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Bao N, Jiang S, Smith A, Schauer JJ, Mavrikakis M, Van Lehn RC, Zavala VM, Abbott NL. Sensing Gas Mixtures by Analyzing the Spatiotemporal Optical Responses of Liquid Crystals Using 3D Convolutional Neural Networks. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2545-2555. [PMID: 35998611 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We report how analysis of the spatial and temporal optical responses of liquid crystal (LC) films to targeted gases, when performed using a machine learning methodology, can advance the sensing of gas mixtures and provide important insights into the physical processes that underlie the sensor response. We develop the methodology using O3 and Cl2 mixtures (representative of an important class of analytes) and LCs supported on metal perchlorate-decorated surfaces as a model system. Although O3 and Cl2 both diffuse through LC films and undergo redox reactions with the supporting metal perchlorate surfaces to generate similar initial and final optical states of the LCs, we show that a three-dimensional convolutional neural network can extract feature information that is encoded in the spatiotemporal color patterns of the LCs to detect the presence of both O3 and Cl2 species in mixtures and to quantify their concentrations. Our analysis reveals that O3 detection is driven by the transition time over which the brightness of the LC changes, while Cl2 detection is driven by color fluctuations that develop late in the optical response of the LC. We also show that we can detect the presence of Cl2 even when the concentration of O3 is orders of magnitude greater than the Cl2 concentration. The proposed methodology is generalizable to a wide range of analytes, reactive surfaces, and LCs and has the potential to advance the design of portable LC monitoring devices (e.g., wearable devices) for analyzing gas mixtures using spatiotemporal color fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanqi Bao
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Shengli Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Alexander Smith
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - James J Schauer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Reid C Van Lehn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Victor M Zavala
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nicholas L Abbott
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Li J, Liu T, Dahlgren RA, Ye H, Wang Q, Ding Y, Gao M, Wang X, Wang H. N, S-co-doped carbon/Co 1-xS nanocomposite with dual-enzyme activities for a smartphone-based colorimetric assay of total cholesterol in human serum. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1204:339703. [PMID: 35397915 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
We fabricated a novel N,S-co-doped carbon/Co1-xS nanocomposite (NSC/Co1-xS) using a facile sol-gel approach, which featured a multiporous structure, abundant S vacancies and Co-S nanoparticles filling the carbon-layer pores. When the Co1-xS nanoparticles were anchored onto the surface of N,S-co-doped carbon, a synergistic catalysis action occurred. The NSC/Co1-xS nanocomposites possessed both peroxidase-like and oxidase-mimetic dual-enzyme activities, in which the oxidase-mimetic activity dominated. By scavenger capture tests, the nanozyme was demonstrated to catalyze H2O2 to produce h+, •OH and •O2-, among which the strongest and weakest signals were h+ and •OH, respectively. The multi-valence states of Co atoms in the NSC/Co1-xS structure facilitated electronic transfer that enhanced redox reactions, thereby improving the resultant color reaction. Based on the NSC/Co1-xS's enzyme-mimetic catalytic reaction, a visual colorimetric assay and Android "Thing Identify" application (app), installed on a smartphone, offered detection limits of 1.93 and 2.51 mg/dl, respectively, in human serum samples. The selectivity/interference experiments, using fortified macromolecules and metal ions, demonstrated that this sensor had high selectivity and low interference potential for cholesterol analysis. Compared to standard assay kits and previously reported visual detection, the Android smartphone-based assays provided higher accuracy (recoveries up to 93.6-104.1%), feasibility for trace-level detection, and more convenient on-site application for cholesterol assay due to the superior enzymatic activity of NSC/Co1-xS. These compelling performance metrics lead us to posit that the NSC/Co1-xS-based nanozymic sensor offers a promising methodology for several practical applications, such as point-of-care diagnosis and workplace health evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China; College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Randy A Dahlgren
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Hanzhang Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Yongli Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Huili Wang
- College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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Morata TC, Hungerford M, Konrad-Martin D. Potential Risks to Hearing Functions of Service Members From Exposure to Jet Fuels. Am J Audiol 2021; 30:922-927. [PMID: 34407375 DOI: 10.1044/2021_aja-20-00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Several military occupations, particularly those within the U.S. Air Force, require working with or around jet fuels. Jet fuels contain components that are known to affect central nervous function, yet effects of these fuels on auditory function, specifically auditory processing of sound, are not well understood at this time. Animal studies have demonstrated that exposure to jet fuels prior to noise exposure can exacerbate the noise exposure's effects, and service members exposed to jet fuels are at risk of noise exposure within their work environments. The purpose of this article was to give a brief synopsis of the evidence on the ototoxic effects due to jet fuel exposure to aid audiologists in their decision making when providing care for populations who are occupationally exposed to fuels or while during military service. Conclusions Exposure to jet fuels impacts central nervous function and, in combination with noise exposure, may have detrimental auditory effects that research has yet to fully explain. Additional longitudinal research is needed to explain the relationships, which have clinical implications for service members and others exposed to jet fuels. In the meantime, audiologists can gain useful information by screening for chemical exposures when obtaining patient case histories. If jet fuel exposure is suspected, the Lifetime Exposure to Noise and Solvents Questionnaire can be used to estimate a noise exposure ranking and identify other potentiating agents such as jet fuel and industrial chemicals. A history of jet fuel exposure should inform the selection of hearing tests in the audiometric evaluation and when devising the treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais C. Morata
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Michelle Hungerford
- National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research, VA Portland Health Care System, OR
| | - Dawn Konrad-Martin
- National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research, VA Portland Health Care System, OR
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