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Okoyeocha EOM, Tewari-Singh N. Chloropicrin induced ocular injury: Biomarkers, potential mechanisms, and treatments. Toxicol Lett 2024; 396:70-80. [PMID: 38677567 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Ocular tissue, especially the cornea, is overly sensitive to chemical exposures. The availability and adoption of chemical threat agent chloropicrin (CP) is growing in the United States as a pesticide and fumigant; thereby increasing the risk of its use in warfare, terrorist attacks and non-intentional exposure. Exposure to CP results in immediate ocular, respiratory, and dermal injury; however, we lack knowledge on its mechanism of toxicity as well as of its breakdown products like chlorine and phosgene, and effective therapies are elusive. Herein, we have reviewed the recent findings on exposure route, toxicity and likely mechanisms of CP induced ocular toxicity based on other vesicating chemical warfare agents that cause ocular injury. We have focused on the implication of their toxicity and mechanistic outcomes in the ocular tissue, especially the cornea, which could be useful in the development of broad-spectrum effective therapeutic options. We have discussed on the potential countermeasures, overall hallmarks and challenges involved in studying ocular injuries from chemical threat agent exposures. Finally, we reviewed useful available technologies and methods that can assist in the identification of effective medical countermeasures for chemical threat agents related ocular injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezar O M Okoyeocha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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2
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Marzec J, Nadadur S. Countermeasures against Pulmonary Threat Agents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:560-567. [PMID: 37863486 PMCID: PMC10801713 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhaled toxicants are used for diverse purposes, ranging from industrial applications such as agriculture, sanitation, and fumigation to crowd control and chemical warfare, and acute exposure can induce lasting respiratory complications. The intentional release of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) during World War I caused life-long damage for survivors, and CWA use is outlawed by international treaties. However, in the past two decades, chemical warfare use has surged in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, with a shift toward lung toxicants. The potential use of industrial and agricultural chemicals in rogue activities is a major concern as they are often stored and transported near populated areas, where intentional or accidental release can cause severe injuries and fatalities. Despite laws and regulatory agencies that regulate use, storage, transport, emissions, and disposal, inhalational exposures continue to cause lasting lung injury. Industrial irritants (e.g., ammonia) aggravate the upper respiratory tract, causing pneumonitis, bronchoconstriction, and dyspnea. Irritant gases (e.g., acrolein, chloropicrin) affect epithelial barrier integrity and cause tissue damage through reactive intermediates or by direct adduction of cysteine-rich proteins. Symptoms of CWAs (e.g., chlorine gas, phosgene, sulfur mustard) progress from airway obstruction and pulmonary edema to acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which results in respiratory depression days later. Emergency treatment is limited to supportive care using bronchodilators to control airway constriction and rescue with mechanical ventilation to improve gas exchange. Complications from acute exposure can promote obstructive lung disease and/or pulmonary fibrosis, which require long-term clinical care. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Inhaled chemical threats are of growing concern in both civilian and military settings, and there is an increased need to reduce acute lung injury and delayed clinical complications from exposures. This minireview highlights our current understanding of acute toxicity and pathophysiology of a select number of chemicals of concern. It discusses potential early-stage therapeutic development as well as challenges in developing countermeasures applicable for administration in mass casualty situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqui Marzec
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Srikanth Nadadur
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Yin J, Li D, Zheng T, Wang X, Hu B, Wang P. Structural and functional alterations of intestinal flora in mice induced by halonitromethanes exposure. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:991818. [PMID: 36177464 PMCID: PMC9512649 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.991818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Halonitromethanes (HNMs) as one typical class of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have been widely found in drinking water and are receiving more and more attentions because of their high cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and developmental toxicity. However, the effects of HNMs exposure on the intestinal tract and intestinal flora remain unknown. This study comprehensively determined the effects of trichloronitromethane, bromonitromethane, and bromochloronitromethane exposure on the intestinal tract and intestinal flora. Results showed that the three HNMs induced intestinal oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Further, HNMs exposure could change the diversities and community structure of intestinal flora, thereby triggering intestinal flora dysbiosis, which might be associated with the intestinal damage such as oxidative stress and inflammation. The intestinal flora dysbiosis was accompanied with mark alterations in function of intestinal flora, such as carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolisms. This research provides a new insight into studying the toxicity of HNMs exposure based on intestinal flora, which will further improve the health risk assessment of DBPs in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dingxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianming Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Peifang Wang,
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Lim SK, Yoo J, Kim H, Lim YM, Kim W, Shim I, Kim HR, Kim P, Eom IC. Prediction of acute inhalation toxicity using cytotoxicity data from human lung epithelial cell lines. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:1038-1049. [PMID: 33085125 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent research on in vitro systems has focused on mimicking the in vivo situation of cells within the respiratory system. However, few studies have predicted inhalation toxicity using conventional and simple submerged two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models. We investigated the conventional submerged 2-D cell culture model as a method for the prediction of acute inhalation toxicity. Median lethal concentration (LC50 ) (rat, inhalation, 4 h) and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) (lung or bronchial cell, 24 h) data for 59 substances were obtained from the literature and by experiments. Cytotoxicity assays were performed on 44 substances with reported LC50 , but without IC50 , data to obtain the IC50 values. A weak correlation was observed between the IC50 and LC50 of all substances. Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and non-VOCs (NVOCs) (16 substances) with a water solubility of ≥1 g/L were strongly correlated between 24-h IC50 and 4-h LC50 , and this had an excellent predictive ability to distinguish between Categories 1-3 and 4 (Globally Harmonized System classification for acute inhalation toxicity). Our results suggest that the submerged 2-D cell culture model may be used to predict in vivo acute inhalation toxicity for substances with a water solubility of ≥1 g/L in SVOCs and NVOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Kwang Lim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jean Yoo
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haewon Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Mi Lim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilseob Shim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Ryong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilje Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ig-Chun Eom
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Pesonen M, Vähäkangas K. Chloropicrin-induced toxicity in the respiratory system. Toxicol Lett 2020; 323:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Goswami DG, Kant R, Ammar DA, Agarwal C, Gomez J, Agarwal R, Saba LM, Fritz KS, Tewari-Singh N. Toxic consequences and oxidative protein carbonylation from chloropicrin exposure in human corneal epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2020; 322:1-11. [PMID: 31884112 PMCID: PMC11249040 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chloropicrin (CP), a warfare agent now majorly used as a soil pesticide, is a strong irritating and lacrimating compound with devastating toxic effects. To elucidate the mechanism of its ocular toxicity, toxic effects of CP (0-100 μM) were studied in primary human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells. CP exposure resulted in reduced HCE cell viability and increased apoptotic cell death with an up-regulation of cleaved caspase-3 and poly ADP ribose polymerase indicating their contribution in CP-induced apoptotic cell death. Following CP exposure, cells exhibited increased expression of heme oxygenase-1, and phosphorylation of H2A.X and p53 as well as 4-hydroxynonenal adduct formation, suggesting oxidative stress, DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. CP also caused increases in mitogen activated protein kinase-c-Jun N-terminal kinase and inflammatory mediator cyclooxygenase-2. Proteomic analysis revealed an increase in the carbonylation of 179 proteins and enrichment of pathways (including proteasome pathway and catabolic process) in HCE cells following CP exposure. CP-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation can enhance protein carbonylation, prompting alterations in corneal epithelial proteins as well as perturbing signaling pathways resulting in toxic effects. Pathways and major processes identified following CP exposure could be lead-hit targets for further biochemical and molecular characterization as well as therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh G Goswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Rama Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - David A Ammar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Joe Gomez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Laura M Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Kristofer S Fritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA.
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Zhang T, Cai L, Xu B, Li X, Qiu W, Fu C, Zheng C. Sulfadiazine biodegradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium: Mechanism and degradation product identification. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124418. [PMID: 31369901 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic contaminants have become a severe environmental problem in recent years and finding effective ways to deal with this issue is of great importance. In this study, Phanerochaete chrysosporium was used to degrade sulfadiazine (SDZ), which is frequently detected in the culture medium of isolates from soil and surface water systems. The results demonstrate that 10 mg L-1 SDZ can be completely degraded by P. chrysosporium under conditions of pH 5.7 and 30 °C within 6 days. The Q-Exactive-MS/MS analysis identified and confirmed several different SDZ degradation intermediates, and four proposed degradation pathways of SDZ were deduced. Moreover, enzyme activity tests revealed that manganese peroxidase and ligninolytic peroxidase played important roles in SDZ degradation. Moreover, a transcriptome analysis method was performed to explore the mechanism and pathways of SDZ degradation by P. chrysosporium in greater detail. The results of GO and KEGG analysis strongly suggest that the metabolism pathway is significantly activated and plays an important role in antibiotic degradation. Further, this is the first study to identify SDZ degradation intermediates and two main intermediates were found to be involved in possible SDZ degradation pathways. This study is also the first report results from RNA sequencing to evaluate genome-wide changes of P. chrysosporium to further explore SDZ degradation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ling Cai
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, PR China, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Bentuo Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xicheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wenhui Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Caixia Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Yin J, Wu B, Liu S, Hu S, Gong T, Cherr GN, Zhang XX, Ren H, Xian Q. Rapid and complete dehalogenation of halonitromethanes in simulated gastrointestinal tract and its influence on toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:1147-1155. [PMID: 30223330 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Halonitromethanes (HNMs) as one typical class of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts in drinking water and wastewater are receiving attentions due to their high toxicity. This study applied a simulator of the human gastrointestinal tract to determine the dehalogenation processes of trichloronitromethane, bromonitromethane and bromochloronitromethane for the first time. Influence of digestion process of HNMs on gut microbiota and hepatotoxicity was further analyzed. Results showed that the three HNMs were rapidly and completely dehalogenated in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the stomach (2 h retention Time) and small intestine (4 h retention Time). Mucin, cysteine, pancreatin and bile salts in the digestive juice played major roles in the dehalogenation process. HNMs and their dehalogenation products in the resulting fluids of stomach induced the highest toxicity followed by those in intestine and colon, exhibiting dose-dependent effects. Although most HNMs were degraded in the stomach and small intestine, residual HNMs entered into colon changed the microbial community. Abundance of several genera, such as Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae_unassigned and Lactobacillus had high correlation with exposure concentration of HNMs. This study sheds new light on dehalogenation and toxic processes of HNMs by oral exposure, which provides basic data for their human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Su Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Shaoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Tingting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Gary N Cherr
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, Departments of Environmental Toxicology and Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xu-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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9
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Li X, Lv Y, Hao J, Sun H, Gao N, Zhang C, Lu R, Wang S, Yin L, Pu Y, Chen R. Role of microRNA-4516 involved autophagy associated with exposure to fine particulate matter. Oncotarget 2018; 7:45385-45397. [PMID: 27329587 PMCID: PMC5216729 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metals are vital toxic components of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Cellular responses to exposure to PM2.5 or PM metal components remain unknown. Post-transcriptional profiling and subsequent cell- and individual-based assays implied that the metal ion-binding miR-4516/RPL37/autophagy pathway could play a critical role in cellular responses to PM2.5 and PM metal stresses. miR-4516 was up-regulated in A549 cells exposed to PM2.5 and in the serum of individuals living in a city with moderate air pollution. The expression levels of the miR-4516 target genes, namely, RPL37 and UBA52, were involved in ribosome function and inhibited by exposure to PM2.5 and PM metal components. Autophagy in A549 cells was induced by PM2.5 exposure as a response to decreased RPL37 expression. Moreover, enhanced miR-4516 expression was positively correlated with the augmentation of the internal burden of aluminum and lead in individuals living in a city with moderate air pollution. Hereby, the miR-4516/RPL37/autophagy pathway may represent a novel mechanism that mediates responses to PM metal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yang Lv
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Jihong Hao
- Clinical Laboratory of The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Na Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Runze Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shizhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Pesonen M, Rysä J, Storvik M, Rilla K, Pasanen M, Vähäkangas K. Molecular targets of chloropicrin in human airway epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 42:247-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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