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Chang R, Gruebele M, Leckband DE. Protein Folding Stability and Kinetics in Alginate Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:5245-5254. [PMID: 37906737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are commonly encapsulated in alginate gels for drug delivery and tissue-engineering applications. However, there is limited knowledge of how encapsulation impacts intrinsic protein properties such as folding stability or unfolding kinetics. Here, we use fast relaxation imaging (FReI) to image protein unfolding in situ in alginate hydrogels after applying a temperature jump. Based on changes in the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) response of FRET-labeled phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), we report the quantitative impact of multiple alginate hydrogel concentrations on protein stability and folding dynamics. The gels stabilize PGK by increasing its melting temperature up to 18.4 °C, and the stabilization follows a nonmonotonic dependence on the alginate density. In situ kinetic measurements also reveal that PGK deviates more from two-state folding behavior in denser gels and that the gel decreases the unfolding rate and accelerates the folding rate of PGK, compared to buffer. Phi-value analysis suggests that the folding transition state of an encapsulated protein is structurally similar to that of folded protein. This work reveals both beneficial and negative impacts of gel encapsulation on protein folding, as well as potential mechanisms contributing to altered stability.
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2
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Holz E, Darwish M, Tesar DB, Shatz-Binder W. A Review of Protein- and Peptide-Based Chemical Conjugates: Past, Present, and Future. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020600. [PMID: 36839922 PMCID: PMC9959917 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the complexity of molecular entities being advanced for therapeutic purposes has continued to evolve. A main propellent fueling innovation is the perpetual mandate within the pharmaceutical industry to meet the needs of novel disease areas and/or delivery challenges. As new mechanisms of action are uncovered, and as our understanding of existing mechanisms grows, the properties that are required and/or leveraged to enable therapeutic development continue to expand. One rapidly evolving area of interest is that of chemically enhanced peptide and protein therapeutics. While a variety of conjugate molecules such as antibody-drug conjugates, peptide/protein-PEG conjugates, and protein conjugate vaccines are already well established, others, such as antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates and peptide/protein conjugates using non-PEG polymers, are newer to clinical development. This review will evaluate the current development landscape of protein-based chemical conjugates with special attention to considerations such as modulation of pharmacokinetics, safety/tolerability, and entry into difficult to access targets, as well as bioavailability. Furthermore, for the purpose of this review, the types of molecules discussed are divided into two categories: (1) therapeutics that are enhanced by protein or peptide bioconjugation, and (2) protein and peptide therapeutics that require chemical modifications. Overall, the breadth of novel peptide- or protein-based therapeutics moving through the pipeline each year supports a path forward for the pursuit of even more complex therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Holz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Martine Darwish
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Devin B. Tesar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Whitney Shatz-Binder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Correspondence:
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3
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Ko JH, Forsythe NL, Gelb MB, Messina KMM, Lau UY, Bhattacharya A, Olafsen T, Lee JT, Kelly KA, Maynard HD. Safety and Biodistribution Profile of Poly(styrenyl acetal trehalose) and Its Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Conjugate. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3383-3395. [PMID: 35767465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poly(styrenyl acetal trehalose) (pSAT), composed of trehalose side chains linked to a polystyrene backbone via acetals, stabilizes a variety of proteins and enzymes against fluctuations in temperature. A promising application of pSAT is conjugation of the polymer to therapeutic proteins to reduce renal clearance. To explore this possibility, the safety of the polymer was first studied. Investigation of acute toxicity of pSAT in mice showed that there were no adverse effects of the polymer at a high (10 mg/kg) concentration. The immune response (antipolymer antibody and cytokine production) in mice was also studied. No significant antipolymer IgG was detected for pSAT, and only a transient and low level of IgM was elicited. pSAT was also safe in terms of cytokine response. The polymer was then conjugated to a granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), a therapeutic protein that is approved by the Federal Drug Administration, in order to study the biodistribution of a pSAT conjugate. A site-selective, two-step synthesis approach was developed for efficient conjugate preparation for the biodistribution study resulting in 90% conjugation efficiency. The organ distribution of GCSF-pSAT was measured by positron emission tomography and compared to controls GCSF and GCSF-poly(ethylene glycol), which confirmed that the trehalose polymer conjugate improved the in vivo half-life of the protein by reducing renal clearance. These findings suggest that trehalose styrenyl polymers are promising for use in therapeutic protein-polymer conjugates for reduced renal clearance of the biomolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hoon Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil L Forsythe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Madeline B Gelb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kathryn M M Messina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Uland Y Lau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Arvind Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tove Olafsen
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Jason T Lee
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Kathleen A Kelly
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Ahmed ST, Leckband DE. Forces between mica and end-grafted statistical copolymers of sulfobetaine and oligoethylene glycol in aqueous electrolyte solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:1857-1867. [PMID: 34752975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study quantified the interfacial forces associated with end-grafted, statistical (AB) co-polymers of sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) and oligoethylene glycol methacrylate (OEGMA) (poly(SBMA-co-OEGMA)). Surface force apparatus measurements compared forces between mica and end-grafted copolymers containing 0, 40, or 80 mol% SBMA. Studies compared forces measured at low grafting density (weakly overlapping chains) and at high density (brushes). At high density, the range of repulsive forces did not change significantly with increasing SBMA content. By contrast, at low density, both the range and the amplitude of the repulsion increased with the percentage of SBMA in the chains. The ionic strength dependence of the film thickness and repulsive forces increased similarly with SBMA content, reflecting the increasing influence of charged monomers and their interactions with ions in solution. The forces could be described by models of simple polymers in good solvent. However, the forces and fitted model parameters change continuously with the SBMA content. The latter behavior suggests that ethyene glycol and sulfobetaine behave as non-interacting, miscible monomers that contribute independently to the interfacial forces. The results suggest that molecular scale properties of statistical poly (SBMA-co-OEGMA) films can be readily tuned by simple variation of the monomer ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Tajin Ahmed
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Roger Adams Laboratory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Roger Adams Laboratory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Chemistry, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Roger Adams Laboratory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Speer SL, Stewart CJ, Sapir L, Harries D, Pielak GJ. Macromolecular Crowding Is More than Hard-Core Repulsions. Annu Rev Biophys 2022; 51:267-300. [PMID: 35239418 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-091321-071829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cells are crowded, but proteins are almost always studied in dilute aqueous buffer. We review the experimental evidence that crowding affects the equilibrium thermodynamics of protein stability and protein association and discuss the theories employed to explain these observations. In doing so, we highlight differences between synthetic polymers and biologically relevant crowders. Theories based on hard-core interactions predict only crowding-induced entropic stabilization. However, experiment-based efforts conducted under physiologically relevant conditions show that crowding can destabilize proteins and their complexes. Furthermore, quantification of the temperature dependence of crowding effects produced by both large and small cosolutes, including osmolytes, sugars, synthetic polymers, and proteins, reveals enthalpic effects that stabilize or destabilize proteins. Crowding-induced destabilization and the enthalpic component point to the role of chemical interactions between and among the macromolecules, cosolutes, and water. We conclude with suggestions for future studies. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics, Volume 51 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Speer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Claire J Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Liel Sapir
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel Harries
- Institute of Chemistry and The Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gary J Pielak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; .,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Lineberger Cancer Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Khlyustova A, Kirsch M, Ma X, Cheng Y, Yang R. Surfaces with Antifouling-Antimicrobial Dual Function via Immobilization of Lysozyme on Zwitterionic Polymer Thin Films. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:2728-2739. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02597j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to the emergence of wide-spread infectious diseases, there is a heightened need for antimicrobial and/or antifouling coatings that can be used to prevent infection and transmission in a variety...
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Mora-Sierra Z, Gopan G, Chang R, Leckband DE, Gruebele M. Stabilization and Kinetics of an Adsorbed Protein Depends on the Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) Grafting Density. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4470-4478. [PMID: 34606244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The solubility transition at the lower critical solution temperature (LCST, 32 °C) of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) is widely used as a thermal switch to rapidly and reversibly capture and release proteins and cells. It is generally assumed that proteins adsorbed to PNIPAM above the LCST are unaffected by polymer interactions. Here we show that the folding stability of the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) is increased by interactions with end-grafted PNIPAM films above the LCST. We systematically compare two protein mutants with different stabilities. The stabilization mirrors the degree of protein adsorption under grafting conditions studied previously. Maximum stabilization occurs when proteins adsorb to low density, collapsed polymer "mushrooms". In the denser polymer "brush" regime, protein stabilization decreases back to a value indistinguishable from the bulk solution, consistent with low protein adsorption on dense, collapsed brushes. The temperature-dependent kinetics measured by Fast Relaxation Imaging reveals that PNIPAM does not affect the overall folding/unfolding mechanism. Based on the different stabilizations of two mutants and the relaxation kinetics, we hypothesize that the polymer acts mainly by increasing the conformational entropy of the folded protein by interacting with the protein surface and less by crowding the unfolded state of PGK.
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8
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Chen K, Quan M, Dong X, Shi Q, Sun Y. Low modification of PETase enhances its activity toward degrading PET: Effect of conjugate monomer property. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Posey N, Ma Y, Lueckheide M, Danischewski J, Fagan JA, Prabhu VM. Tuning Net Charge in Aliphatic Polycarbonates Alters Solubility and Protein Complexation Behavior. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:22589-22602. [PMID: 34514231 PMCID: PMC8427630 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic strategy yielded polyelectrolytes and polyampholytes with tunable net charge for complexation and protein binding. Organocatalytic ring-opening polymerizations yielded aliphatic polycarbonates that were functionalized with both carboxylate and ammonium side chains in a post-polymerization, radical-mediated thiol-ene reaction. Incorporating net charge into the polymer architecture altered the chain dimensions in phosphate buffered solution in a manner consistent with self-complexation and complexation behavior with model proteins. A net cationic polyampholyte with 5% of carboxylate side chains formed large clusters rather than small complexes with bovine serum albumin, while 50% carboxylate polyampholyte was insoluble. Overall, the aliphatic polycarbonates with varying net charge exhibited different macrophase solution behaviors when mixed with protein, where self-complexation appears to compete with protein binding and larger-scale complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuanchi Ma
- Materials Science and Engineering Division,
Material Measurement Laboratory, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Michael Lueckheide
- Materials Science and Engineering Division,
Material Measurement Laboratory, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Julia Danischewski
- Materials Science and Engineering Division,
Material Measurement Laboratory, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Fagan
- Materials Science and Engineering Division,
Material Measurement Laboratory, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Vivek M. Prabhu
- Materials Science and Engineering Division,
Material Measurement Laboratory, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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10
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Zhang C, Liu Y, Sun Y, Dong X. Complicated effects of a zwitterionic polymer containing dimethyl chains on the structures, activities and stabilities of different enzymes. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Chen N, Zhang C, Dong X, Sun Y. Fabrication and characterization of epoxylated zwitterionic copolymer-grafted silica nanoparticle as a new support for lipase immobilization. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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12
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Synthesis of zwitterionic redox-responsive nanogels by one-pot amine-thiol-ene reaction for anticancer drug release application. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.104463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Faulón Marruecos D, Saleh LS, Kim HH, Bryant SJ, Schwartz DK, Kaar JL. Stabilization of Fibronectin by Random Copolymer Brushes Inhibits Macrophage Activation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:4698-4702. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Cells of the vast majority of organisms are subject to temperature, pressure, pH, ionic strength, and other stresses. We discuss these effects in the light of protein folding and protein interactions in vitro, in complex environments, in cells, and in vivo. Protein phase diagrams provide a way of organizing different structural ensembles that occur under stress and how one can move among ensembles. Experiments that perturb biomolecules in vitro or in cells by stressing them have revealed much about the underlying forces that are competing to control protein stability, folding, and function. Two phenomena that emerge and serve to broadly classify effects of the cellular environment are crowding (mainly due to repulsive forces) and sticking (mainly due to attractive forces). The interior of cells is closely balanced between these emergent effects, and stress can tip the balance one way or the other. The free energy scale involved is small but significant on the scale of the "on/off switches" that control signaling in cells or of protein-protein association with a favorable function such as increased enzyme processivity. Quantitative tools from biophysical chemistry will play an important role in elucidating the world of crowding and sticking under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Boob
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, United States
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, United States
| | - Martin Gruebele
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Center for the Physics of Living Cells, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, United States
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Guin D, Gruebele M. Weak Chemical Interactions That Drive Protein Evolution: Crowding, Sticking, and Quinary Structure in Folding and Function. Chem Rev 2019; 119:10691-10717. [PMID: 31356058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, better instrumentation and greater computing power have enabled the imaging of elusive biomolecule dynamics in cells, driving many advances in understanding the chemical organization of biological systems. The focus of this Review is on interactions in the cell that affect both biomolecular stability and function and modulate them. The same protein or nucleic acid can behave differently depending on the time in the cell cycle, the location in a specific compartment, or the stresses acting on the cell. We describe in detail the crowding, sticking, and quinary structure in the cell and the current methods to quantify them both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we discuss protein evolution in the cell in light of current biophysical evidence. We describe the factors that drive protein evolution and shape protein interaction networks. These interactions can significantly affect the free energy, ΔG, of marginally stable and low-population proteins and, due to epistasis, direct the evolutionary pathways in an organism. We finally conclude by providing an outlook on experiments to come and the possibility of collaborative evolutionary biology and biophysical efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishti Guin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Martin Gruebele
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Department of Physics , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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Blackman LD, Gunatillake PA, Cass P, Locock KES. An introduction to zwitterionic polymer behavior and applications in solution and at surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:757-770. [PMID: 30548039 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00508g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Zwitterionic polymers, including polyampholytes and polybetaines, are polymers with both positive and negative charges incorporated into their structure. They are a unique class of smart materials with great potential in a broad range of applications in nanotechnology, biomaterials science, nanomedicine and healthcare, as additives for bulk construction materials and crude oil, and in water remediation. In this Tutorial Review, we aim to highlight their structural diversity and design criteria, and their preparation using modern techniques. Their behavior, both in solution and at surfaces, will be examined under a range of environmental conditions. Finally, we will exemplify how their unique behaviors give rise to specific properties tailored to a selection of their numerous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis D Blackman
- Manufacturing Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
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