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Salzillo T, Giunchi A, Pandolfi L, Brillante A, Venuti E. Bulk and Surface‐Mediated Polymorphs of Bio‐Inspired Dyes Organic Semiconductors: The Role of Lattice Phonons in their Investigation. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Salzillo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics Weizmann Institute of Science Herzl Street 234 76100 Rehovot Israel
| | - Andrea Giunchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, and INSTM-UdR Bologna Università di Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 Bologna 40136 Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pandolfi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, and INSTM-UdR Bologna Università di Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 Bologna 40136 Italy
| | - Aldo Brillante
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, and INSTM-UdR Bologna Università di Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 Bologna 40136 Italy
| | - Elisabetta Venuti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, and INSTM-UdR Bologna Università di Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 Bologna 40136 Italy
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Kainz MP, Legenstein L, Holzer V, Hofer S, Kaltenegger M, Resel R, Simbrunner J. GIDInd: an automated indexing software for grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction data. J Appl Crystallogr 2021; 54:1256-1267. [PMID: 34429726 PMCID: PMC8366425 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721006609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The GIDInd software package is a MATLAB-based application for automated indexing of grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction data. Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) is a widely used technique for the crystallographic characterization of thin films. The identification of a specific phase or the discovery of an unknown polymorph always requires indexing of the associated diffraction pattern. However, despite the importance of this procedure, only a few approaches have been developed so far. Recently, an advanced mathematical framework for indexing of these specific diffraction patterns has been developed. Here, the successful implementation of this framework in the form of an automated indexing software, named GIDInd, is introduced. GIDInd is based on the assumption of a triclinic unit cell with six lattice constants and a distinct contact plane parallel to the substrate surface. Two approaches are chosen: (i) using only diffraction peaks of the GIXD pattern and (ii) combining the GIXD pattern with a specular diffraction peak. In the first approach the six unknown lattice parameters have to be determined by a single fitting procedure, while in the second approach two successive fitting procedures are used with three unknown parameters each. The output unit cells are reduced cells according to approved crystallographic conventions. Unit-cell solutions are additionally numerically optimized. The computational toolkit is compiled in the form of a MATLAB executable and presented within a user-friendly graphical user interface. The program is demonstrated by application on two independent examples of thin organic films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Peter Kainz
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Lukas Legenstein
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Valentin Holzer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Sebastian Hofer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Martin Kaltenegger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Josef Simbrunner
- Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 9, Graz, 8036, Austria
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Simbrunner J, Hofer S, Schrode B, Garmshausen Y, Hecht S, Resel R, Salzmann I. Indexing grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction patterns of thin films: lattices of higher symmetry. J Appl Crystallogr 2019; 52:428-439. [PMID: 30996719 PMCID: PMC6448685 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576719003029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction studies on organic thin films are often performed on systems showing fibre-textured growth. However, indexing their experimental diffraction patterns is generally challenging, especially if low-symmetry lattices are involved. Recently, analytical mathematical expressions for indexing experimental diffraction patterns of triclinic lattices were provided. In the present work, the corresponding formalism for crystal lattices of higher symmetry is given and procedures for applying these equations for indexing experimental data are described. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the indexing method. For layered crystals of the prototypical organic semiconductors di-indeno-perylene and (ortho-di-fluoro)-sexi-phenyl, as grown on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, their yet unknown unit-cell parameters are determined and their crystallographic lattices are identified as monoclinic and orthorhombic, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Simbrunner
- Department of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 9, Graz, 8036, Austria
| | - Sebastian Hofer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technical University Graz, Petersgasse 16, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Benedikt Schrode
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technical University Graz, Petersgasse 16, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Yves Garmshausen
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, Berlin, 12489, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, Berlin, 12489, Germany
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technical University Graz, Petersgasse 16, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Ingo Salzmann
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre for Research in Molecular Modeling (CERMM), Centre for Nanoscience Research (CeNSR), Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street W., SP 265-20, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4B 1R6
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Amdursky N, Głowacki ED, Meredith P. Macroscale Biomolecular Electronics and Ionics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1802221. [PMID: 30334284 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The conduction of ions and electrons over multiple length scales is central to the processes that drive the biological world. The multidisciplinary attempts to elucidate the physics and chemistry of electron, proton, and ion transfer in biological charge transfer have focused primarily on the nano- and microscales. However, recently significant progress has been made on biomolecular materials that can support ion and electron currents over millimeters if not centimeters. Likewise, similar transport phenomena in organic semiconductors and ionics have led to new innovations in a wide variety of applications from energy generation and storage to displays and bioelectronics. Here, the underlying principles of conduction on the macroscale in biomolecular materials are discussed, highlighting recent examples, and particularly the establishment of accurate structure-property relationships to guide rationale material and device design. The technological viability of biomolecular electronics and ionics is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Amdursky
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Eric Daniel Głowacki
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Bredgatan 33, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Paul Meredith
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
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Simbrunner J, Simbrunner C, Schrode B, Röthel C, Bedoya-Martinez N, Salzmann I, Resel R. Indexing of grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction patterns: the case of fibre-textured thin films. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2018; 74:373-387. [PMID: 29978847 PMCID: PMC6038360 DOI: 10.1107/s2053273318006629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystal structure solutions from thin films are often performed by grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) experiments. In particular, on isotropic substrates the thin film crystallites grow in a fibre texture showing a well defined crystallographic plane oriented parallel to the substrate surface with random in-plane order of the microcrystallites forming the film. In the present work, analytical mathematical expressions are derived for indexing experimental diffraction patterns, a highly challenging task which hitherto mainly relied on trial-and-error approaches. The six lattice constants a, b, c, α, β and γ of the crystallographic unit cell are thereby determined, as well as the rotation parameters due to the unknown preferred orientation of the crystals with respect to the substrate surface. The mathematical analysis exploits a combination of GIXD data and information acquired by the specular X-ray diffraction. The presence of a sole specular diffraction peak series reveals fibre-textured growth with a crystallographic plane parallel to the substrate, which allows establishment of the Miller indices u, v and w as the rotation parameters. Mathematical expressions are derived which reduce the system of unknown parameters from the three- to the two-dimensional space. Thus, in the first part of the indexing routine, the integers u and v as well as the Laue indices h and k of the experimentally observed diffraction peaks are assigned by systematically varying the integer variables, and by calculating the three lattice parameters a, b and γ. Because of the symmetry of the derived equations, determining the missing parameters then becomes feasible: (i) w of the surface parallel plane, (ii) the Laue indices l of the diffraction peak and (iii) analogously the lattice constants c, α and ß. In a subsequent step, the reduced unit-cell geometry can be identified. Finally, the methodology is demonstrated by application to an example, indexing the diffraction pattern of a thin film of the organic semiconductor pentacenequinone grown on the (0001) surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. The preferred orientation of the crystallites, the lattice constants of the triclinic unit cell and finally, by molecular modelling, the full crystal structure solution of the as-yet-unknown polymorph of pentacenequinone are determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Simbrunner
- Department of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 9, Graz, 8036, Austria
| | | | - Benedikt Schrode
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technical University Graz, Petersgasse 16, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Christian Röthel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technical University Graz, Petersgasse 16, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Natalia Bedoya-Martinez
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technical University Graz, Petersgasse 16, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Ingo Salzmann
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street W., SP 265-20, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technical University Graz, Petersgasse 16, Graz, 8010, Austria
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Resel R, Jones AOF, Schweicher G, Fischer R, Demitri N, Geerts YH. Polymorphism of terthio-phene with surface confinement. IUCRJ 2018; 5:304-308. [PMID: 29755746 PMCID: PMC5929376 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252518003949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The origin of unknown polymorphic phases within thin films is still not well understood. This work reports on crystals of the molecule terthio-phene which were grown by thermal gradient crystallization using glass-plate substrates. The crystalline domains displayed a plate-like morphology with an extended lateral size of about 100 µm, but a thickness of only a few µm. Specular X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the presence of a new polymorph of terthio-phene. Crystal structure solution from a single crystal peeled from the film revealed a structure with an extremely large unit-cell volume containing 42 independent molecules. In contrast to the previously determined crystal structure of terthio-phene, a herringbone packing motif was observed where the terminal ends of the molecules are arranged within one plane (i.e. the molecular packing conforms to the flat substrate surface). This type of molecular packing is obtained by 180° flipped molecules combined with partially random (disordered) occupation. A densely packed interface between terthio-phene crystallites and the substrate surface is obtained, this confirms that the new packing motif has adapted to the flat substrate surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Resel
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Graz, Petersgasse 16, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Andrew O. F. Jones
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Graz, Petersgasse 16, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Roland Fischer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone, S. S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Yves Henri Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
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Jones AOF, Röthel C, Lassnig R, Bedoya-Martínez ON, Christian P, Salzmann I, Kunert B, Winkler A, Resel R. Solution of an elusive pigment crystal structure from a thin film: a combined X-ray diffraction and computational study. CrystEngComm 2017; 19:1902-1911. [PMID: 28579922 PMCID: PMC5436089 DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00227k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epindolidione, a hydrogen-bonded derivative of the organic semiconductor tetracene, is an organic pigment which has previously been used to produce stable OFETs with relatively high hole mobilities. Despite its use as an inkjet pigment and organic semiconductor, the crystal structure of epindolidione has proved elusive and is currently unknown. In this work, we report a crystal structure solution of epindolidione determined from vapor deposited thin films using a combined experimental and theoretical approach. The structure is found to be similar to one of the previously reported epindolidione derivatives and is most likely a surface-mediated polymorph, with a slightly different crystal packing compared to the bulk powder. The effect of substrate temperature on film morphology and structure is also investigated, where it is found that the crystallite orientation can be tuned by deposition at different substrate temperatures. The results also illustrate the possibilities for crystal structures to be solved from thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O F Jones
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
- BioTechMed-Graz , Austria
| | - Christian Röthel
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Karl-Franzens University of Graz , Universitätsplatz 1 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Roman Lassnig
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - O N Bedoya-Martínez
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - Paul Christian
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - Ingo Salzmann
- Institut für Physik , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor Straße 6 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Birgit Kunert
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - Adolf Winkler
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
- BioTechMed-Graz , Austria
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