molecular dynamics simulations revealed that a cysteine containing gelator forms dimers through disulfide linkage which self-assemble into PyKC layers with a distinct PyKC-water interface. The hydrogel is stabilized by intra-molecular hydrogen bonds within the peptide-conjugates and the π-π stacking of the pyrene rings. The unique confinement ability of the hydrogel is attributed to the slow dynamics of water which remains confined in the core region of PyKC via hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen bonds present in the confined water need activation energies to move through the water depleted hydrophobic environment of pyrene rings which significantly reduces water transport across the hydrogel. The compartmentalizing ability is effectively used to protect enzymes for a long time from denaturing agents like urea, heat or methanol. Overall, the presented system shows unique insolubility and confinement properties that could be a milestone in the research of soft-materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilotpal Singha
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India .
| | - Arpita Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Rajasthan 342037 , India .
| | - Bapan Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India .
| | - Sahnawaz Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India .
| | - Payel Dowari
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India .
| | - Sumit Chowdhuri
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India .
| | - Basab Kanti Das
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India .
| | - Ananya Debnath
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Rajasthan 342037 , India .
| | - Debapratim Das
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India .
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Pramanik B, Ahmed S, Singha N, Das BK, Dowari P, Das D. Unorthodox Combination of Cation-π and Charge-Transfer Interactions within a Donor-Acceptor Pair. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:478-488. [PMID: 30561205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cation-π and charge-transfer (CT) interactions are ubiquitous in nature and involved in several biological processes. Although the origin of both the interactions in isolated pairs has extensively been studied, CT interactions are more prominent in supramolecular chemistry. Involvement of cation-π interactions in the preparation of advanced functional soft materials is uncommon. Moreover, a combination of these two interactions within a pair of electron donor (D) and acceptor (A) is uncharted. Here, we present a rational design to incorporate a combination of these two interactions within a D-A pair. A pyrene-peptide conjugate exhibits a combination of cation-π and CT interactions with a cationic naphthalenediimide (NDI) molecule in water. Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy NMR along with other techniques and density functional theory calculations reveal the involvement of these interactions. The π-planes of pyrene and NDI adopt an angle of 56° to satisfy both the interactions, whereas β-sheet formation by the peptide sequence facilitates self-assembly. Notably, the binary system forms a self-supporting hydrogel at a higher concentration. The hydrogel shows efficient self-healing and injectable property. The hydrogel retains its thixotropic nature even at an elevated temperature. Broadly, we demonstrate a pathway that should prove pertinent to various areas, ranging from understanding biological assembly to peptide-based functional soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapan Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India
| | - Sahnawaz Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India
| | - Nilotpal Singha
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India
| | - Basab Kanti Das
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India
| | - Payel Dowari
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India
| | - Debapratim Das
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India
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Dowari P, Saha S, Pramanik B, Ahmed S, Singha N, Ukil A, Das D. Multiple Cross-Linking of a Small Peptide to Form a Size Tunable Biopolymer with Efficient Cell Adhesion and Proliferation Property. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3994-4002. [PMID: 30119603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Development of biocompatible polymeric systems capable of cell adhesion and proliferation is a challenging task. Proper cross-linking of small cell adhesive peptide sequences is useful in this respect as it provides the inherent nontoxic environment as well as the cross-linked polymeric network to the cells for adhesion and proliferation. A multiple cross-linking strategy is applied to create a peptide-based cross-linked polymer. Covalent linkage through disulfide bond formation, supramolecular linkage using homoternary complexation by CB[8], and enzymatic cross-linking by HRP-mediated dimerization of tyrosine are used to prepare the cross-linked, peptide-based polymer decorated with cell-adhesive RGDS sequence. The supramolecular cross-linking via CB[8] provided stability as well as brings the RGDS sequences at the surface of the polymer particles. The order of cross-linking allowed to fine-tune the particle size of the polymer and polymer particles of wide range (200-1000 nm) can be prepared by varying the order. The cross-linked polymer particles (P1 and P2) were found to be stable at wide range of temperature and pH. Moreover, as intended, the polymer was noncytotoxic in nature and showed efficient cell adhesion and proliferation property, which can be used for further biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Dowari
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India
| | - Shriya Saha
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Calcutta , 35, Ballygunge Circular Road , Kolkata 700019 , India
| | - Bapan Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India
| | - Sahnawaz Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India
| | - Nilotpal Singha
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India
| | - Anindita Ukil
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Calcutta , 35, Ballygunge Circular Road , Kolkata 700019 , India
| | - Debapratim Das
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India
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Basak S, Nandi N, Paul S, Banerjee A. Luminescent Naphthalene Diimide-Based Peptide in Aqueous Medium and in Solid State: Rewritable Fluorescent Color Code. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:2174-2182. [PMID: 31458522 PMCID: PMC6641253 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study convincingly demonstrates a unique example of the self-assembly of a naphthalene diimide (NDI)-appended peptide into a fluorescent J-aggregate in aqueous media. Moreover, this aggregated species shows a remarkable yellow fluorescence in solid state, an unusual phenomenon for NDI-based compounds. The aggregated species has been characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, time-correlated single proton counting (TCSPC), UV-vis, and photoluminescence studies. TEM images reveal cross-linked nanofibrillar morphology of this aggregated species in water (pH 7.4). TCSPC study clearly indicates that the aggregated species in water has a higher average lifetime compared to that of the non-aggregated species. Interestingly, this NDI-based peptide shows H+ ion concentration-dependent change in the emission property in water. The fluorescence output is erased completely in the presence of an alkali, and it reappears in the presence of an acid, indicating its erasing and rewritable property. This indicates its probable use in authentication tools for security purposes as a rewritable fluorescence color code. This NDI-appended peptide-based molecule can be used for encryption of information due to erasing and rewritable property of the molecule in the aggregated state in aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Subir Paul
- Department of Biological
Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation
of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arindam Banerjee
- Department of Biological
Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation
of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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