1
|
Tan Y, Ying A, Xie J, Xie G, Gong S. Luminescent carbene-copper(i)-amide polymers for efficient host-free solution-processed OLEDs. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11382-11390. [PMID: 39055019 PMCID: PMC11268500 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01865f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Luminescent metallopolymers have attracted broad interest in the fields of healthcare and organic electronics. However, polymeric emitters based on earth-abundant metal complexes are scarce. Here, two series of Cu(i) polymers, PMAC-x and PCAAC-x (x = 1-3) have been developed using two kinds of Cu(i)-based carbene-metal-amide (CMA) complexes as side-chain emitter units to combine with a nonconjugated polystyrene backbone. These Cu(i) polymers emit via distinct thermally activated delayed fluorescence or dominant phosphorescence, inherited from the grafted Cu(i)-based CMA units. Particularly, the PMAC-x polymers exhibit high photoluminescence quantum efficiencies of up to 0.78, short emission lifetimes of down to 0.66 μs, and fast radiative rates of up to 106 s-1 in neat films. Thanks to the good encapsulation effect of the polystyrene backbone, these Cu(i) polymers not only demonstrate favorable moisture stability but also show significant aggregation-induced emission. The resultant host-free solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) achieve outstanding electroluminescence performance with a record external quantum efficiency of 13.8% at a practical luminance of ∼100 nits, representing state-of-the-art device efficiency for metallopolymer-based OLEDs. This work not only presents the first example of CMA polymers but also provides the future direction of polymeric emitters from earth-abundant metal complexes for the OLED application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Ao Ying
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Jianlong Xie
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Guohua Xie
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Shaolong Gong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng SJ, Ma J, Su J, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME, Li TY. Simultaneous Thermally Stimulated Delayed Phosphorescence (TSDP) and Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) in a Two-Coordinated Au(I) Bimetallic Complex Featuring a Tandem Carbene Structure. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19042-19049. [PMID: 38950194 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
A bimetallic, two-coordinated carbene-metal-amine (cMa) Au(I) complex featuring a twisted tandem carbene structure (NHC1-Au-NHC2-Au-carbazolyl) was synthesized. The molecular structure in single crystals revealed a large dihedral angle between the two carbene ligands, while the bridged carbene NHC2 and carbazolyl (Cz) ligands were coplanar. A bluish green thermally stimulated delayed phosphorescence (TSDP) was observed in crystals with an emission lifetime over 70 μs, which can be attributed to the spin allowed diabatic population of a high-lying emissive triplet state from the 3LE characterized low-lying ones. The small rotation energy barrier of Cz along the coordination bond allowed conformers with large dihedral angles between NHC2 and Cz. The ICT characterized S1 state was consequently stabilized to achieve a thermally accessible energy gap to facilitate ISC between triplets and the S1, leading to the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Simultaneous TSDP and TADF dual emission can be recorded in its doped polymer film owing to the coexistence of these different conformers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jia Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 XueYuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 3620 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Junru Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 3620 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 3620 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 3620 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Tian-Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 XueYuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 3620 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brannan AC, Cho HH, Reponen APM, Gorgon S, Phuoc NL, Linnolahti M, Greenham NC, Romanov AS. Deep-Blue and Fast Delayed Fluorescence from Carbene-Metal-Amides for Highly Efficient and Stable Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2404357. [PMID: 38727713 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Linear gold complexes of the "carbene-metal-amide" (CMA) type are prepared with a rigid benzoguanidine amide donor and various carbene ligands. These complexes emit in the deep-blue range at 424 and 466 nm with 100% quantum yields in all media. The deep-blue thermally activates delayed fluorescence originates from a charge transfer state with an excited state lifetime as low as 213 ns, resulting in fast radiative rates of 4.7 × 106 s-1. The high thermal and photo-stability of these carbene-metal-amide (CMA) materials enabled the authors to fabricate highly energy-efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) in host-guest architectures. Deep-blue OLED devices with electroluminescence at 416 and 457 nm with practical external quantum efficiencies of up to 23% at 100 cd m-2 with excellent color coordinates CIE (x; y) = 0.16; 0.07 and 0.17; 0.18 are reported. The operating stability of these OLEDs is the longest reported to date (LT50 = 1 h) for deep-blue CMA emitters, indicating a high promise for further development of blue OLED devices. These findings inform the molecular design strategy and correlation between delayed luminescence with high radiative rates and CMA OLED device operating stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Brannan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Hwan-Hee Cho
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Antti-Pekka M Reponen
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Sebastian Gorgon
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Nguyen Le Phuoc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, FI-80101, Finland
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, FI-80101, Finland
| | - Neil C Greenham
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Alexander S Romanov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li R, Ying A, Tan Y, Ai Y, Gong S. Efficient Blue Photo- and Electroluminescence from CF 3-Decorated Cu(I) Complexes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400817. [PMID: 38654445 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Luminescent organometallic complexes of earth-abundant copper(I) have long been studied in organic light-emitting diodes (OLED). Particularly, Cu(I)-based carbene-metal-amide (CMA) complexes have recently emerged as promising organometallic emitters. However, blue-emitting Cu(I) CMA complexes have been rarely reported. Here we constructed two blue-emitting Cu(I) CMA emitters, MAC*-Cu-CF3Cz and MAC*-Cu-2CF3Cz, by introducing one or two CF3 substitutes into carbazole ligands. Both complexes exhibited high thermal stability and blue emission colors. Moreover, two complexes exhibited different emission origins rooting from different donor ligands: a distinct thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) from ligand-to-ligand charge transfer excited states for MAC*-Cu-CF3Cz or a dominant phosphorescence nature from local triplet excited state of the carbazole ligand for MAC*-Cu-2CF3Cz. Inspiringly, MAC*-Cu-CF3Cz had high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 94 % and short emission lifetimes of down to 1.2 μs in doped films, accompanied by relatively high radiative rates in the 105 s-1 order. The resultant vacuum-deposited OLEDs based on MAC*-Cu-CF3Cz delivered pure-blue electroluminescence at 462 nm together with a high external quantum efficiency of 13.0 %.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyan Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ao Ying
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yao Tan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuhan Ai
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shaolong Gong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Eng J, Rankine CD, Penfold TJ. The photochemistry of Rydberg-excited cyclobutanone: Photoinduced processes and ground state dynamics. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:154301. [PMID: 38619456 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Owing to ring strain, cyclic ketones exhibit complex excited state dynamics with multiple competing photochemical channels active on the ultrafast timescale. While the excited state dynamics of cyclobutanone after π* ← n excitation into the lowest-energy excited singlet (S1) state has been extensively studied, the dynamics following 3s ← n excitation into the higher-lying singlet Rydberg (S2) state are less well understood. Herein, we employ fully quantum multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree (MCTDH) simulations using a model Hamiltonian as well as "on-the-fly" trajectory-based surface-hopping dynamics (TSHD) simulations to study the relaxation dynamics of cyclobutanone following 3s ← n excitation and to predict the ultrafast electron diffraction scattering signature of these relaxation dynamics. Our MCTDH and TSHD simulations indicate that relaxation from the initially-populated singlet Rydberg (S2) state occurs on the timescale of a few hundreds of femtoseconds to a picosecond, consistent with the symmetry-forbidden nature of the state-to-state transition involved. There is no obvious involvement of excited triplet states within the timeframe of our simulations (<2 ps). After non-radiative relaxation to the electronic ground state (S0), vibrationally hot cyclobutanone has sufficient internal energy to form multiple fragmented products including C2H4 + CH2CO (C2; 20%) and C3H6 + CO (C3; 2.5%). We discuss the limitations of our MCTDH and TSHD simulations, how these may influence the excited state dynamics we observe, and-ultimately-the predictive power of the simulated experimental observable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Eng
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - C D Rankine
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - T J Penfold
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li TY, Zheng SJ, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Two-Coordinate Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Coinage Metal Complexes: Molecular Design, Photophysical Characters, and Device Application. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4332-4392. [PMID: 38546341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Since the emergence of the first green light emission from a fluorescent thin-film organic light emitting diode (OLED) in the mid-1980s, a global consumer market for OLED displays has flourished over the past few decades. This growth can primarily be attributed to the development of noble metal phosphorescent emitters that facilitated remarkable gains in electrical conversion efficiency, a broadened color gamut, and vibrant image quality for OLED displays. Despite these achievements, the limited abundance of noble metals in the Earth's crust has spurred ongoing efforts to discover cost-effective electroluminescent materials. One particularly promising avenue is the exploration of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), a mechanism with the potential to fully harness excitons in OLEDs. Recently, investigations have unveiled TADF in a series of two-coordinate coinage metal (Cu, Ag, and Au) complexes. These organometallic TADF materials exhibit distinctive behavior in comparison to their organic counterparts. They offer benefits such as tunable emissive colors, short TADF emission lifetimes, high luminescent quantum yields, and reasonable stability. Impressively, both vacuum-deposited and solution-processed OLEDs incorporating these materials have achieved outstanding performance. This review encompasses various facets on two-coordinate TADF coinage metal complexes, including molecular design, photophysical characterizations, elucidation of structure-property relationships, and OLED applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shu-Jia Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Song XF, Peng LY, Chen WK, Gao YJ, Cui G. Theoretical studies on thermally activated delayed fluorescence of "carbene-metal-amide" Cu and Au complexes: geometric structures, excitation characters, and mechanisms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29603-29613. [PMID: 37877743 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03444e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
"Carbene-metal(I)-amide" (CMA) complexes have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable properties and potential TADF applications in organic electronics. However, the atomistic working mechanism is still elusive. Herein, we chose two CMA complexes, i.e., cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbene-copper[gold](I)-carbazole (CAAC-Cu[Au]-Cz), and employed both DFT and TD-DFT methods, in combination with radiative and nonradiative rate calculations, to investigate geometric and electronic structures of these two complexes in the ground and excited states, including orbital compositions, electronic transitions, absorption and emission spectra, and the luminescence mechanism. It is found that the coplanar or perpendicular conformations are coexistent in the ground state (S0), the lowest excited singlet state (S1), and the triplet state (T1). Both the coplanar and perpendicular S1 and T1 states have similar ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LLCT) character between CAAC and Cz, and some charge-transfer character between metal atoms and ligands, which is beneficial to minimize the singlet-triplet energy gaps (ΔEST) and increase the spin-orbit coupling (SOC). An interesting three-state (S0, S1, T1) model involving two regions (coplanar and perpendicular) is proposed to rationalize the experimental TADF phenomena in the CMA complexes. In addition to the coplanar ones, the perpendicular S1 and T1 states also play a role in promoting the repopulation of the coplanar S1 exciton, which is a primary source for the delayed fluorescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fang Song
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
| | - Ling-Ya Peng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
| | - Wen-Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
| | - Yuan-Jun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ying A, Gong S. A Rising Star: Luminescent Carbene-Metal-Amide Complexes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301885. [PMID: 37431981 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Coinage metal (gold, silver, and copper) complexes are attractive candidates to substitute the widely studied noble metal complexes, such as, iridium(III) and platinum(II), as luminescent materials in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, the development of coinage metal complexes exhibiting high emission quantum yields and short exciton lifetimes is still a formidable challenge. In the past few years, coinage metal complexes featuring a carbene-metal-amide (CMA) motif have emerged as a new class of luminescent materials in OLEDs. Thanks to the coinage metal-bridged linear geometry, coplanar conformation, and the formation of excited states with dominant ligand-to-ligand charge transfer character and reduced metal d-orbital participation, most CMA complexes have high radiative rates via thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Currently, the family of CMA complexes have rapidly evolved and remarkable progresses in CMA-based OLEDs have been made. Here, a Concept article on CMA complexes is presented, with a focus on molecular design principles, the correlation between molecular structure/conformation and optoelectronic properties, as well as OLED performance. The future prospects of CMA complexes are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Ying
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and, Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shaolong Gong
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and, Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Powley SL, Riley C, Cho HH, Le Phuoc N, Linnolahti M, Greenham N, Romanov AS. Highly phosphorescent carbene-metal-carboranyl complexes of copper(I) and gold(I). Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12035-12038. [PMID: 37729393 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04091g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
New phosphorescent "carbene-metal-carboranyl" (CMC) Cu(I) and Au(I) complexes based on the diamidocarbene (DAC) ligand show up to 68% photoluminescence quantum yield and microsecond range lifetimes. CMC organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) emit sky-blue and warm white electroluminescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Powley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Charlotte Riley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Hwan-Hee Cho
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Nguyen Le Phuoc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Neil Greenham
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Alexander S Romanov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Belyakov AV, Altova EP, Rykov AN, Sharanov PY, Shishkov IF, Romanov AS. The Equilibrium Molecular Structure of Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino) Carbene Copper(I) Chloride via Gas-Phase Electron Diffraction and Quantum Chemical Calculations. Molecules 2023; 28:6897. [PMID: 37836740 PMCID: PMC10574683 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper-centered carbene-metal-halides (CMHs) with cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbenes (CAACs) are bright phosphorescent emitters and key precursors in the synthesis of the highly promising class of the materials carbene-metal-amides (CMAs) operating via thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Aiming to reveal the molecular geometry for CMH phosphors in the absence of the intermolecular contacts, we report here the equilibrium molecular structure of the (CAAC)Cu(I)Cl (1) molecule in the gas-phase. We demonstrate that linear geometry around a copper atom shows no distortions in the ground state. The structure of complex 1 has been determined using the electron diffraction method, supported by quantum chemical calculations with RI-MP2/def2-QZVPP level of theory and compared with the crystal structure determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Mean vibrational amplitudes, uij,h1, and anharmonic vibrational corrections (rij,e • rij,a) were calculated for experimental temperature T = 20 °C, using quadratic and cubic force constants, respectively. The quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and natural bond order (NBO) analysis of wave function at MN15/def2TZVP level of theory revealed two Cu…H, three H…H, and one three-center H…H…H bond paths with bond critical points. NBO analysis also revealed three-center, four-electron hyperbonds, (3c4e), [π(N-C) nπ(Cu) ↔ nπ(N) π(N-Cu)], or [N-C: Cu ↔ N: C-Cu] and nπ(Cu) → π(C-N)* hyperconjugation, that is the delocalization of the lone electron pair of Cu atom into the antibonding orbital of C-N bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ekaterina P. Altova
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.A.); (P.Y.S.)
| | - Anatoliy N. Rykov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.A.); (P.Y.S.)
| | - Pavel Yu. Sharanov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.A.); (P.Y.S.)
| | - Igor F. Shishkov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.A.); (P.Y.S.)
| | - Alexander S. Romanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Muniz CN, Archer CA, Applebaum JS, Alagaratnam A, Schaab J, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Two-Coordinate Coinage Metal Complexes as Solar Photosensitizers. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37319428 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Generating sustainable fuel from sunlight plays an important role in meeting the energy demands of the modern age. Herein, we report two-coordinate carbene-metal-amide (cMa, M = Cu(I) and Au(I)) complexes that can be used as sensitizers to promote the light-driven reduction of water to hydrogen. The cMa complexes studied here absorb visible photons (εvis > 103 M-1 cm-1), maintain long excited-state lifetimes (τ ∼ 0.2-1 μs), and perform stable photoinduced charge transfer to a target substrate with high photoreducing potential (E+/* up to -2.33 V vs Fc+/0 based on a Rehm-Weller analysis). We pair these coinage metal complexes with a cobalt-glyoxime electrocatalyst to photocatalytically generate hydrogen and compare the performance of the copper- and gold-based cMa complexes. We also find that the two-coordinate complexes herein can perform photodriven hydrogen production from water without the addition of the cobalt-glyoxime electrocatalyst. In this "catalyst-free" system, the cMa sensitizer partially decomposes to give metal nanoparticles that catalyze water reduction. This work identifies two-coordinate coinage metal complexes as promising abundant metal, solar fuel photosensitizers that offer exceptional tunability and photoredox properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Collin N Muniz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Claire A Archer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jack S Applebaum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Anushan Alagaratnam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jonas Schaab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yersin H, Czerwieniec R, Monkowius U, Ramazanov R, Valiev R, Shafikov MZ, Kwok WM, Ma C. Intersystem crossing, phosphorescence, and spin-orbit coupling. Two contrasting Cu(I)-TADF dimers investigated by milli- to micro-second phosphorescence, femto-second fluorescence, and theoretical calculations. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
13
|
Muthig AMT, Mrózek O, Ferschke T, Rödel M, Ewald B, Kuhnt J, Lenczyk C, Pflaum J, Steffen A. Mechano-Stimulus and Environment-Dependent Circularly Polarized TADF in Chiral Copper(I) Complexes and Their Application in OLEDs. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4438-4449. [PMID: 36795037 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecular emitters that combine circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) and high radiative rate constants of the triplet exciton decay are highly attractive for electroluminescent devices (OLEDs) or next-generation photonic applications, such as spintronics, quantum computing, cryptography, or sensors. However, the design of such emitters is a major challenge because the criteria for enhancing these two properties are mutually exclusive. In this contribution, we show that enantiomerically pure {Cu(CbzR)[(S/R)-BINAP]} [R = H (1), 3,6-tBu (2)] are efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters with high radiative rate constants of kTADF up to 3.1 × 105 s-1 from 1/3LLCT states according to our temperature-dependent time-resolved luminescence studies. The efficiency of the TADF process and emission wavelengths are highly sensitive to environmental hydrogen bonding of the ligands, which can be disrupted by grinding of the crystalline materials. The origin of this pronounced mechano-stimulus photophysical behavior is a thermal equilibrium between the 1/3LLCT states and a 3LC state of the BINAP ligand, which depends on the relative energetic order of the excited states and is prone to inter-ligand C-H···π interactions. The copper(I) complexes are also efficient CPL emitters displaying exceptional dissymmetry values glum of up to ±0.6 × 10-2 in THF solution and ±2.1 × 10-2 in the solid state. Importantly for application in electroluminescence devices, the C-H···π interactions can also be disrupted by employing sterically bulky matrices. Accordingly, we have investigated various matrix materials for successful implementation of the chiral copper(I) TADF emitters in proof-of-concept CP-OLEDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Martin Thomas Muthig
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ondřej Mrózek
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Ferschke
- Experimental Physics VI, Julius-Maximilian University, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Rödel
- Experimental Physics VI, Julius-Maximilian University, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Björn Ewald
- Experimental Physics VI, Julius-Maximilian University, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Kuhnt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Lenczyk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jens Pflaum
- Experimental Physics VI, Julius-Maximilian University, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang HJ, Liu Y, Yu B, Song SQ, Zheng YX, Liu K, Chen P, Wang H, Jiang J, Li TY. A Configurationally Confined Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Two-Coordinate Cu I Complex for Efficient Blue Electroluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217195. [PMID: 36542446 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) from linear two-coordinate coinage metal complexes is sensitive to the geometric arrangement of the ligands. Herein we realize the tuning of configuration from coplanar to orthogonal gradually by variation of substituents. In a complex with confined twist configuration, its blue emission peaking at 458 nm presents a high ΦPL of 0.74 and a short τTADF of 1.9 μs, which indicates a fast enough kr,TADF of 3.9×105 s-1 and a depressed knr of 1.4×105 s-1 . Such outstanding luminescent properties are attributed to the proper overlap of HOMO and LUMO on CuI d orbitals that guarantees not only small ΔEST but also sufficient transition oscillator strength for fast k r , S 1 ${{k}_{{\rm r},{{\rm S}}_{1}}}$ . Vacuum-deposited blue OLEDs with either doped or host-free emissive layer present external quantum efficiencies over 20 % and 10 %, respectively, demonstrating the practicality of the configurationally confined strategy for efficient linear CuI TADF emitters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Baoqiu Yu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shi-Quan Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - You-Xuan Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kanglei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Pangkuan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tian-Yi Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brannan AC, Phuoc NL, Linnolahti M, Romanov AS. Organic persistent room temperature phosphorescence enabled by carbazole impurity. Front Chem 2023; 10:1008658. [PMID: 36688032 PMCID: PMC9853050 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1008658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular design of metal-free organic phosphors is essential for realizing persistent room-temperature phosphorescence (pRTP) despite its spin-forbidden nature. A series of halobenzonitrile-carbazoles has been prepared following a one-pot nucleophilic substitution protocol involving commercially available and laboratory-synthesized carbazoles. We demonstrate how halo- and cyano-substituents affect the molecular geometry in the crystal lattice, resulting in tilt and/or twist of the carbazole with respect to the phenyl moiety. Compounds obtained from the commercially available carbazole result in efficient pRTP of organic phosphors with a high quantum yield of up to 22% and a long excited state lifetime of up to 0.22 s. Compounds obtained from the laboratory-synthesized carbazole exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence with an excited state lifetime in the millisecond range. In-depth photophysical studies reveal that luminescence originates from the mixed locally excited state (3LE, nπ*)/charge transfer state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C. Brannan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nguyen Le Phuoc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland,*Correspondence: Mikko Linnolahti, ; Alexander S. Romanov,
| | - Alexander S. Romanov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Mikko Linnolahti, ; Alexander S. Romanov,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Beaudelot J, Oger S, Peruško S, Phan TA, Teunens T, Moucheron C, Evano G. Photoactive Copper Complexes: Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16365-16609. [PMID: 36350324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalyzed and photosensitized chemical processes have seen growing interest recently and have become among the most active areas of chemical research, notably due to their applications in fields such as medicine, chemical synthesis, material science or environmental chemistry. Among all homogeneous catalytic systems reported to date, photoactive copper(I) complexes have been shown to be especially attractive, not only as alternative to noble metal complexes, and have been extensively studied and utilized recently. They are at the core of this review article which is divided into two main sections. The first one focuses on an exhaustive and comprehensive overview of the structural, photophysical and electrochemical properties of mononuclear copper(I) complexes, typical examples highlighting the most critical structural parameters and their impact on the properties being presented to enlighten future design of photoactive copper(I) complexes. The second section is devoted to their main areas of application (photoredox catalysis of organic reactions and polymerization, hydrogen production, photoreduction of carbon dioxide and dye-sensitized solar cells), illustrating their progression from early systems to the current state-of-the-art and showcasing how some limitations of photoactive copper(I) complexes can be overcome with their high versatility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Beaudelot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel Oger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefano Peruško
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tuan-Anh Phan
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Titouan Teunens
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000Mons, Belgium
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|