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Van Poucke C, Verdegem E, Mangelinckx S, Stevens CV. Synthesis and unambiguous NMR characterization of linear and branched N-alkyl chitosan derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 337:122131. [PMID: 38710547 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Chitosan, sourced from abundant chitin-rich waste streams, emerges as a promising candidate in the realm of future functional materials and chemicals. While showing numerous advantageous properties, chitosan sometimes falls short of competing with today's non-renewable alternatives. Chemical derivatization, particularly through N-alkylation, proves promising in enhancing hydrophobic functionalities. This study synthesizes fifteen chitosan derivatives (degree of substitution = 2-10 %) using an improved reductive amination method. Next, selective depolymerization through acid hydrolysis reduced the chain rigidity imposed by the polymer backbone. This facilitated unambiguous structural characterization of the synthesized compounds using a combination of common NMR techniques. Two potential side reactions are identified for the first time, emphasizing the need for detailed structural information to unlock the true potential of these derivatives in future applications. HYPOTHESIS: The increase in chain mobility induced by the selective depolymerization of aliphatic N-alkyl chitosan derivatives allows for an unambiguous NMR characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Van Poucke
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evert Verdegem
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian V Stevens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Dias C, Commin L, Bonnefont-Rebeix C, Buff S, Bruyère P, Trombotto S. Comparative Evaluation of the In Vitro Cytotoxicity of a Series of Chitosans and Chitooligosaccharides Water-Soluble at Physiological pH. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3679. [PMID: 37765533 PMCID: PMC10537996 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosans (CS) have been of great interest due to their properties and numerous applications. However, CS have poor solubility in neutral and basic media, which limits their use in these conditions. In contrast, chitooligosaccharides (COS) have better solubility in water and lower viscosity in aqueous solutions whilst maintaining interesting biological properties. CS and COS, unlike other sugars, are not single polymers with a defined structure but are groups of molecules with modifiable structural parameters, allowing the adaptation and optimization of their properties. The great versatility of CS and COS makes these molecules very attractive for different applications, such as cryopreservation. Here, we investigated the effect of the degree of polymerization (DP), degree of N-acetylation (DA) and concentration of a series of synthesized CS and COS, water-soluble at physiological pH, on their cytotoxicity in an L929 fibroblast cell culture. Our results demonstrated that CS and COS showed no sign of toxicity regarding cell viability at low concentrations (≤10 mg/mL), independently of their DP and DA, whereas a compromising effect on cell viability was observed at a high concentration (100 mg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Dias
- UPSP 2021.A104 ICE, Interaction Cellule Environnement, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France; (L.C.); (C.B.-R.); (S.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Loris Commin
- UPSP 2021.A104 ICE, Interaction Cellule Environnement, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France; (L.C.); (C.B.-R.); (S.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Catherine Bonnefont-Rebeix
- UPSP 2021.A104 ICE, Interaction Cellule Environnement, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France; (L.C.); (C.B.-R.); (S.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Samuel Buff
- UPSP 2021.A104 ICE, Interaction Cellule Environnement, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France; (L.C.); (C.B.-R.); (S.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Pierre Bruyère
- UPSP 2021.A104 ICE, Interaction Cellule Environnement, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France; (L.C.); (C.B.-R.); (S.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Stéphane Trombotto
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France;
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Li J, Tang R, Zhang P, Yuan M, Li H, Yuan M. The Preparation and Characterization of Chitooligosaccharide–Polylactide Polymers, and In Vitro Release of Microspheres Loaded with Vancomycin. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13030113. [PMID: 35997451 PMCID: PMC9397111 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13030113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-loaded microspheres are an ideal bone tissue delivery material. In this study, a biodegradable Schiff base chitosan–polylactide was used as the encapsulation material to prepare drug-loaded microspheres as biocompatible carriers for controlled vancomycin release. In this regard, Schiff base chitosan was prepared by the Schiff base method, and then different proportions of the Schiff base chitosan–polylactide polymer were prepared by ring-opening polymerization. Drug-loaded microspheres were prepared by the W/O emulsion method, and the polymers and polymer microspheres were characterized and studied by NMR, IR, and antibacterial methods. The drug loading and release rates of microspheres were determined to investigate the drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, and release rate of drug microspheres at different ratios. In this study, different proportions of Schiff base chitosan–polylactic acid materials are successfully prepared, and vancomycin-loaded microspheres are successfully prepared using them as carriers. This study proves that the materials have antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The particle size of drug-loaded microspheres was below 10 μm, and the particle size decreased with decreasing molecular weight. The obtained results show that 1:100 microspheres have the highest drug-loading and encapsulation efficiencies, the drug-loaded microspheres have no burst release within 24 h, and the release quantity reaches more than 20%. After 30 days of release, the release amounts of 1:10, 1:20, 1:40, 1:60, and 1:100 drug-loaded microspheres were 64.80 ± 0.29%, 54.43 ± 0.54%, 44.60 ± 0.43%, 42.53 ± 0.40% and 69.73 ± 0.45%, respectively, and the release amount of 1:100 was the highest.
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Chitosan chemistry review for living organisms encapsulation. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119877. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Djouonkep LDW, Tamo AK, Doench I, Selabi NBS, Ilunga EM, Lenwoue ARK, Gauthier M, Cheng Z, Osorio-Madrazo A. Synthesis of High Performance Thiophene-Aromatic Polyesters from Bio-Sourced Organic Acids and Polysaccharide-Derived Diol: Characterization and Degradability Studies. Molecules 2022; 27:325. [PMID: 35011561 PMCID: PMC8746364 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the feasibility of replacing petroleum-based poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with fully bio-based copolyesters derived from dimethyl 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate (DMTD), dimethyl 2,5-dimethoxyterephthalate (DMDMT), and polysaccharide-derived 1,6-hexanediol (HDO) was investigated. A systematic study of structure-property relationship revealed that the properties of these poly(thiophene-aromatic) copolyesters (PHS(20-90)) can be tailored by varying the ratio of diester monomers in the reaction, whereby an increase in DMTD content noticeably shortened the reaction time in the transesterification step due to its higher reactivity as compared with DMDMT. The copolyesters had weight-average molar masses (Mw) between 27,500 and 38,800 g/mol, and dispersity Đ of 2.0-2.5. The different polarity and stability of heterocyclic DMTD provided an efficient mean to tailor the crystallization ability of the copolyesters, which in turn affected the thermal and mechanical performance. The glass transition temperature (Tg) could be tuned from 70-100 °C, while the tensile strength was in a range of 23-80 MPa. The obtained results confirmed that the co-monomers were successfully inserted into the copolyester chains. As compared with commercial poly(ethylene terephthalate), the copolyesters displayed not only enhanced susceptibility to hydrolysis, but also appreciable biodegradability by lipases, with weight losses of up to 16% by weight after 28 weeks of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesly Dasilva Wandji Djouonkep
- Institute of Fine Organic Chemistry and New Organic Materials, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; (L.D.W.D.); (M.G.)
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Applied Chemistry in Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
| | - Arnaud Kamdem Tamo
- Laboratory for Bioinspired Materials—BMBT, Institute of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (A.K.T.); (I.D.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center—FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies—FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Doench
- Laboratory for Bioinspired Materials—BMBT, Institute of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (A.K.T.); (I.D.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center—FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies—FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Naomie Beolle Songwe Selabi
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; (N.B.S.S.); (E.M.I.)
| | - Emmanuel Monga Ilunga
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; (N.B.S.S.); (E.M.I.)
| | - Arnaud Regis Kamgue Lenwoue
- National Engineering Laboratory of Petroleum Drilling Technology, Department of Petroleum Engineering, Leak Resistance & Sealing Technology Research Department, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China;
| | - Mario Gauthier
- Institute of Fine Organic Chemistry and New Organic Materials, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; (L.D.W.D.); (M.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zhengzai Cheng
- Institute of Fine Organic Chemistry and New Organic Materials, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; (L.D.W.D.); (M.G.)
- Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials Hubei Key Laboratory, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Anayancy Osorio-Madrazo
- Laboratory for Bioinspired Materials—BMBT, Institute of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (A.K.T.); (I.D.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center—FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies—FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Surfactant properties of chemically modified chitooligosaccharides and their potential application in bitumen emulsions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fundamental and Practical Aspects in the Formulation of Colloidal Polyelectrolyte Complexes of Chitosan and siRNA. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33928582 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1298-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The formation of electrostatic interactions between polyanionic siRNA and polycations gives an easy access to the formation of colloidal particles capable of delivering siRNA in vitro or in vivo. Among the polycations used for siRNA delivery, chitosan occupies a special place due to its unique physicochemical and biological properties. In this chapter we describe the fundamental and practical aspects of the formation of colloidal complexes between chitosan and siRNA. The basis of the electrostatic complexation between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes is first introduced with a focus on the specific conditions to obtain stable colloid complex particles. Subsequent, the properties that make chitosan so special are described. In a third part, the main parameters influencing the colloidal properties and stability of siRNA/chitosan complexes are reviewed with emphasis on some practical aspects to consider in the preparation of complexes.
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Chapelle C, David G, Caillol S, Negrell C, Desroches Le Foll M. Advances in chitooligosaccharides chemical modifications. Biopolymers 2021; 112:e23461. [PMID: 34115397 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) differ from chitosan by their molar mass: those of COS are defined to be lower than 20 kg mol-1 . Their functionalization is widely described in the literature and leads to the introduction of new properties that broaden their application fields. Like chitosan, COS modification sites are mainly primary amine and hydroxyl groups. Among their chemical modification, one can find amidation or esterification, epoxy-amine/hydroxyl coupling, Schiff base formation, and Michael addition. When depolymerized through nitrous deamination, COS bear an aldehyde at the chain end that can open the way to other chemical reactions and lead to the synthesis of new interesting amphiphilic structures. This article details the recent developments in COS functionalization, primarily focusing on amine and hydroxyl groups and aldehyde-chain end reactions, as well as paying considerable attention to other types of modification. We also describe and compare the different functionalization protocols found in the literature while highlighting potential mistakes made in the chemical structures accompanied with suggestions. Such chemical modification can lead to new materials that are generally nontoxic, biobased, biodegradable, and usable in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghislain David
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Claire Negrell
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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Chapelle C, Quienne B, Bonneaud C, David G, Caillol S. Diels-Alder-Chitosan based dissociative covalent adaptable networks. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 253:117222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Chapelle C, David G, Caillol S, Negrell C, Durand G, le Foll MD. Functionalization of Chitosan Oligomers: From Aliphatic Epoxide to Cardanol-Grafted Oligomers for Oil-in-Water Emulsions. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:846-854. [PMID: 33470101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobically modified chitooligosaccharides (COSs) were tested for suitability as an emulsifier in cationic bituminous emulsions. COSs with polymerization degrees (DPs) of 5, 10, 15, and 20 were obtained by nitrous acid deamination. A complete study on depolymerization and precise product and side product characterization was undergone. Chemical modification of COSs was performed to achieve amphiphilic structures using three fatty epoxides with a growing chain length butyl (C4), octadecyl (C9), and hexadecyl glycidyl ether (C16)). The grafting efficiency according to reaction conditions was established. Different substitution degrees (DSs) were obtained by modulating the ratio of fatty epoxy to NH2. It was shown that after a certain DS, the oligomers thus formed were not water-soluble anymore. At the end, cardanol glycidyl ether was grafted on DP 5, 10, and 15 COSs, cardanol being a biobased compound extracted from cashew nut shell; this reaction led to a potentially fully biobased structure. Water-soluble candidates with a higher DS were used as surfactants to emulsify motor oil as a simulation of bitumen. Cardanol-chitosan-based surfactants led to direct oil-in-water emulsion (60/40 w/w) composed of particles of 15 μm average size that were stable at least for 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghislain David
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 3090, France
| | - Sylvain Caillol
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 3090, France
| | - Claire Negrell
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 3090, France
| | - Graziella Durand
- CST COLAS 4, Rue Jean Mermoz CS 30504, Magny-les-Hameaux Cedex 78771, France
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