1
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Hu L, Albanyan H, Yang J, Wang Y, Yang M, Tan X, Zhong X, Ward MD, Sahota A. 8-l-Cystinyl Bis(1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane) as an Orally Bioavailable l-Cystine Crystallization Inhibitor for Cystinuria. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:1026-1031. [PMID: 39015267 PMCID: PMC11247636 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystinuria, a rare genetic disorder, is characterized by defective l-cystine reabsorption from the renal proximal tubule, resulting in abnormally high concentrations of l-cystine and subsequent l-cystine crystallization in urine and stone formation in the urinary tract. Inhibition of l-cystine crystallization by l-cystine diamides such as LH708 (2) represents a promising new approach to prevent stone formation in patients with cystinuria. While 2 shows promising in vivo efficacy and a good safety profile in a Slc3a1-knockout mouse model of cystinuria, further structural modification of 2 led to the discovery of 8-l-cystinyl bis(1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane) (LH1753, 3) incorporating a bioisosteric spiro bicyclic diamine 1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane for the N-methylpiperazine terminal groups in 2 as a promising candidate with 3 being about 120× more potent than l-cystine dimethyl ester (CDME, 1) and about 2× more potent than 2 in inhibiting l-cystine crystallization. Furthermore, 3 demonstrated good oral bioavailability and in vivo efficacy in preventing l-cystine stone formation in the Slc3a1-knockout mouse model of cystinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqin Hu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- The
Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Haifa Albanyan
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jeffrey Yang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yiling Wang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Min Yang
- Department
of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University
of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Xiangduan Tan
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Xiaodi Zhong
- Molecular
Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Molecular
Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Amrik Sahota
- Department
of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University
of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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2
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Grases F, Tomàs Nadal F, Julià Florit F, Costa-Bauza A. Cystine Renal Calculi: New Aspects Related to Their Formation and Development. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2837. [PMID: 38792383 PMCID: PMC11122214 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Crystallization experiments of renal-calculi-forming compounds (calcium oxalate, calcium phosphates, uric acid) are normally performed by monitoring these processes during periods of time similar to the residence of urine inside the kidney. Nevertheless, cystine requires high supersaturation for its crystallization, and most experiments last for longer periods. It must be considered that at high supersaturation, the inhibitors of crystalline development have poor effects. Methods: The induction time of crystallization (ti) of cystine in experimental conditions similar to those of the formation of cystine renal calculi and the effect of different cystine-binding thiol agents was determined through turbidimetric measurements. We also studied the macro- and microstructure of 30 cystine kidney stones through stereoscopic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results: Under the studied conditions, the ti in absence of crystallization inhibitors was 15 min, and the presence of 9 mM of penicillamine, tiopronin, or N-acetylcysteine totally inhibited crystallization, as their effects relate to the formation of complexes with cystine, although N-acetylcysteine also delayed cystine crystalline development and modified cystine crystal morphology. Cystine stones have traditionally been classified as smooth and rough. The study of their structure shows that all of them begin their formation from a few crystals that generate a compact radial structure. Their subsequent growth, depending on the renal cavity where they are located, gives rise to the rough structure in the form of large blocks of cystine crystals or the smooth structure with small crystals. Conclusions: To prevent the development of cystine renal stones, the formation of small crystals must be avoided by reducing urinary cystine supersaturation, with N-acetylcysteine being the most effective among the studied cystine-binding thiol agents. Also, the removal of cystine crystals through increased water intake and physical activity can be a very important preventive measure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Antonia Costa-Bauza
- Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (F.G.); (F.T.N.); (F.J.F.)
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3
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Zhu Y, Lu M, Gao F, Zhou C, Jia C, Wang J. Role of Tailor-Made Additives in Crystallization from Solution: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Meijin Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Chunli Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jingtao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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4
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Azer SM, Goldfarb DS. A Summary of Current Guidelines and Future Directions for Medical Management and Monitoring of Patients with Cystinuria. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11050674. [PMID: 36900678 PMCID: PMC10000469 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11050674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystinuria is the most common genetic cause of recurrent kidney stones. As the result of a genetic defect in proximal tubular reabsorption of filtered cystine, increased urine levels of the poorly soluble amino acid result in recurrent cystine nephrolithiasis. Recurrent cystine stones not only adversely affect the quality of patients suffering from cystinuria but also may result in chronic kidney disease (CKD) from recurrent renal injury. Thus, the mainstay of medical management revolves around prevention of stones. Recently published consensus statements on guidelines for managing cystinuria were released from both the United States and Europe. The purpose of this review is to summarize guidelines for medical management of patients with cystinuria, to provide new insight into the utility and clinical significance of cystine capacity-an assay for monitoring cystinuria, and to discuss future directions for research on treatment of cystinuria. We discuss future directions, including the potential use of cystine mimetics, gene therapy, V2-receptor blockers, and SGLT2 inhibitors, topics which have not appeared in more recent reviews. It is notable that in the absence of randomized, controlled trials, the recommendations cited here and in the guidelines are based on our best understanding of the disorder's pathophysiology, observational studies, and clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Azer
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David S. Goldfarb
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- NYU Langone Medical Center, Nephrology Section, New York Harbor VA Healthcare System, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-212-686-7500 (ext. 3877); Fax: +1-212-951-6842
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5
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Bazin D, Rabant M, Mathurin J, Petay M, Deniset-Besseau A, Dazzi A, Su Y, Hessou EP, Tielens F, Borondics F, Livrozet M, Bouderlique E, Haymann JP, Letavernier E, Frochot V, Daudon M. Cystinuria and cystinosis are usually related to L-cystine: is this really the case for cystinosis? A physicochemical investigation at micrometre and nanometre scale. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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6
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Shtukenberg AG, Hu L, Sahota A, Kahr B, Ward MD. Disrupting Crystal Growth through Molecular Recognition: Designer Therapies for Kidney Stone Prevention. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:516-525. [PMID: 35088591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant crystallization within the human body can lead to several disease states or adverse outcomes, yet much remains to be understood about the critical stages leading to these events, which can include crystal nucleation and growth, crystal aggregation, and the adhesion of crystals to cells. Kidney stones, which are aggregates of single crystals with physiological origins, are particularly illustrative of pathological crystallization, with 10% of the U.S. population experiencing at least one stone occurrence in their lifetimes. The human record of kidney stones is more than 2000 years old, as noted by Hippocrates in his renowned oath and much later by Robert Hooke in his treatise Micrographia. William Hyde Wollaston, who was a physician, chemist, physicist, and crystallographer, was fascinated with stones, leading him to discover an unusual stone that he described in 1810 as cystic oxide, later corrected to cystine. Despite this long history, however, a fundamental understanding of the stages of stone formation and the rational design of therapies for stone prevention have remained elusive.This Account reviews discoveries and advances from our laboratories that have unraveled the complex crystal growth mechanisms of l-cystine, which forms l-cystine kidney stones in at least 20 000 individuals in the U.S. alone. Although l-cystine stones affect fewer individuals than common calcium oxalate stones, they are usually larger, recur more frequently, and are more likely to cause chronic kidney disease. Real-time in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals that the crystal growth of hexagonal l-cystine is characterized by a complex mechanism in which six interlaced anisotropic spirals grow synchronously, emanating from a single screw dislocation to generate a micromorphology with the appearance of stacked hexagonal islands. In contrast, proximal heterochiral dislocations produce features that appear to be spirals but actually are closed loops, akin to a Frank-Read source. These unusual and aesthetic growth patterns can be explained by the coincidence of the dislocation Burgers vector and the crystallographic 61 screw axis. Inhibiting l-cystine crystal growth is key to preventing stone formation. Decades of studies of "tailor-made additives", which are imposter molecules that closely resemble the solute and bind to crystal faces through molecular recognition, have demonstrated their effects on crystal properties such as morphology and polymorphism. The ability to visualize crystal growth in real time by AFM enables quantitative measurements of step velocities and, by extension, the effect of prospective inhibitors on growth rates, which can then be used to deduce inhibition mechanisms. Investigations with a wide range of prospective inhibitors revealed the importance of precise molecular recognition for binding l-cystine imposters to crystal sites, which results in step pinning and the inhibition of step advancement as well as the growth of bulk crystals. Moreover, select inhibitors of crystal growth, measured in vitro, reduce or eliminate stone formation in knockout mouse models of cystinuria, promising a new pathway to l-cystine stone prevention. These observations have wide-ranging implications for the design of therapies based on tailor-made additives for diseases associated with aberrant crystallization, from disease-related stones to "xenostones" that form in vivo because of the crystallization of low-solubility therapeutic agents such as antiretroviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Shtukenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003-6688, United States
| | | | | | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003-6688, United States
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003-6688, United States
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7
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Zhang R, Genov M, Pretsch A, Pretsch D, Moloney MG. Mediation of metal chelation in cysteine-derived tetramate systems. Chem Sci 2021; 12:16106-16122. [PMID: 35024133 PMCID: PMC8672780 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05542a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A study of bicyclic tetramates modified with a bulky ester, which leads to steric hindrance of distal chelating atoms as a route for the alteration of metal binding ability is reported. This approach required the development of a direct method for the synthesis of different esters of cysteine from cystine, which then provided access to bicyclic tetramates by Dieckmann cyclisation. Further derivation to ketones and carboxamides by Grignard addition and transamination reactions respectively provided rapid access to a chemical library of tetramates with diverse substitution. Of interest is that bicyclic tetramate ketones and carboxamides showed different tautomeric and metal binding behaviour in solution. Significantly, in both systems, the incorporation of bulky C-5 esters at the bridging position not only reduced metal binding, but also enhanced antibacterial potencies against Gram-positive MRSA bacteria. Those tetramates with antibacterial activity which was not metal dependent showed physiochemical properties of MSA of 559-737 Å2, MW of 427-577 Da, clogP of 1.8-6.1, clogD7.4 of -1.7 to 3.7, PSA of 83-109 Å2 and relative PSA of 12-15% and were generally Lipinski rule compliant. A subset of tetramates exhibited good selectivity towards prokaryotic bacterial cells. Given that the work reported herein is synthesis-led, without the underpinning detailed mechanistic understanding of biological/biochemical mechanism, that the most active compounds occupy a small region of chemical space as defined by MW, clogP, PSA and %PSA is of interest. Overall, the bicyclic tetramate template is a promising structural motif for the development of novel antibacterial drugs, with good anti-MRSA potencies and appropriate drug-like physiochemical properties, coupled with a potential for multi-targeting mechanisms and low eukaryotic cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Zhang
- The Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Miroslav Genov
- Oxford Antibiotic Group The Oxford Science Park, Magdalen Centre Oxford OX4 4GA UK
| | - Alexander Pretsch
- Oxford Antibiotic Group The Oxford Science Park, Magdalen Centre Oxford OX4 4GA UK
| | - Dagmar Pretsch
- Oxford Antibiotic Group The Oxford Science Park, Magdalen Centre Oxford OX4 4GA UK
| | - Mark G Moloney
- The Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK .,Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research Building A, 388 Ruo Shui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
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8
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Blelloch ND, Yarbrough HJ, Mirica KA. Stimuli-responsive temporary adhesives: enabling debonding on demand through strategic molecular design. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15183-15205. [PMID: 34976340 PMCID: PMC8635214 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03426j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive temporary adhesives constitute a rapidly developing class of materials defined by the modulation of adhesion upon exposure to an external stimulus or stimuli. Engineering these materials to shift between two characteristic properties, strong adhesion and facile debonding, can be achieved through design strategies that target molecular functionalities. This perspective reviews the recent design and development of these materials, with a focus on the different stimuli that may initiate debonding. These stimuli include UV light, thermal energy, chemical triggers, and other potential triggers, such as mechanical force, sublimation, electromagnetism. The conclusion discusses the fundamental value of systematic investigations of the structure-property relationships within these materials and opportunities for unlocking novel functionalities in future versions of adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Blelloch
- Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire 03755 USA http://www.miricagroup.com
| | - Hana J Yarbrough
- Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire 03755 USA http://www.miricagroup.com
| | - Katherine A Mirica
- Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire 03755 USA http://www.miricagroup.com
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9
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Sonina AA, Becker CS, Kuimov AD, Shundrina IK, Komarov VY, Kazantsev MS. Alkyl-substituted bis(4-((9 H-fluoren-9-ylidene)methyl)phenyl)thiophenes: weakening of intermolecular interactions and additive-assisted crystallization. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01794a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Effect of alkyl substituents and an additive on crystallization and intermolecular interactions of bis(4-((9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)methyl)phenyl)thiophenes is revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina A. Sonina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk
| | - Christina S. Becker
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Novosibirsk
- Russia
| | - Anatoly D. Kuimov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Novosibirsk
- Russia
| | - Inna K. Shundrina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Novosibirsk
- Russia
| | | | - Maxim S. Kazantsev
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Novosibirsk
- Russia
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10
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Zhou Y, Feng X, Wang T, Tian Y, Cui X. Growth and inhibition of monohydrate sodium urate banded spherulites. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01378a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The growth and inhibition of banded monosodium urate spherulites are explored in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Feng
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433
- P.R. China
| | - Yang Tian
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P. R. China
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11
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Li Z, Shi P, Yang Y, Sun P, Wang Y, Xu S, Gong J. Tuning crystallization and stability of the metastable polymorph of dl-methionine by a structurally similar additive. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00009g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymorph formation, transformation and crystal morphology were simultaneously tuned through a tailor-made additive via theoretical simulations combined with experimental methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Panpan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Shijie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Junbo Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
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12
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Cystinuria: genetic aspects, mouse models, and a new approach to therapy. Urolithiasis 2018; 47:57-66. [PMID: 30515543 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-018-1101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cystinuria, a genetic disorder of cystine transport, is characterized by excessive excretion of cystine in the urine and recurrent cystine stones in the kidneys and, to a lesser extent, in the bladder. Males generally are more severely affected than females. The disorder may lead to chronic kidney disease in many patients. The cystine transporter (b0,+) is a heterodimer consisting of the rBAT (encoded by SLC3A1) and b0,+AT (encoded by SLC7A9) subunits joined by a disulfide bridge. The molecular basis of cystinuria is known in great detail, and this information is now being used to define genotype-phenotype correlations. Current treatments for cystinuria include increased fluid intake to increase cystine solubility and the administration of thiol drugs for more severe cases. These drugs, however, have poor patient compliance due to adverse effects. Thus, there is a need to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with therapy for cystinuria. Four mouse models for cystinuria have been described and these models provide a resource for evaluating the safety and efficacy of new therapies for cystinuria. We are evaluating a new approach for the treatment of cystine stones based on the inhibition of cystine crystal growth by cystine analogs. Our ongoing studies indicate that cystine diamides are effective in preventing cystine stone formation in the Slc3a1 knockout mouse model for cystinuria. In addition to crystal growth, crystal aggregation is required for stone formation. Male and female mice with cystinuria have comparable levels of crystalluria, but very few female mice form stones. The identification of factors that inhibit cystine crystal aggregation in female mice may provide insight into the gender difference in disease severity in patients with cystinuria.
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13
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Yang Y, Albanyan H, Lee S, Aloysius H, Liang JJ, Kholodovych V, Sahota A, Hu L. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of l-cystine diamides as l-cystine crystallization inhibitors for cystinuria. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1303-1308. [PMID: 29571572 PMCID: PMC5893393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the chemical and metabolic stability issues of l-cystine dimethyl ester (CDME) and l-cystine methyl ester (CME), a series of l-cystine diamides with or without Nα-methylation was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory activity of l-cystine crystallization. l-Cystine diamides 2a-i without Nα-methylation were found to be potent inhibitors of l-cystine crystallization while Nα-methylation of l-cystine diamides resulted in derivatives 3b-i devoid of any inhibitory activity of l-cystine crystallization. Computational modeling indicates that Nα-methylation leads to significant decrease in binding of the l-cystine diamides to l-cystine crystal surface. Among the l-cystine diamides 2a-i, l-cystine bismorpholide (CDMOR, LH707, 2g) and l-cystine bis(N'-methylpiperazide) (CDNMP, LH708, 2h) are the most potent inhibitors of l-cystine crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Haifa Albanyan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Sumi Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Herve Aloysius
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Jian-Jie Liang
- Dassault Systemes BioVIA Corp, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Vladyslav Kholodovych
- High Performance and Research Computing, Office of Advanced Research Computing, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Amrik Sahota
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Longqin Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
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14
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Li M, Zhang J, Wang L, Wang B, Putnis CV. Mechanisms of Modulation of Calcium Phosphate Pathological Mineralization by Mobile and Immobile Small-Molecule Inhibitors. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:1580-1587. [PMID: 29346735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Potential pathways for inhibiting crystal growth are via either disrupting local microenvironments surrounding crystal-solution interfaces or physically blocking solute molecule attachment. However, the actual mode of inhibition may be more complicated due to the characteristic time scale for the inhibitor adsorption and relaxation to a well-bound state at crystal surfaces. Here we demonstrate the role of citrate (CA) and hydroxycitrate (HCA) in brushite (DCPD, CaHPO4·2H2O) crystallization over a broad range of both inhibitor concentrations and supersaturations by in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). We observed that both inhibitors exhibit two distinct actions: control of surface crystallization by the decrease of step density at high supersaturations and the decrease of the [1̅00]Cc step velocity at high inhibitor concentration and low supersaturation. The switching of the two distinct modes depends on the terrace lifetime, and the slow kinetics along the [1̅00]Cc step direction provides specific sites for the newly formed dislocations. Molecular modeling shows the strong HCA-crystal interaction by molecular recognition, explaining the AFM observations for the formation of new steps and surface dissolution along the [101]Cc direction due to the introduction of strong localized strain in the crystal lattice. These direct observations highlight the importance of the inhibitor coverage on mineral surfaces, as well as the solution supersaturation in predicting the inhibition efficacy, and reveal an improved understanding of inhibition of calcium phosphate biomineralization, with clinical implications for the full therapeutic potential of small-molecule inhibitors for kidney stone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Christine V Putnis
- Institut für Mineralogie, University of Münster , 48149 Münster, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
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