1
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Busatto S, Spallacci C, Meeldijk JD, Howes S, de Mello Donega C. Room-Temperature Interconversion Between Ultrathin CdTe Magic-Size Nanowires Induced by Ligand Shell Dynamics. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:15280-15297. [PMID: 36147520 PMCID: PMC9483966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c04113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The formation mechanisms of colloidal magic-size semiconductor nanostructures have remained obscure. Herein, we report the room temperature synthesis of three species of ultrathin CdTe magic-size nanowires (MSNWs) with diameters of 0.7 ± 0.1 nm, 0.9 ± 0.2 nm, and 1.1 ± 0.2 nm, and lowest energy exciton transitions at 373, 418, and 450 nm, respectively. The MSNWs are obtained from Cd(oleate)2 and TOP-Te, provided diphenylphosphine and a primary alkylamine (RNH2) are present at sufficiently high concentrations, and exhibit sequential, discontinuous growth. The population of each MSNW species is entirely determined by the RNH2 concentration [RNH2] so that single species are only obtained at specific concentrations, while mixtures are obtained at concentrations intermediate between the specific ones. Moreover, the MSNWs remain responsive to [RNH2], interconverting from thinner to thicker upon [RNH2] decrease and from thicker to thinner upon [RNH2] increase. Our results allow us to propose a mechanism for the formation and interconversion of CdTe MSNWs and demonstrate that primary alkylamines play crucial roles in all four elementary kinetic steps (viz., monomer formation, nucleation, growth in length, and interconversion between species), thus being the decisive element in the creation of a reaction pathway that leads exclusively to CdTe MSNWs. The insights provided by our work thus contribute toward unravelling the mechanisms behind the formation of shape-controlled and atomically precise magic-size semiconductor nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Busatto
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Spallacci
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes D. Meeldijk
- Materials
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart Howes
- Structural
Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Celso de Mello Donega
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Xia C, van Oversteeg CHM, Bogaards VCL, Spanjersberg THM, Visser NL, Berends AC, Meeldijk JD, de Jongh PE, de Mello Donega C. Synthesis and Formation Mechanism of Colloidal Janus-Type Cu 2-xS/CuInS 2 Heteronanorods via Seeded Injection. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9987-9999. [PMID: 34110780 PMCID: PMC8291760 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal heteronanocrystals allow for the synergistic combination of properties of different materials. For example, spatial separation of the photogenerated electron and hole can be achieved by coupling different semiconductors with suitable band offsets in one single nanocrystal, which is beneficial for improving the efficiency of photocatalysts and photovoltaic devices. From this perspective, axially segmented semiconductor heteronanorods with a type-II band alignment are particularly attractive since they ensure the accessibility of both photogenerated charge carriers. Here, a two-step synthesis route to Cu2-xS/CuInS2 Janus-type heteronanorods is presented. The heteronanorods are formed by injection of a solution of preformed Cu2-xS seed nanocrystals in 1-dodecanethiol into a solution of indium oleate in oleic acid at 240 °C. By varying the reaction time, Janus-type heteronanocrystals with different sizes, shapes, and compositions are obtained. A mechanism for the formation of the heteronanocrystals is proposed. The first step of this mechanism consists of a thiolate-mediated topotactic, partial Cu+ for In3+ cation exchange that converts one of the facets of the seed nanocrystals into CuInS2. This is followed by homoepitaxial anisotropic growth of wurtzite CuInS2. The Cu2-xS seed nanocrystals also act as sacrificial Cu+ sources, and therefore, single composition CuInS2 nanorods are eventually obtained if the reaction is allowed to proceed to completion. The two-stage seeded growth method developed in this work contributes to the rational synthesis of Cu2-xS/CuInS2 heteronanocrystals with targeted architectures by allowing one to exploit the size and faceting of premade Cu2-xS seed nanocrystals to direct the growth of the CuInS2 segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghui Xia
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christina H. M. van Oversteeg
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Materials
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle C. L. Bogaards
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim H. M. Spanjersberg
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke L. Visser
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Materials
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne C. Berends
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes D. Meeldijk
- Materials
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra E. de Jongh
- Materials
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Celso de Mello Donega
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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Chen L, Hu H, Chen Y, Gao J, Li G. Metal Cation Valency Dependence in Morphology Evolution of Cu 2-x S Nanodisk Seeds and Their Pseudomorphic Cation Exchanges. Chemistry 2021; 27:7444-7452. [PMID: 33686735 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A crucial parameter in the design of semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs) with controllable optical, magnetic, electronic, and catalytic properties is the morphology. Herein, we demonstrate the potential of additive metal cations with variable valency to direct the morphology evolution of copper-deficient Cu2-x S nanoparticles in the process of seed-mediated growth. In particular, the djurleite Cu1.94 S seed could evolve from disk into tetradecahedron in the presence of tin(IV) cations, whereas they merely formed sharp hexagonal nanodisks with tin(II) cations. In addition to djurleite Cu1.94 S, the tin(IV) cations could be generalized to direct the growth of roxbyite Cu1.8 S and covellite CuS nanodisk seeds into tetradecahedra. We further perform pseudomorphic cation exchanges of Cu1.94 S tetradecahedra with Zn2+ and Cd2+ to produce polyhedral zinc sulfide (ZnS) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) NPs. Moreover, we achieve Cu1.8 S/ZnS and Cu1.94 S/CdS tetradecahedral heterostructures via partial cation exchange, which are otherwise inaccessible by traditional synthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhou Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jing Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Guohua Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
- State Key Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310032, P. R. China
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4
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Yin D, Dun C, Zhang H, Fu Z, Gao X, Wang X, Singh DJ, Carroll DL, Liu Y, Swihart MT. Binary and Ternary Colloidal Cu-Sn-Te Nanocrystals for Thermoelectric Thin Films. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006729. [PMID: 33624942 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in copper chalcogenide-based nanocrystals (NCs), copper sulfide, and copper selenide derived nanostructures, have drawn considerable attention. However, reports of crystal phase and shape engineering of binary or ternary copper telluride NCs remain rare. Here, a colloidal hot-injection approach for producing binary copper/tin telluride, and ternary copper tin telluride NCs with controllable compositions, crystal structures, and morphologies is reported. The crystal phase and growth behavior of these tellurides are systematically studied from both experimental and theoretical perspectives. The morphology of Cu1.29 Te NCs is modified from 1D nanorods with different aspect ratios to 2D nanosheets and 3D nanocubes, by controlling the preferential growth of specific crystalline facets. A controllable phase transition from Cu1.29 Te to Cu1.43 Te NCs is also demonstrated. The latter can be further converted into Cu2 SnTe3 and SnTe through Sn incorporation. Temperature dependent thermoelectric properties of metal (Cu and Sn) telluride nanostructure thin films are also studied, including Cu1.29 Te, Cu1.43 Te, Cu2 SnTe3 , and SnTe. Cu2 SnTe3 is a low carrier density semimetal with compensating electron and hole Fermi surface pockets. The engineering of crystal phase and morphology control of colloidal copper tin telluride NCs opens a path to explore and design new classes of copper telluride-based nanomaterials for thermoelectrics and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260-4200, USA
| | - Chaochao Dun
- Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials, Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Huisheng Zhang
- Research Institute of Materials Science of Shanxi Normal University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Shanxi Advanced Permanent Magnetic Materials and Technology, Linfen, 041004, China
| | - Zheng Fu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260-4200, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260-4200, USA
| | - Xianliang Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260-4200, USA
| | - David J Singh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - David L Carroll
- Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials, Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260-4200, USA
| | - Mark T Swihart
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260-4200, USA
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5
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Xia C, Pedrazo-Tardajos A, Wang D, Meeldijk JD, Gerritsen HC, Bals S, de Mello Donega C. Seeded Growth Combined with Cation Exchange for the Synthesis of Anisotropic Cu 2-x S/ZnS, Cu 2-x S, and CuInS 2 Nanorods. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021; 33:102-116. [PMID: 33456135 PMCID: PMC7808334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c02817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal copper(I) sulfide (Cu2-x S) nanocrystals (NCs) have attracted much attention for a wide range of applications because of their unique optoelectronic properties, driving scientists to explore the potential of using Cu2-x S NCs as seeds in the synthesis of heteronanocrystals to achieve new multifunctional materials. Herein, we developed a multistep synthesis strategy toward Cu2-x S/ZnS heteronanorods. The Janus-type Cu2-x S/ZnS heteronanorods are obtained by the injection of hexagonal high-chalcocite Cu2-x S seed NCs in a hot zinc oleate solution in the presence of suitable surfactants, 20 s after the injection of sulfur precursors. The Cu2-x S seed NCs undergo rapid aggregation and coalescence in the first few seconds after the injection, forming larger NCs that act as the effective seeds for heteronucleation and growth of ZnS. The ZnS heteronucleation occurs on a single (100) facet of the Cu2-x S seed NCs and is followed by fast anisotropic growth along a direction that is perpendicular to the c-axis, thus leading to Cu2-x S/ZnS Janus-type heteronanorods with a sharp heterointerface. Interestingly, the high-chalcocite crystal structure of the injected Cu2-x S seed NCs is preserved in the Cu2-x S segments of the heteronanorods because of the high-thermodynamic stability of this Cu2-x S phase. The Cu2-x S/ZnS heteronanorods are subsequently converted into single-component Cu2-x S and CuInS2 nanorods by postsynthetic topotactic cation exchange. This work expands the possibilities for the rational synthesis of colloidal multicomponent heteronanorods by allowing the design principles of postsynthetic heteroepitaxial seeded growth and nanoscale cation exchange to be combined, yielding access to a plethora of multicomponent heteronanorods with diameters in the quantum confinement regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghui Xia
- Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, P.O. Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Da Wang
- EMAT-University
of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan
171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johannes D. Meeldijk
- Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, P.O. Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans C. Gerritsen
- Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, P.O. Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Bals
- EMAT-University
of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan
171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Celso de Mello Donega
- Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, P.O. Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Busatto S, Ruiter MD, Jastrzebski JTBH, Albrecht W, Pinchetti V, Brovelli S, Bals S, Moret ME, de Mello Donega C. Luminescent Colloidal InSb Quantum Dots from In Situ Generated Single-Source Precursor. ACS NANO 2020; 14:13146-13160. [PMID: 32915541 PMCID: PMC7596776 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances, the synthesis of colloidal InSb quantum dots (QDs) remains underdeveloped, mostly due to the lack of suitable precursors. In this work, we use Lewis acid-base interactions between Sb(III) and In(III) species formed at room temperature in situ from commercially available compounds (viz., InCl3, Sb[NMe2]3 and a primary alkylamine) to obtain InSb adduct complexes. These complexes are successfully used as precursors for the synthesis of colloidal InSb QDs ranging from 2.8 to 18.2 nm in diameter by fast coreduction at sufficiently high temperatures (≥230 °C). Our findings allow us to propose a formation mechanism for the QDs synthesized in our work, which is based on a nonclassical nucleation event, followed by aggregative growth. This yields ensembles with multimodal size distributions, which can be fractionated in subensembles with relatively narrow polydispersity by postsynthetic size fractionation. InSb QDs with diameters below 7.0 nm have the zinc blende crystal structure, while ensembles of larger QDs (≥10 nm) consist of a mixture of wurtzite and zinc blende QDs. The QDs exhibit photoluminescence with small Stokes shifts and short radiative lifetimes, implying that the emission is due to band-edge recombination and that the direct nature of the bandgap of bulk InSb is preserved in InSb QDs. Finally, we constructed a sizing curve correlating the peak position of the lowest energy absorption transition with the QD diameters, which shows that the band gap of colloidal InSb QDs increases with size reduction following a 1/d dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Busatto
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mariska de Ruiter
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johann T. B. H. Jastrzebski
- Organic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wiebke Albrecht
- Electron
Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Valerio Pinchetti
- Dipartimento
di Scienza dei Materiali, Università
degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, via Roberto Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Brovelli
- Dipartimento
di Scienza dei Materiali, Università
degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, via Roberto Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Bals
- Electron
Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc-Etienne Moret
- Organic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Celso de Mello Donega
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Li Y, Liu J, Li X, Wan X, Pan R, Rong H, Liu J, Chen W, Zhang J. Evolution of Hollow CuInS 2 Nanododecahedrons via Kirkendall Effect Driven by Cation Exchange for Efficient Solar Water Splitting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:27170-27177. [PMID: 31273971 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hollow-structured semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) have aroused tremendous research interest because of their compelling structure-related properties that can facilitate the development of many important applications including solar water splitting. However, the creation of multicomponent semiconductor NCs (such as I-III-VI2 and I2-II-IV-VI4 semiconductors) possessing a hollow architecture still remains a great challenge because of the difficulty in balancing the reactivities of multiple precursors. In this study, we report an effective strategy to prepare hollow CuInS2 nanododecahedrons featuring high uniformity in morphology and composition, based on the Kirkendall effect driven by the cation exchange between Cu+ and In3+ using Cu2-xS nanododecahedrons as templates. The unequal diffusion rates of cations result in an inward flux of vacancies favorably along the (0 16 0) facets of Cu2-xS dodecahedrons, forming a Cu2-xS@CuInS2 core-shell intermediate with striped voids in the core region. Optical absorption studies and photoelectrochemical measurements imply that the increase in the hollowing degree of the NCs benefits enhanced light harvesting and separation of photogenerated charge carriers. As a result, the obtained hollow CuInS2 nanododecahedrons present a high activity in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, much superior to previously reported CuInS2 photocatalysts with different architectures. We envision that the multifarious morphologies attainable for the Cu2-xS NC templates and the advantages of Cu+ for cation exchange can make this method adaptable to a vast variety of previously intractable structures and compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Jia Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Xiaodong Wan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Rongrong Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Hongpan Rong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Jiatao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
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8
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van Oversteeg CM, Oropeza FE, Hofmann JP, Hensen EJM, de Jongh PE, de Mello Donega C. Water-Dispersible Copper Sulfide Nanocrystals via Ligand Exchange of 1-Dodecanethiol. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019; 31:541-552. [PMID: 30686859 PMCID: PMC6345102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b04614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In colloidal Cu2-x S nanocrystal synthesis, thiols are often used as organic ligands and the sulfur source, as they yield high-quality nanocrystals. However, thiol ligands on Cu2-x S nanocrystals are difficult to exchange, limiting the applications of these nanocrystals in photovoltaics, biomedical sensing, and photocatalysis. Here, we present an effective and facile procedure to exchange native 1-dodecanethiol on Cu2-x S nanocrystals by 3-mercaptopropionate, 11-mercaptoundecanoate, and S2- in formamide under inert atmosphere. The product hydrophilic Cu2-x S nanocrystals have excellent colloidal stability in formamide. Furthermore, the size, shape, and optical properties of the nanocrystals are not significantly affected by the ligand exchange. Water-dispersible Cu2-x S nanocrystals are easily obtained by precipitation of the nanocrystals capped by S2-, 3-mercaptopropionate, or 11-mercaptoundecanoate from formamide, followed by redispersion in water. Interestingly, the ligand exchange rates for Cu2-x S nanocrystals capped with 1-dodecanethiol are observed to depend on the preparation method, being much slower for Cu2-x S nanocrystals prepared through heating-up than through hot-injection synthesis protocols. XPS studies reveal that the differences in the ligand exchange rates are due to the surface chemistry of the Cu2-x S nanocrystals, where the nanocrystals prepared via hot-injection synthesis have a less dense ligand layer due to the presence of trioctylphosphine oxide during synthesis. A model is proposed that explains the observed differences in the ligand exchange rates. The facile ligand exchange procedures reported here enable the use of high-quality colloidal Cu2-x S nanocrystals prepared in the presence of 1-dodecanethiol in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina
H. M. van Oversteeg
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy E. Oropeza
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbox 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan P. Hofmann
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbox 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel J. M. Hensen
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbox 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Petra E. de Jongh
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Celso de Mello Donega
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- (Celso de Mello Donega) E-mail:
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9
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Enhancement of Hydrogen Productions by Accelerating Electron-Transfers of Sulfur Defects in the CuS@CuGaS2 Heterojunction Photocatalysts. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CuS and CuGaS2 heterojunction catalysts were used to improve hydrogen production performance by photo splitting of methanol aqueous solution in the visible region in this study. CuGaS2, which is a chalcogenide structure, can form structural defects to promote separation of electrons and holes and improve visible light absorbing ability. The optimum catalytic activity of CuGaS2 was investigated by varying the heterojunction ratio of CuGaS2 with CuS. Physicochemical properties of CuS, CuGaS2 and CuS@CuGaS2 nanoparticles were confirmed by X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Compared with pure CuS, the hydrogen production performance of CuGaS2 doped with Ga dopant was improved by methanol photolysis, and the photoactivity of the heterogeneous CuS@CuGaS2 catalyst was increased remarkably. Moreover, the 0.5CuS@1.5CuGaS2 catalyst produced 3250 μmol of hydrogen through photolysis of aqueous methanol solution under 10 h UV light irradiation. According to the intensity modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS) results, the high photoactivity of the CuS@CuGaS2 catalyst is attributed to the inhibition of recombination between electron-hole pairs, accelerating electron-transfer by acting as a trap site at the interface between CuGaS2 structural defects and the heterojunction.
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10
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Park J, Park J, Lee J, Oh A, Baik H, Lee K. Janus Nanoparticle Structural Motif Control via Asymmetric Cation Exchange in Edge-Protected Cu 1.81S@Ir xS y Hexagonal Nanoplates. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7996-8005. [PMID: 30106561 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Post-synthetic transformation of nanoparticles has received great attention, because this approach can provide an unusual route to elaborately composition-controlled nanostructures while maintaining the overall structure of the template. In principle, anisotropic heteronanoparticles of semiconductor materials can be synthesized via localized, that is, single site, cation exchange in symmetric nanoparticles. However, the differentiation of multiple identical cation exchange sites in symmetric nanoparticles can be difficult to achieve, especially for semiconductor systems with very fast cation exchange kinetics. We posited that single-site cation exchange in semiconductor nanoparticles might be realized by imposing a significant kinetic hurdle to the cation exchange reaction. The different atomic arrangements of the core and crown in core-crown structures might further differentiate the surface energies of originally identical cation exchange sites, leading to different reactivities of these sites. The first cation exchange site would be highly reactive due to the presence of a formed interface, thereby continuing to act as a site for cation exchange propagation. Herein, we present the proof-of-concept synthesis of Janus nanoparticles by using edge-protected Cu1.81S@Ir xS y hexagonal nanoplates. The Janus nanoparticles comprising {Au2S-Cu1.81S}@Ir xS y or {PdS-Cu1.81S}@Ir xS y exhibited dissimilar structural motifs due to the disparate cation exchange directions. This synthetic methodology exploiting cation exchange of surface-passivated semiconductor nanoparticles could fabricate the numerous symmetry-controlled Janus heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsik Park
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Korea
| | - Jisol Park
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Korea
| | - Aram Oh
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Korea
- Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Seoul 02841 , Korea
| | - Hionsuck Baik
- Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Seoul 02841 , Korea
| | - Kwangyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Korea
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11
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Liu Y, Liu M, Yin D, Qiao L, Fu Z, Swihart MT. Selective Cation Incorporation into Copper Sulfide Based Nanoheterostructures. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7803-7811. [PMID: 29985593 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous copper sulfide based nanostructures have attracted intense attention based on their potential to combine the plasmonic properties of copper-deficient copper sulfides with properties of other semiconductors and metals. In general, copper sulfides are versatile platforms for production of other materials by cation incorporation and exchange processes. However, the outcomes of subsequent cation exchange (CE) or incorporation processes involving nanoheterostructure (NH) templates have not been explored. In this work, we incorporate indium and tin into Cu1.81S-ZnS NHs. We demonstrate that the outcomes of cation incorporation are strongly influenced by heterocation identity and valence and by the presence of a Cu-extracting agent. The selectivity of cation incorporation depends upon both the cation itself and the heterodomains in which CE reactions take place. The final nanocrystals (NCs) emerge in many forms including homogeneous NCs, heterodimers, core@shell NHs and NHs with three different domains. This selective cation incorporation not only facilitates the preparation of previously unavailable metal sulfide NHs but also provides insight into mechanisms of CE reactions.
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12
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Berends AC, van der Stam W, Akkerman QA, Meeldijk JD, van der Lit J, de Mello Donega C. Anisotropic 2D Cu 2-x Se Nanocrystals from Dodecaneselenol and Their Conversion to CdSe and CuInSe 2 Nanoparticles. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018; 30:3836-3846. [PMID: 29910536 PMCID: PMC6002073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present the synthesis of colloidal anisotropic Cu2-x Se nanocrystals (NCs) with excellent size and shape control, using the unexplored phosphine-free selenium precursor 1-dodecaneselenol (DDSe). This precursor forms lamellar complexes with Cu(I) that enable tailoring the NC morphology from 0D polyhedral to highly anisotropic 2D shapes. The Cu2-x Se NCs are subsequently used as templates in postsynthetic cation exchange reactions, through which they are successfully converted to CdSe and CuInSe2 quantum dots, nanoplatelets, and ultrathin nanosheets. The shape of the template hexagonal nanoplatelets is preserved during the cation exchange reaction, despite a substantial reorganization of the anionic sublattice, which leads to conversion of the tetragonal umangite crystal structure of the parent Cu2-x Se NCs into hexagonal wurtzite CdSe and CuInSe2, accompanied by a change of both the thickness and the lateral dimensions of the nanoplatelets. The crystallographic transformation and reconstruction of the product NCs are attributed to a combination of the unit cell dimensionalities of the parent and product crystal phases and an internal ripening process. This work provides novel tools for the rational design of shape-controlled colloidal anisotropic Cu2-x Se NCs, which, besides their promising optoelectronic properties, also constitute a new family of cation exchange templates for the synthesis of shape-controlled NCs of wurtzite CdSe, CuInSe2, and other metal selenides that cannot be attained through direct synthesis approaches. Moreover, the insights provided here are likely applicable also to the direct synthesis of shape-controlled NCs of other metal selenides, since DDSe may be able to form lamellar complexes with several other metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C. Berends
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, P.O.
Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ward van der Stam
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, P.O.
Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Quinten A. Akkerman
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, P.O.
Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes D. Meeldijk
- Electron
Microscopy Utrecht, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joost van der Lit
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, P.O.
Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Celso de Mello Donega
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, P.O.
Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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13
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Agrawal A, Cho SH, Zandi O, Ghosh S, Johns RW, Milliron DJ. Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance in Semiconductor Nanocrystals. Chem Rev 2018; 118:3121-3207. [PMID: 29400955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) that results in resonant absorption, scattering, and near field enhancement around the NC can be tuned across a wide optical spectral range from visible to far-infrared by synthetically varying doping level, and post synthetically via chemical oxidation and reduction, photochemical control, and electrochemical control. In this review, we will discuss the fundamental electromagnetic dynamics governing light matter interaction in plasmonic semiconductor NCs and the realization of various distinctive physical properties made possible by the advancement of colloidal synthesis routes to such NCs. Here, we will illustrate how free carrier dielectric properties are induced in various semiconductor materials including metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, metal nitrides, silicon, and other materials. We will highlight the applicability and limitations of the Drude model as applied to semiconductors considering the complex band structures and crystal structures that predominate and quantum effects that emerge at nonclassical sizes. We will also emphasize the impact of dopant hybridization with bands of the host lattice as well as the interplay of shape and crystal structure in determining the LSPR characteristics of semiconductor NCs. To illustrate the discussion regarding both physical and synthetic aspects of LSPR-active NCs, we will focus on metal oxides with substantial consideration also of copper chalcogenide NCs, with select examples drawn from the literature on other doped semiconductor materials. Furthermore, we will discuss the promise that LSPR in doped semiconductor NCs holds for a wide range of applications such as infrared spectroscopy, energy-saving technologies like smart windows and waste heat management, biomedical applications including therapy and imaging, and optical applications like two photon upconversion, enhanced luminesence, and infrared metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Agrawal
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Shin Hum Cho
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Omid Zandi
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Sandeep Ghosh
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Robert W Johns
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Delia J Milliron
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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14
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van der Stam W, Gudjonsdottir S, Evers WH, Houtepen AJ. Switching between Plasmonic and Fluorescent Copper Sulfide Nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13208-13217. [PMID: 28841295 PMCID: PMC5609121 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Control over the doping density in
copper sulfide nanocrystals
is of great importance and determines its use in optoelectronic applications
such as NIR optical switches and photovoltaic devices. Here, we demonstrate
that we can reversibly control the hole carrier density (varying from
>1022 cm–3 to intrinsic) in copper
sulfide
nanocrystals by electrochemical methods. We can control the type of
charge injection, i.e., capacitive charging or ion intercalation,
via the choice of the charge compensating cation (e.g., ammonium salts
vs Li+). Further, the type of intercalating ion determines
whether the charge injection is fully reversible (for Li+) or leads to permanent changes in doping density (for Cu+). Using fully reversible lithium intercalation allows us to switch
between thin films of covellite CuS NCs (Eg = 2.0 eV, hole density 1022 cm–3, strong
localized surface plasmon resonance) and low-chalcocite CuLiS NCs
(Eg = 1.2 eV, intrinsic, no localized
surface plasmon resonance), and back. Electrochemical Cu+ ion intercalation leads to a permanent phase transition to intrinsic
low-chalcocite Cu2S nanocrystals that display air stable
fluorescence, centered around 1050 nm (fwhm ∼145 meV, PLQY
ca. 1.8%), which is the first observation of narrow near-infrared
fluorescence for copper sulfide nanocrystals. The dynamic control
over the hole doping density and fluorescence of copper sulfide nanocrystals
presented in this work and the ability to switch between plasmonic
and fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals might lead to their successful
implementation into photovoltaic devices, NIR optical switches and
smart windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward van der Stam
- Optoelectronic Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology , van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Solrun Gudjonsdottir
- Optoelectronic Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology , van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wiel H Evers
- Optoelectronic Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology , van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.,Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan J Houtepen
- Optoelectronic Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology , van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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15
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De Backer A, Jones L, Lobato I, Altantzis T, Goris B, Nellist PD, Bals S, Van Aert S. Three-dimensional atomic models from a single projection using Z-contrast imaging: verification by electron tomography and opportunities. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:8791-8798. [PMID: 28621785 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02656k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In order to fully exploit structure-property relations of nanomaterials, three-dimensional (3D) characterization at the atomic scale is often required. In recent years, the resolution of electron tomography has reached the atomic scale. However, such tomography typically requires several projection images demanding substantial electron dose. A newly developed alternative circumvents this by counting the number of atoms across a single projection. These atom counts can be used to create an initial atomic model with which an energy minimization can be applied to obtain a relaxed 3D reconstruction of the nanoparticle. Here, we compare, at the atomic scale, this single projection reconstruction approach with tomography and find an excellent agreement. This new approach allows for the characterization of beam-sensitive materials or where the acquisition of a tilt series is impossible. As an example, the utility is illustrated by the 3D atomic scale characterization of a nanodumbbell on an in situ heating holder of limited tilt range.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Backer
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Research (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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