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Li T, Bandari VK, Schmidt OG. Molecular Electronics: Creating and Bridging Molecular Junctions and Promoting Its Commercialization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209088. [PMID: 36512432 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular electronics is driven by the dream of expanding Moore's law to the molecular level for next-generation electronics through incorporating individual or ensemble molecules into electronic circuits. For nearly 50 years, numerous efforts have been made to explore the intrinsic properties of molecules and develop diverse fascinating molecular electronic devices with the desired functionalities. The flourishing of molecular electronics is inseparable from the development of various elegant methodologies for creating nanogap electrodes and bridging the nanogap with molecules. This review first focuses on the techniques for making lateral and vertical nanogap electrodes by breaking, narrowing, and fixed modes, and highlights their capabilities, applications, merits, and shortcomings. After summarizing the approaches of growing single molecules or molecular layers on the electrodes, the methods of constructing a complete molecular circuit are comprehensively grouped into three categories: 1) directly bridging one-molecule-electrode component with another electrode, 2) physically bridging two-molecule-electrode components, and 3) chemically bridging two-molecule-electrode components. Finally, the current state of molecular circuit integration and commercialization is discussed and perspectives are provided, hoping to encourage the community to accelerate the realization of fully scalable molecular electronics for a new era of integrated microsystems and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Li
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Vineeth Kumar Bandari
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
- Nanophysics, Dresden University of Technology, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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2
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Rutkowska KA, Sobotka P, Grom M, Baczyński S, Juchniewicz M, Marchlewicz K, Dybko A. A Novel Approach for the Creation of Electrically Controlled LC:PDMS Microstructures. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114037. [PMID: 35684658 PMCID: PMC9185514 DOI: 10.3390/s22114037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This work presents research on unique optofluidic systems in the form of air channels fabricated in PDMS and infiltrated with liquid crystalline material. The proposed LC:PDMS structures represent an innovative solution due to the use of microchannel electrodes filled with a liquid metal alloy. The latter allows for the easy and dynamic reconfiguration of the system and eliminates technological issues experienced by other research groups. The paper discusses the design, fabrication, and testing methods for tunable LC:PDMS structures. Particular emphasis was placed on determining their properties after applying an external electric field, depending on the geometrical parameters of the system. The conclusions of the performed investigations may contribute to the definition of guidelines for both LC:PDMS devices and a new class of potential sensing elements utilizing polymers and liquid crystals in their structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A. Rutkowska
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (M.G.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Piotr Sobotka
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (M.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Monika Grom
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (M.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Szymon Baczyński
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (M.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Marcin Juchniewicz
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies (CEZAMAT), Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Kasper Marchlewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (K.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Artur Dybko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (K.M.); (A.D.)
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Qiu X, Chiechi RC. Printable logic circuits comprising self-assembled protein complexes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2312. [PMID: 35484124 PMCID: PMC9050843 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the fabrication of digital logic circuits comprising resistors and diodes made from protein complexes and wired together using printed liquid metal electrodes. These resistors and diodes exhibit temperature-independent charge-transport over a distance of approximately 10 nm and require no encapsulation or special handling. The function of the protein complexes is determined entirely by self-assembly. When induced to self-assembly into anisotropic monolayers, the collective action of the aligned dipole moments increases the electrical conductivity of the ensemble in one direction and decreases it in the other. When induced to self-assemble into isotropic monolayers, the dipole moments are randomized and the electrical conductivity is approximately equal in both directions. We demonstrate the robustness and utility of these all-protein logic circuits by constructing pulse modulators based on AND and OR logic gates that function nearly identically to simulated circuits. These results show that digital circuits with useful functionality can be derived from readily obtainable biomolecules using simple, straightforward fabrication techniques that exploit molecular self-assembly, realizing one of the primary goals of molecular electronics. Proteins are promising molecular materials for next-generation electronic devices. Here, the authors fabricated printable digital logic circuits comprising resistors and diodes from self-assembled photosystem I complexes that enable pulse modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkai Qiu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, United States.
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Goff A, Aukarasereenont P, Nguyen CK, Grant R, Syed N, Zavabeti A, Elbourne A, Daeneke T. An exploration into two-dimensional metal oxides, and other 2D materials, synthesised via liquid metal printing and transfer techniques. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7513-7526. [PMID: 33977926 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04364h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) metal oxides can be difficult to synthesise, and scaling up production using traditional methods is challenging. However, a new liquid metal-based technique, that utilises both "top-down" and "bottom-up" processes, has recently been introduced. These liquids oxidise to form an oxide surface "skin" which may be exfoliated as a 2D flake and subsequently used in various electronic devices and chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Goff
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001 Australia.
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Li P, Fang J, Wang Y, Manzhos S, Cai L, Song Z, Li Y, Song T, Wang X, Guo X, Zhang M, Ma D, Sun B. Synergistic Effect of Dielectric Property and Energy Transfer on Charge Separation in Non-Fullerene-Based Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15054-15062. [PMID: 33872454 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In non-fullerene-based photovoltaic devices, it is unclear how excitons efficiently dissociate into charge carriers under small driving force. Here, we developed a modified method to estimate dielectric constants of PM6 donor and non-fullerene acceptors. Surprisingly, most non-fullerene acceptors and blend films showed higher dielectric constants. Moreover, they exhibited larger dielectric constants differences at the optical frequency. These results are likely bound to reduced exciton binding energy and bimolecular recombination. Besides, the overlap between the emission spectrum of donor and absorption spectra of non-fullerene acceptors allowed the energy transfer from donor to acceptors. Hence, based on the synergistic effect of dielectric property and energy transfer resulting in efficient charge separation, our finding paves an alternative path to elucidate the physical working mechanism in non-fullerene-based photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandeng Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.,Center of Energy, Materials and Telecommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Jin Fang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yusheng Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Sergei Manzhos
- Center of Energy, Materials and Telecommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Lei Cai
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zheheng Song
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yajuan Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Tao Song
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xuechun Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xia Guo
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Maojie Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Dongling Ma
- Center of Energy, Materials and Telecommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Baoquan Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.,Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China
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Li P, Fang J, Wang Y, Manzhos S, Cai L, Song Z, Li Y, Song T, Wang X, Guo X, Zhang M, Ma D, Sun B. Synergistic Effect of Dielectric Property and Energy Transfer on Charge Separation in Non‐Fullerene‐Based Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pandeng Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
- Center of Energy, Materials and Telecommunications Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet Varennes Québec J3X 1S2 Canada
| | - Jin Fang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Yusheng Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Sergei Manzhos
- Center of Energy, Materials and Telecommunications Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet Varennes Québec J3X 1S2 Canada
| | - Lei Cai
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Zheheng Song
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Yajuan Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Tao Song
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Xuechun Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Xia Guo
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Maojie Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Dongling Ma
- Center of Energy, Materials and Telecommunications Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet Varennes Québec J3X 1S2 Canada
| | - Baoquan Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering Macau University of Science and Technology Taipa 999078 Macau SAR China
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Qiu X, Rousseva S, Ye G, Hummelen JC, Chiechi RC. In Operando Modulation of Rectification in Molecular Tunneling Junctions Comprising Reconfigurable Molecular Self-Assemblies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006109. [PMID: 33326147 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The reconfiguration of molecular tunneling junctions during operation via the self-assembly of bilayers of glycol ethers is described. Well-established functional groups are used to modulate the magnitude and direction of rectification in assembled tunneling junctions by exposing them to solutions containing different glycol ethers. Variable-temperature measurements confirm that rectification occurs by the expected bias-dependent tunneling-hopping mechanism for these functional groups and that glycol ethers, besides being an unusually efficient tunneling medium, behave similarly to alkanes. Memory bits are fabricated from crossbar junctions prepared by injecting eutectic Ga-In (EGaIn) into microfluidic channels. The states of two 8-bit registers were set by trains of droplets such that they are able to perform logical AND operations on bit strings encoded into chemical packets that alter the composition of the crossbar junctions through self-assembly to effect memristor-like properties. This proof-of-concept work demonstrates the potential for fieldable devices based on molecular tunneling junctions comprising self-assembled monolayers and bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkai Qiu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Rousseva
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gang Ye
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan C Hummelen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
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Song H, Kim T, Kang S, Jin H, Lee K, Yoon HJ. Ga-Based Liquid Metal Micro/Nanoparticles: Recent Advances and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903391. [PMID: 31583849 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals are emerging as fluidic inorganic materials in various research fields. Micro- and nanoparticles of Ga and its alloys have received particular attention in the last decade due to their non toxicity and accessibility in ambient conditions as well as their interesting chemical, physical, mechanical, and electrical properties. Unique features such as a fluidic nature and self-passivating oxide skin make Ga-based liquid metal particles (LMPs) distinguishable from conventional inorganic particles in the context of synthesis and applications. Here, recent advances in the bottom-up and top-down synthetic methods of Ga-based LMPs, their physicochemical properties, and their applications are summarized. Finally, the current status of the LMPs is highlighted and perspectives on future directions are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsun Song
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Haneul Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jae Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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Buriak JM, Kaplan DL. Our 2019 Virtual Issue: Methods and Protocols in Materials Science. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:2052-2053. [PMID: 33405709 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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