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Li J, Liu S, Jia C, Li J, Zhang Z, Chen J, Cao Y, Ma C. Pharmacokinetic study of iptacopan and its two acyl glucuronide metabolites in monkey plasma by liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e6002. [PMID: 39228060 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.6002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a simple and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method was developed and validated for the determination of iptacopan and two acyl glucuronidation metabolites in monkey plasma. The plasma sample was precipitated with acetonitrile and then separated on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) using 0.1% formic acid and 5 mM ammonium acetate in water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The mass spectrometry (MS) detection was performed in positive multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode with precursor-to-production transitions. The developed assay was validated over the range of 1-2000 ng/mL for three analytes with correlation coefficient (r) more than 0.99. The validation parameters including accuracy, precision, carryover effect, matrix effect, recovery, and stability were all within the acceptable limits. The validated method has been applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics of iptacopan and its two acyl glucuronidation metabolites in monkey plasma. After intravenous administration, iptacopan showed low clearance (2.75 mL/min/kg) in monkey plasma. After oral administration, the bioavailability was 55.43%. The exposure (AUC0-t) of direct acyl glucuronide (AG) of iptacopan accounts for 9.73% of the iptacopan plasma exposure. The AUC0-t of AG of dealkylated metabolite of iptacopan was present at a lower level, accounting for 0.5% of the iptacopan plasma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchu Li
- Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglin Jia
- Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongbin Cao
- Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Li W, Vazvaei-Smith F, Dear G, Boer J, Cuyckens F, Fraier D, Liang Y, Lu D, Mangus H, Moliner P, Pedersen ML, Romeo AA, Spracklin DK, Wagner DS, Winter S, Xu XS. Metabolite Bioanalysis in Drug Development: Recommendations from the IQ Consortium Metabolite Bioanalysis Working Group. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:939-953. [PMID: 38073140 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The intent of this perspective is to share the recommendations of the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development Metabolite Bioanalysis Working Group on the fit-for-purpose metabolite bioanalysis in support of drug development and registration. This report summarizes the considerations for the trigger, timing, and rigor of bioanalysis in the various assessments to address unique challenges due to metabolites, with respect to efficacy and safety, which may arise during drug development from investigational new drug (IND) enabling studies, and phase I, phase II, and phase III clinical trials to regulatory submission. The recommended approaches ensure that important drug metabolites are identified in a timely manner and properly characterized for efficient drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkui Li
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Faye Vazvaei-Smith
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gordon Dear
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GSK, Ware, UK
| | - Jason Boer
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Filip Cuyckens
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen R & D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Daniela Fraier
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yuexia Liang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ding Lu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heidi Mangus
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Agios Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patricia Moliner
- Enzymology and Metabolism, Department of Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi, Montpellier, Occitanie, France
| | - Mette Lund Pedersen
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, CVRM, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea A Romeo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Douglas K Spracklin
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - David S Wagner
- Drug Metabolism and Disposition, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Serge Winter
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiaohui Sophia Xu
- Clinical Bioanalysis, Translation Medicine, Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey, USA
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3
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Shanu-Wilson J, Coe S, Evans L, Steele J, Wrigley S. Small molecule drug metabolite synthesis and identification: why, when and how? Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103943. [PMID: 38452922 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The drug discovery and development process encompasses the interrogation of metabolites arising from the biotransformation of drugs. Here we look at why, when and how metabolites of small-molecule drugs are synthesised from the perspective of a specialist contract research organisation, with particular attention paid to projects for which regulatory oversight is relevant during this journey. To illustrate important aspects, we look at recent case studies, trends and learnings from our experience of making and identifying metabolites over the past ten years, along with with selected examples from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Shanu-Wilson
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, UK.
| | - Samuel Coe
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, UK
| | - Liam Evans
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, UK
| | - Jonathan Steele
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, UK
| | - Stephen Wrigley
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, UK
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4
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Thomson P, Fragkas N, Kafu LM, Aithal GP, Lucena MI, Terracciano L, Meng X, Pirmohamed M, Brees D, Kullak‐Ublick GA, Odermatt A, Hammond T, Kammüller M, Naisbitt DJ. Patients with naproxen-induced liver injury display T-cell memory responses toward an oxidative (S)-O-desmethyl naproxen metabolite but not the acyl glucuronide. Allergy 2024; 79:200-214. [PMID: 37515456 PMCID: PMC10952231 DOI: 10.1111/all.15830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen (IBU) and naproxen (NAP) is associated with idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Carboxylate bioactivation into reactive metabolites (e.g., acyl glucuronides, AG) and resulting T-cell activation is hypothesized as causal for this adverse event. However, conclusive evidence supporting this is lacking. METHODS In this work, we identify CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell hepatic infiltration in a biopsy from an IBU DILI patient. Lymphocyte transformation test and IFN-γ ELIspot, conducted on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with NAP-DILI, were used to explore drug-specific T-cell activation. T-cell clones (TCC) were generated and tested for drug specificity, phenotype/function, and pathways of T-cell activation. Cells were exposed to NAP, its oxidative metabolite 6-O-desmethyl NAP (DM-NAP), its AG or synthesized NAP-AG human-serum albumin adducts (NAP-AG adduct). RESULTS CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells from patients expressing a range of different Vβ receptors were stimulated to proliferate and secrete IFN-γ and IL-22 when exposed to DM-NAP, but not NAP, NAP-AG or the NAP-AG adduct. Activation of the CD4+ TCC was HLA-DQ-restricted and dependent on antigen presenting cells (APC); most TCC were activated with DM-NAP-pulsed APC, while fixation of APC blocked the T-cell response. Cross-reactivity was not observed with structurally-related drugs. CONCLUSION Our results confirm hepatic T-cell infiltrations in NSAID-induced DILI, and show a T-cell memory response toward DM-NAP indicating an immune-mediated basis for the adverse event. Whilst bioactivation at the carboxylate group is widely hypothesized to be pathogenic for NSAID associated DILI, we found no evidence of this with NAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Thomson
- Molecular& Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Nik Fragkas
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | - Laila M. Kafu
- Molecular& Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Guruprasad P. Aithal
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre and Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, West Block, Queen's Medical CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - M. Isabel Lucena
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo y Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la VictoriaUniversidad de Málaga, CIBERehdMalagaSpain
| | | | - Xiaoli Meng
- Molecular& Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Molecular& Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | | | - Gerd A. Kullak‐Ublick
- University Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Novartis Global Drug DevelopmentBaselSwitzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Thomas Hammond
- Division of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences R&DCambridgeUK
| | | | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Molecular& Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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5
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Meanwell NA. Applications of Bioisosteres in the Design of Biologically Active Compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18087-18122. [PMID: 36961953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The design of bioisosteres represents a creative and productive approach to improve a molecule, including by enhancing potency, addressing pharmacokinetic challenges, reducing off-target liabilities, and productively modulating physicochemical properties. Bioisosterism is a principle exploited in the design of bioactive compounds of interest to both medicinal and agricultural chemists, and in this review, we provide a synopsis of applications where this kind of molecular editing has proved to be advantageous in molecule optimization. The examples selected for discussion focus on bioisosteres of carboxylic acids, applications of fluorine and fluorinated motifs in compound design, some applications of the sulfoximine functionality, the design of bioisosteres of drug-H2O complexes, and the design of bioisosteres of the phenyl ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Rd, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
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6
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Shibazaki C, Mashino T, Ohe T. Development of a fluorescent-labeled trapping reagent to evaluate the risk posed by acyl-CoA conjugates. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 52:100509. [PMID: 37515836 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2023.100509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Although acyl-CoA conjugates are known to have higher reactivity than acyl glucuronides, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the risk of the conjugates. In the present study, we aimed to develop a trapping assay for acyl-CoA conjugates using trapping reagents we have developed previously. It was revealed that Cys-Dan, which has both a thiol and an amino group, was the most effective in forming stable adducts containing an amide bond after intramolecular acyl migration. Additionally, we also developed a hepatocyte-based trapping assay in the present study to overcome the shortcomings of liver microsomes. Although liver microsomes are commonly used as enzyme sources in trapping assays, they lack some of the enzymes required for drug metabolism and detoxification systems. In human hepatocytes, our three trapping reagents, CysGlu-Dan, Dap-Dan and Cys-Dan, captured CYP-dependent reactive metabolites, reactive acyl glucuronides, and reactive acyl-CoA conjugates, respectively. The work suggests that the trapping assay with the reagents in hepatocytes is useful to evaluate the risk of reactive metabolites in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Shibazaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Mashino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohe
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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7
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He C, Mao Y, Wan H. Preclinical evaluation of chemically reactive metabolites and mitigation of bioactivation in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103621. [PMID: 37201781 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The formation of reactive metabolites (RMs) is thought to be one of the pathogeneses for some idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) which are considered one of the leading causes of some drug attritions and/or recalls. Minimizing or eliminating the formation of RMs via chemical modification is a useful tactic to reduce the risk of IADRs and time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs). The RMs should be carefully handled before making a go-no-go decision. Herein, we highlight the role of RMs in the occurrence of IADRs and CYP TDI, the risk of structural alerts, the approaches of RM assessment at the discovery stage and strategies to minimize or eliminate RM liability. Finally, some considerations for developing a RM-positive drug candidate are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyong He
- Department of DMPK/Tox, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical, No. 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China.
| | - Yuchang Mao
- Department of DMPK/Tox, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical, No. 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Hong Wan
- Department of DMPK/Bioanalysis, Shanghai Medicilon, No. 585 Chuanda Road, Shanghai 201299, China.
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8
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Meanwell NA. The pyridazine heterocycle in molecular recognition and drug discovery. Med Chem Res 2023; 32:1-69. [PMID: 37362319 PMCID: PMC10015555 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The pyridazine ring is endowed with unique physicochemical properties, characterized by weak basicity, a high dipole moment that subtends π-π stacking interactions and robust, dual hydrogen-bonding capacity that can be of importance in drug-target interactions. These properties contribute to unique applications in molecular recognition while the inherent polarity, low cytochrome P450 inhibitory effects and potential to reduce interaction of a molecule with the cardiac hERG potassium channel add additional value in drug discovery and development. The recent approvals of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist relugolix (24) and the allosteric tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitor deucravacitinib (25) represent the first examples of FDA-approved drugs that incorporate a pyridazine ring. In this review, the properties of the pyridazine ring are summarized in comparison to the other azines and its potential in drug discovery is illustrated through vignettes that explore applications that take advantage of the inherent physicochemical properties as an approach to solving challenges associated with candidate optimization. Graphical Abstract
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9
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Öeren M, Walton PJ, Suri J, Ponting DJ, Hunt PA, Segall MD. Predicting Regioselectivity of AO, CYP, FMO, and UGT Metabolism Using Quantum Mechanical Simulations and Machine Learning. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14066-14081. [PMID: 36239985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Unexpected metabolism in modification and conjugation phases can lead to the failure of many late-stage drug candidates or even withdrawal of approved drugs. Thus, it is critical to predict the sites of metabolism (SoM) for enzymes, which interact with drug-like molecules, in the early stages of the research. This study presents methods for predicting the isoform-specific metabolism for human AOs, FMOs, and UGTs and general CYP metabolism for preclinical species. The models use semi-empirical quantum mechanical simulations, validated using experimentally obtained data and DFT calculations, to estimate the reactivity of each SoM in the context of the whole molecule. Ligand-based models, trained and tested using high-quality regioselectivity data, combine the reactivity of the potential SoM with the orientation and steric effects of the binding pockets of the different enzyme isoforms. The resulting models achieve κ values of up to 0.94 and AUC of up to 0.92.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Öeren
- Optibrium Limited, Cambridge Innovation Park, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, U.K
| | - Peter J Walton
- Optibrium Limited, Cambridge Innovation Park, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, U.K.,School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - James Suri
- Optibrium Limited, Cambridge Innovation Park, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, U.K.,School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - David J Ponting
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PS, U.K
| | - Peter A Hunt
- Optibrium Limited, Cambridge Innovation Park, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, U.K
| | - Matthew D Segall
- Optibrium Limited, Cambridge Innovation Park, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, U.K
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10
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Mitra K. Acyl Glucuronide and Coenzyme A Thioester Metabolites of Carboxylic Acid-Containing Drug Molecules: Layering Chemistry with Reactive Metabolism and Toxicology. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1777-1788. [PMID: 36200746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronidation and CoA (coenzyme A) conjugation are common pathways for the elimination of carboxylic acid-containing drug molecules. In some instances, these biotransformations have been associated with toxicity (such as idiosyncratic hepatic injury, renal impairment, hemolytic anemia, gastrointestinal inflammation, and bladder cancer) attributed to, in part, the propensity of acyl glucuronides and acyl CoA thioesters to covalently modify biological macromolecules such as proteins and DNA. It is to be noted that, while acyl glucuronidation and CoA conjugation are indeed implicated in adverse effects, there are many safe drugs in the market that are cleared by these reactive pathways. It is therefore important that new molecular entities with carboxylic acid groups are evaluated for toxicity in a manner that is not unreasonably risk-averse. In the absence of truly predictable methods, therefore, the general approach is to apply a set of end points to generate a weight-of-evidence evaluation. In practice, the focus is to identify structural liabilities and provide structure-activity recommendations early in the program, at a stage where an attempt to improve reactive metabolism does not deoptimize other critical drug-quality criteria. This review will present a high-level overview of the chemistry of glucuronidation and CoA conjugation and provide a discussion of the possible mechanisms of adverse effects that have been associated with these pathways, as well as how such potential hazards are addressed while delivering a new chemical entity for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Mitra
- Discovery, Product Development & Supply, Preclinical Sciences & Translational Safety, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Springhouse, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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11
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Yu ZJ, Le H, Tang J, Yue Q, Zhang J, Murray B, Liu X, Smith BJ, Subramanian R. 18O-Enabled High-Throughput Acyl Glucuronide Stability Assay. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1400-1409. [PMID: 35833852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronides (AGs) are common metabolites of carboxylic acid-containing compounds. In some circumstances, AGs are suspected to be involved in drug toxicity due to formation of acyl migration products that bind covalently to cellular components. The risk of this adverse effect has been found to be correlated with the chemical stability of the AG, and assays have been described that monitor acyl migration by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). This analysis can be challenging as it requires baseline chromatographic separation of the unmigrated 1-β-acyl glucuronide from the migrated isomers and thus needs to be individually optimized for each aglycone. Therefore, a high-throughput assay that eliminates LC method development is desirable. Herein, we report an improved acyl glucuronide stability assay based on the rate of 18O-incorporation from [18O] water, which is compatible with high-throughput bioanalytical LC-MS workflows. Synthetic AGs with shorter migration half-lives showed faster incorporation of 18O. The level of differential incorporation of 18O following a 24 h incubation correlates well with the migration tendency of AGs. This assay was developed further, exploring in situ generation of AGs by human hepatic microsomal fraction. The results from 18 in situ-formed acyl glucuronides were similar to those obtained using authentic reference standards. In this format, this new 18O-labeling method offers a simplified workflow, requires no LC method development or AG reference standard, and thus facilitates AG liability assessment in early drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaikuan Josh Yu
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Hoa Le
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jennifer Tang
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Qin Yue
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bernard Murray
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bill J Smith
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Raju Subramanian
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
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12
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Guo Y, Shah A, Oh E, Chowdhury S, Zhu X. Determination of Acyl-, O-, and N-Glucuronide using Chemical Derivatization Coupled with Liquid Chromatography - High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:716-724. [PMID: 35241454 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucuronidation is the most common phase II metabolic pathway to eliminate small molecule drugs from the body. However, determination of glucuronide structure is quite challenging by mass spectrometry due to its inability to generate structure informative fragments about the site of glucuronidation. Herein we described a simple method to differentiate acyl-, O-, and N-glucuronides using chemical derivatization. The idea is that derivatization of acyl-, O- or N-glucuronide of a molecule results in predictable and different numbers of derivatized functional groups, which can be determined by the mass shift using mass spectrometry. The following two reactions were applied to specifically derivatize carboxyl and hydroxyl groups that are present on the aglycone and its glucuronide metabolite. Carboxyl groups were activated by thionyl chloride followed by esterification with ethanol. Hydroxyl groups were derivatized via silylation by 1-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole. The mass shift per derivatized carboxyl and hydroxyl group was +28.031 Da and +72.040 Da, respectively. This approach was successfully validated using commercial glucuronide standards including benazepril acyl-glucuronide, raloxifene O-glucuronides, and silodosin O-glucuronide. In addition, this approach was applied to determine the type of glucuronide metabolites that were isolated from liver microsomal incubation, where alvimopan and diclofenac acyl-glucuronides, darunavir, haloperidol, and propranolol O-glucuronides, and darunavir N-glucuronide were identified. Lastly, this approach was successfully utilized to elucidate the definitive structure of a clinically observed metabolite, soticlestat O-glucuronide. In conclusion, a novel efficient and cost-effective approach was developed to determine acyl-, O-, and N-glucuronide using chemical derivatization coupled with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Significance Statement The method described in this study can differentiate acyl-, O-, and N-glucuronides and allow for elucidation of glucuronide structures when multiple possibilities of glucuronidation exist. The type of glucuronidation information is particularly useful for a drug candidate containing carboxyl group(s), which can form reactive acyl-glucuronides. Additionally, the method can potentially be used for the definitive structure elucidation for a compound containing a single carboxyl, hydroxyl, or amino group even when multiple types of functional groups are present for glucuronidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukuang Guo
- University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
| | - Abhi Shah
- DMPK, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, United States
| | - Eugene Oh
- ClearView Healthcare Partners, United States
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13
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Pearson D, Jin Y, Romeo A, Birlinger BL, Schiller H, Ji Y, Gunduz M, Baldoni D, Walles M. Species-dependent hepatic and intestinal metabolism of selective estrogen receptor degrader LSZ102 by sulfation and glucuronidation. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:26-37. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2037027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Pearson
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yi Jin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Romeo
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Hilmar Schiller
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yan Ji
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, USA
| | - Mithat Gunduz
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, USA
| | - Daniela Baldoni
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Walles
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Shibazaki C, Mashita O, Takahashi K, Nakamura S, Mashino T, Ohe T. Development of a Fluorescent-Labeled Trapping Reagent to Detect Reactive Acyl Glucuronides. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2343-2352. [PMID: 34705453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronides are common metabolites of carboxylic acid-containing compounds. Since acyl glucuronides sometimes show high reactivity, they are considered to be involved in drug toxicity. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the risk posed by acyl glucuronides in the development of safe drugs; however, there are no suitable evaluation methods for the early stages of drug discovery. We aimed to develop a trapping reagent that detects reactive acyl glucuronides to assess their risk. We designed a diamine-structured trapping reagent, Dap-Dan, and compared its trapping ability with the reported one that has an amino group, and results showed that Dap-Dan showed higher accuracy. In the trapping assay with 17 medicines containing a carboxylic acid, Dap-Dan trapped acyl glucuronides that had a higher risk of toxicity. In conclusion, Dap-Dan can be useful for evaluating the risk of reactive acyl glucuronides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Shibazaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Okishi Mashita
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Kyoko Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-0023, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-0023, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Mashino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohe
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
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15
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Bazydlo-Guzenda K, Buda P, Mach M, Pieczykolan J, Kozlowska I, Janiszewski M, Drzazga E, Dominowski J, Ziolkowski H, Wieczorek M, Gad SC. Evaluation of the hepatotoxicity of the novel GPR40 (FFAR1) agonist CPL207280 in the rat and monkey. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257477. [PMID: 34555055 PMCID: PMC8459971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR40 (FFAR1) is a promising target for the managing type 2 diabetes (T2D). The most advanced GPR40 agonist TAK-875 exhibited satisfactory glucose-lowering effects in phase II and III studies. However, the phase III studies of TAK-875 revealed drug-induced liver injury (DILI). It is unknown whether DILI is a consequence of a specific GPR40 agonist or is an inherent feature of all GPR40 agonists. CPL207280 is a novel GPR40 agonist that improves diabetes in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats, Goto Kakizaki (GK) rats and db/db mice. In this report, the DILI-related toxicity of CPL207280 was compared directly with that of TAK-875. In vitro studies evaluating hepatic biliary transporter inhibition, mitochondrial function, and metabolic profiling were performed in hepatocytes from different species. The long term toxicity of CPL207280 was studied in vivo in rats and monkeys. Activity of CPL207280 was one order of magnitude lesser than that of TAK-875 for the inhibition of bile acid transporters. CPL207280 had a negligible effect on the hepatic mitochondria. In contrast to TAK-875, which was metabolized through toxic glucuronidation, CPL207280 was metabolized mainly through oxidation. No deleterious hepatic effects were observed in chronically treated healthy and diabetic animals. The study presents promising data on the feasibility of creating a liver-safe GPR40 agonist. Additionally, it can be concluded that DILI is not a hallmark of GPR40 agonists; it is linked to the intrinsic properties of an individual agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bazydlo-Guzenda
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Lomianki, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Buda
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Lomianki, Poland
| | - Mateusz Mach
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Lomianki, Poland
| | - Jerzy Pieczykolan
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Lomianki, Poland
| | - Izabela Kozlowska
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Lomianki, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Drzazga
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Lomianki, Poland
| | - Jakub Dominowski
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Lomianki, Poland
| | - Hubert Ziolkowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maciej Wieczorek
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Lomianki, Poland
| | - Shayne Cox Gad
- Gad Consulting Services, Raleigh, North Carolina Area, United States of America
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16
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Horgan C, O' Sullivan TP. Recent Developments in the Practical Application of Novel Carboxylic Acid Bioisosteres. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2203-2234. [PMID: 34420501 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210820112126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The carboxylic acid is an important functional group which features in the pharmacophore of some 450 drugs. Unfortunately, some carboxylic acid-containing drugs have been withdrawn from market due to unforeseen toxicity issues. Other issues associated with the carboxylate moiety include reduced metabolic stability or limited passive diffusion across biological membranes. Medicinal chemists often turn to bioisosteres to circumvent such obstacles. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the various applications of novel carboxylic acid bioisosteres which have appeared in the literature since 2013. RESULTS We have summarised the most recent developments in carboxylic acid bioisosterism. In particular, we focus on the changes in bioactivity, selectivity or physiochemical properties brought about by these substitutions, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each isostere. CONCLUSION The topics discussed herein highlight the continued interest in carboxylate bioisosteres. The development of novel carboxylic acid substitutes which display improved pharmacological profiles is testament to the innovation and creativity required to overcome the challenges faced in modern drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Horgan
- School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork. Ireland
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17
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Liu Q, Xiao HY, Batt DG, Xiao Z, Zhu Y, Yang MG, Li N, Yip S, Li P, Sun D, Wu DR, Ruzanov M, Sack JS, Weigelt CA, Wang J, Li S, Shuster DJ, Xie JH, Song Y, Sherry T, Obermeier MT, Fura A, Stefanski K, Cornelius G, Chacko S, Khandelwal P, Dudhgaonkar S, Rudra A, Nagar J, Murali V, Govindarajan A, Denton R, Zhao Q, Meanwell NA, Borzilleri R, Dhar TGM. Azatricyclic Inverse Agonists of RORγt That Demonstrate Efficacy in Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Psoriasis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:827-835. [PMID: 34055233 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship studies directed toward the replacement of the fused phenyl ring of the lead hexahydrobenzoindole RORγt inverse agonist series represented by 1 with heterocyclic moieties led to the identification of three novel aza analogs 5-7. The hexahydropyrrolo[3,2-f]quinoline series 5 (X = N, Y = Z=CH) showed potency and metabolic stability comparable to series 1 but with improved in vitro membrane permeability and serum free fraction. This structural modification was applied to the hexahydrocyclopentanaphthalene series 3, culminating in the discovery of 8e as a potent and selective RORγt inverse agonist with an excellent in vitro profile, good pharmacokinetic properties, and biologic-like in vivo efficacy in preclinical models of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjie Liu
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Hai-Yun Xiao
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Douglas G. Batt
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Zili Xiao
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Yeheng Zhu
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Michael G. Yang
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Shiuhang Yip
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Peng Li
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Dawn Sun
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Max Ruzanov
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - John S. Sack
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Carolyn A. Weigelt
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Jinhong Wang
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Sha Li
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - David J. Shuster
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Jenny H. Xie
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Yunling Song
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Tara Sherry
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Mary T. Obermeier
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Aberra Fura
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Kevin Stefanski
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Georgia Cornelius
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Silvi Chacko
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Purnima Khandelwal
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Shailesh Dudhgaonkar
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bengaluru 560099, India
| | - Anjuman Rudra
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bengaluru 560099, India
| | - Jignesh Nagar
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bengaluru 560099, India
| | - Venkata Murali
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bengaluru 560099, India
| | - Arun Govindarajan
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bengaluru 560099, India
| | - Rex Denton
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Qihong Zhao
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Robert Borzilleri
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - T. G. Murali Dhar
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
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18
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Ma J, Risher N, Northcutt V, Moon YC, Weetall M, Welch E, Colacino J, Almstead N, Kong R. Ataluren metabolism: Ataluren-O-1β-acyl glucuronide is a stable circulating metabolite in mouse, rat, dog and human. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 38:100393. [PMID: 33872944 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ataluren is an aromatic acid derivative with a 1,2,4-oxodiazole moiety. Ataluren-O-1β-acyl glucuronide is a prominent circulatory metabolite in mice, rats, dogs, and humans following oral administration of ataluren. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the stability in vitro and in vivo of ataluren-O-1β-acyl glucuronide metabolite. Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods were developed to separate and monitor ataluren-O-1β-acyl glucuronide and its possible migration isomers. In vitro stability was assessed in phosphate buffered saline as well as in control rat and human plasma. The disappearance of ataluren-O-1β-acyl glucuronide and the formation of migration isomers were monitored by the ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods. In vitro, ataluren-O-1β-acyl glucuronide underwent isomerization with an estimated half-life of approximately 1 h. However, ataluren-O-1β-acyl glucuronide was stable and was the only detectable acyl glucuronide following oral administration of ataluren in mice, rats, dogs, and humans using the same analytical methods. Ataluren acyl glucuronide in mouse, rat, dog, and human plasma could be hydrolyzed by β-glucuronidase, further confirming the structure of O-1β-acyl glucuronide. These results demonstrated that ataluren-O-1β-acyl glucuronide did not undergo migration in vivo. No clinical safety concern related to ataluren-O-1β-acyl glucuronide migration has been detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Ma
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Ellen Welch
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, USA.
| | | | | | - Ronald Kong
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, USA.
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19
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Liu Q, Batt DG, Weigelt CA, Yip S, Wu DR, Ruzanov M, Sack JS, Wang J, Yarde M, Li S, Shuster DJ, Xie JH, Sherry T, Obermeier MT, Fura A, Stefanski K, Cornelius G, Khandelwal P, Tino JA, Macor JE, Salter-Cid L, Denton R, Zhao Q, Dhar TGM. Novel Tricyclic Pyroglutamide Derivatives as Potent RORγt Inverse Agonists Identified using a Virtual Screening Approach. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2510-2518. [PMID: 33335675 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Employing a virtual screening approach, we identified the pyroglutamide moiety as a nonacid replacement for the cyclohexanecarboxylic acid group which, when coupled to our previously reported conformationally locked tricyclic core, provided potent and selective RORγt inverse agonists. Structure-activity relationship optimization of the pyroglutamide moiety led to the identification of compound 18 as a potent and selective RORγt inverse agonist, albeit with poor aqueous solubility. We took advantage of the tertiary carbinol group in 18 to synthesize a phosphate prodrug, which provided good solubility, excellent exposures in mouse PK studies, and significant efficacy in a mouse model of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjie Liu
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Douglas G. Batt
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Carolyn A. Weigelt
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Shiuhang Yip
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Max Ruzanov
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - John S. Sack
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Jinhong Wang
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Melissa Yarde
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Sha Li
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - David J. Shuster
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Jenny H. Xie
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Tara Sherry
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Mary T. Obermeier
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Aberra Fura
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Kevin Stefanski
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Georgia Cornelius
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Purnima Khandelwal
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Joseph A. Tino
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - John E. Macor
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Luisa Salter-Cid
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Rex Denton
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Qihong Zhao
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - T. G. Murali Dhar
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
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20
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Laue H, Badertscher RP, Hostettler L, Weiner-Sekiya Y, Haupt T, Nordone A, Adamson GM, Natsch A. Benzoyl-CoA conjugate accumulation as an initiating event for male reprotoxic effects in the rat? Structure-activity analysis, species specificity, and in vivo relevance. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:4115-4129. [PMID: 33057782 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02918-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A number of para-substituted benzoic acids (p-BA) and chemicals metabolized to p-BA have been found to confer adverse effects in male rats on sperm viability, motility, and morphology. These effects are putatively associated with the metabolism of p-BA to toxic intermediates. We had shown that p-BA lead to accumulation of high levels of p-alkyl-benzoyl-CoA conjugates in plated primary rat hepatocytes. Here we further investigated the relevance of this metabolic pathway for the reprotoxic effects in rats and rabbits. We extended the structure-activity relationship to a set of 19 chemicals (nine reprotoxic and ten non-reprotoxic) and confirmed a very strong correlation between p-alkyl-benzoyl-CoA accumulation in rat hepatocytes and the toxic outcome. Species specificity was probed by comparing rat, rabbit and human hepatocytes, and p-benzoyl-CoA accumulation was found to be specific to the rat hepatocytes, not occurring in human hepatocytes. There was also very limited accumulation in hepatocytes from rabbits that are a non-responder species in in vivo studies. Tissues of rats treated with 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2-methylpropanal were analysed and p-isopropyl-benzoyl-CoA conjugates were detected in the liver and in the testes in animals at toxic doses indicating that the metabolism observed in vitro is relevant to the in vivo situation and the critical metabolite does also occur in the reproductive tissue. These multiple lines of evidence further support benzoyl-CoA accumulation as a key initiating event for a specific group of male reproductive toxicants, and indicate a species-specific effect in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Laue
- Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Kemptpark 50, 8310, Kemptthal, Switzerland.
| | - Remo P Badertscher
- Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Kemptpark 50, 8310, Kemptthal, Switzerland
| | - Lu Hostettler
- Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Kemptpark 50, 8310, Kemptthal, Switzerland
| | - Yumiko Weiner-Sekiya
- Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Kemptpark 50, 8310, Kemptthal, Switzerland
| | - Tina Haupt
- Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Kemptpark 50, 8310, Kemptthal, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Nordone
- Regulatory Affairs and Product Safety, Givaudan UK Ltd, Ashford, UK
| | - Gregory M Adamson
- Regulatory Affairs and Product Safety, Givaudan Fragrances, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Andreas Natsch
- Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Kemptpark 50, 8310, Kemptthal, Switzerland
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