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Peng K, Liu Q, Wang N, Wang L, Duan X, Ding D. Association between smoking and alcohol drinking and benign adrenal tumors: a Mendelian randomization study. Endocrine 2024; 84:1206-1215. [PMID: 38409624 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03714-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the detection rate of adrenal tumors has increased, but it is unclear whether smoking and alcohol drinking are risk factors for benign adrenal tumors. The objective of this study is to employ Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the causal relationship between smoking, alcohol drinking and susceptibility to benign adrenal tumors. METHODS We acquired large-scale data from publicly accessible databases on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) pertaining to smoking, alcohol drinking and benign adrenal tumors. A total of 11 sets of instrumental variables (IVs) and 281 associated single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) loci were identified. The Mendelian randomization analyses were conducted using inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR-Egger regression and weighted median estimation (WME) methods, in addition to sensitivity analyses. RESULTS There is no causal relationship between smoking status, alcohol drinking status, alcohol intake frequency, alcohol taken with meals, alcohol consumption and benign adrenal tumors, while pack years of smoking and cigarettes per day are risk factors for benign adrenal tumors. The IVW analysis revealed that both the pack years of smoking and cigarettes per day were positively associated with an increased risk of benign adrenal tumors (OR = 2.853, 95%CI = 1.384-5.878, p = 0.004; OR = 1.543, 95%CI = 1.147-2.076, p = 0.004). Two SNPs (rs8042849 in the analysis of pack years of smoking and rs8034191 in the analysis of cigarettes per day) significantly drove the observed causal effects. CONCLUSION Two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis showed a causal effect between smoking but not alcohol consumption and benign adrenal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Peng
- Department of Urology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Qingyuan Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Lingdian Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Xiaoyu Duan
- Department of Urology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Degang Ding
- Department of Urology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
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2
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Pang L, Ding Z, Chai H, Li F, Wu M, Shuang W. Causal relationship between smoking status, smoking frequency and bladder cancer: a Mendelian randomization study. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:203-213. [PMID: 36508086 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-022-01346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is a well-established risk factor for bladder cancer. However, it remained unclear that whether smoke status and smoke frequency increase bladder cancer. OBJECTIVE We aim to explore the causal relationship between smoking status, smoking frequency and the risk of bladder cancer by Mendelian randomization. METHODS Large sample size of the genome-wide association(GWAS) database of smoking status, smoking frequency and bladder cancer were obtained. Smoking status included never, previous and current whereas smoking frequency included cigarettes smoked per day, number of cigarettes currently smoked daily and pack years of smoking. Six sets of instrumental variables and 78 related single nucleotide polymorphic(SNP) loci were identified (P < 5 × 10-8. Linkage disequilibrium R2 < 0.001). The causal relationship between smoking status and bladder tumor was studied by inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted median and MR-Egger regression. Sensitivity analysis were also performed. RESULTS There is no causal effect from smoke status on bladder cancer risk while significantly positive relationship between smoking frequency on bladder cancer risk were found. IVW results showed that cigarettes smoked per day, number of cigarettes currently smoked daily and pack years of smoking increase bladder cancer (OR 1.001, 95% CI 1.000-1.002, P = 0.047; OR 1.003, 95% CI 1.000-1.005, P = 0.028; OR 1.004, 95% CI 1.001-1.006, P = 0.003). Sensitivity analysis showed that genetic pleiotropy did not bias the results. CONCLUSION The results of two sample Mendelian randomization analysis show that there is a positive causal relationship between smoking frequency and the risk of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pang
- Fifth hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital), Urology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Urology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zijun Ding
- Shanxi children's Hospital, Neonatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Hongqiang Chai
- Fifth hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital), Urology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Fei Li
- Fifth hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital), Urology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Fifth hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital), Urology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Weibing Shuang
- First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Urology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China. .,First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China.
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3
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Metabolic Evidence Rather Than Amounts of Red or Processed Meat as a Risk on Korean Colorectal Cancer. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11070462. [PMID: 34357356 PMCID: PMC8303103 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has increased in Korea, a newly-industrialized Asian country, with the dramatic increase of meat intake. To assess the risks of red or processed meat consumption on CRC, we performed a case-control study with biological monitoring of urinary1-OHP, PhIP, and MeIQx for the meat exposure; dG-C8 MeIQx and dG-C8 PhIP for HCA-induced DNA adducts; and homocysteine and C-reactive protein (CRP) in blood as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and 31fatty acids in urine for inflammation and lipid alteration. We further analyzed global DNA methylation and expression of 15 CRC-related genes. As a result, the consumption of red or processed meat was not higher in the cases than in the controls. However, urinary MeIQx and PhIP were associated with the intake of red meat and urinary 1-OHP. MDA and multiple fatty acids were related to the exposure biomarkers. Most of the 31 fatty acids and multiple saturated fatty acids were higher in the cases than in the controls. Finally, the cases showed upregulation of PTGS2, which is related to pro-inflammatory fatty acids. This study describes indirect mechanisms of CRC via lipid alteration with a series of processes including exposure to red meat, alteration of fatty acids, and relevant gene expression.
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Hausman-Cohen SR, Hausman-Cohen LJ, Williams GE, Bilich CE. Genomics of Detoxification: How Genomics can be Used for Targeting Potential Intervention and Prevention Strategies Including Nutrition for Environmentally Acquired Illness. J Am Coll Nutr 2021; 39:94-102. [PMID: 32027241 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1713654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to their genomic variants, some individuals are more highly affected by toxicants than others. Toxicant metabolizing and activating variants have been linked with a wide variety of health issues including an increased risk of miscarriages, birth defects, Alzheimer's, benzene toxicity, mercury toxicity and cancer. The study of genomics allows a clinician to identify pathways that are less effective and then gives the clinician the opportunity to counsel their patients about diet, supplements and lifestyle modifications that can improve the function of these pathways or compensate to some extent for their deficits. This article will review a few of these critical pathways relating to phase I and phase 2 detox such as GSTP1, GPX1, GSTT1 deletions, PON1 and some of the CYP 450 system as examples of how an individual's genomic vulnerabilities to toxicants can be addressed by upregulating or downregulating specific pathways via genomically targeted use of foods, supplements and lifestyle changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carol E Bilich
- Resilient Health Austin and IntellxxDNATM, Austin, Texas, USA
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5
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Savinova O, Yerzhanova M. Heterocyclic aromatic amines in food as mutagenesis factors. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Savinova
- Department of Pharmacy I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Mira Yerzhanova
- Department of Automation and Telecommunications M.Kh. Dulaty Taraz State University Taraz Kazakhstan
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6
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Zhang L, Wang L, Li Y, Xia Y, Chang CM, Xia B, Sosnoff CS, Pine BN, deCastro BR, Blount BC. Evaluation of Tobacco Smoke and Diet as Sources of Exposure to Two Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines for the U.S. Population: NHANES 2013-2014. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:103-111. [PMID: 31575556 PMCID: PMC6954285 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) are a group of hazardous substances produced during combustion of tobacco or high-temperature cooking of meats. 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) is a major carcinogenic HAA in tobacco smoke. METHODS Urinary AαC, used as a marker of AαC exposure, was analyzed on spot urine samples from adult participants of the 2013-2014 cycle of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 1,792). AαC was measured using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Exclusive combusted tobacco smokers were differentiated from nonusers of tobacco products through both self-report and serum cotinine data. RESULTS Among exclusive smokers, sample-weighted median urinary AαC was 40 times higher than nonusers. Sample-weighted regression models showed that urinary AαC increased significantly with serum cotinine among both exclusive tobacco users and nonusers with secondhand smoke exposure. Among nonusers, eating beef cooked at high temperature was associated with a significant increase in urinary AαC, whereas consuming vegetables was associated with decreased AαC. In addition, smoking one-half pack of cigarettes per day was associated with a significant increase of 23.6 pg AαC/mL calculated at geometric mean of AαC, controlling for potential confounders. In comparison, increase in AαC attributable to consuming the 99th percentile of beef cooked at high temperature was 0.99 pg AαC/mL. CONCLUSIONS Both exclusive smokers and nonusers of tobacco in the general U.S. population are exposed to AαC from tobacco smoke, with additional, lesser contributions from certain dietary components. IMPACT AαC is an important biomarker that is associated with tobacco smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yao Li
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yang Xia
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cindy M Chang
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Baoyun Xia
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Connie S Sosnoff
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Brittany N Pine
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - B Rey deCastro
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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7
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Bellamri M, Wang Y, Yonemori K, White KK, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L, Turesky RJ. Biomonitoring an albumin adduct of the cooked meat carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine in humans. Carcinogenesis 2019; 39:1455-1462. [PMID: 30247550 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is formed in cooked meats and may be linked to dietary-associated colorectal, prostate and mammary cancers. Genotoxic N-oxidized metabolites of PhIP react with the Cys34 of albumin (Alb) to form a sulfinamide adduct, a biomarker of the biologically effective dose. We examined the kinetics of PhIP-Alb adduct formation in plasma of volunteers on a 4-week semicontrolled diet of cooked meat containing known quantities of PhIP. The adduct was below the limit of detection (LOD) (10 femtograms PhIP/mg Alb) in most subjects before the meat feeding but increased by up to 560-fold at week 4 in subjects who ate meat containing 8.0 to 11.7 μg of PhIP per 150-200 g serving. In contrast, the adduct remained below the LOD in subjects who ingested 1.2 or 3.0 μg PhIP per serving. Correlations were not seen between PhIP-Alb adduct levels and PhIP intake levels (P = 0.76), the amount of PhIP accrued in hair (P = 0.13), the amounts of N-oxidized urinary metabolites of PhIP (P = 0.66) or caffeine CYP1A2 activity (P = 0.55), a key enzyme involved in the bioactivation of PhIP. The half-life of the PhIP-Alb adduct was <2 weeks, signifying that the adduct was not stable. PhIP-Alb adduct formation is direct evidence of bioactivation of PhIP in vivo. However, the PhIP hair biomarker is a longer lived and more sensitive biomarker to assess exposure to this potential human carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medjda Bellamri
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical Science Building, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kim Yonemori
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kami K White
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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8
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Guo J, Villalta PW, Weight CJ, Bonala R, Johnson F, Rosenquist TA, Turesky RJ. Targeted and Untargeted Detection of DNA Adducts of Aromatic Amine Carcinogens in Human Bladder by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1382-1397. [PMID: 30387604 PMCID: PMC6424598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have linked aromatic amines (AAs) from tobacco smoke and some occupational exposures with bladder cancer risk. Several epidemiological studies have also reported a plausible role for structurally related heterocyclic aromatic amines present in tobacco smoke or formed in cooked meats with bladder cancer risk. DNA adduct formation is an initial biochemical event in bladder carcinogenesis. We examined paired fresh-frozen (FR) and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) nontumor bladder tissues from 41 bladder cancer patients for DNA adducts of 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), a bladder carcinogen present in tobacco smoke, and 2-amino-9 H-pyrido[2,3- b]indole, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5- b]pyridine and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5- f]quinoxaline, possible human carcinogens, which occur in tobacco smoke and cooked meats. These chemicals are present in urine of tobacco smokers or omnivores. Targeted DNA adduct measurements were done by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization multistage hybrid Orbitrap MS. N-(2'-Deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4-ABP ( N-(dG-C8)-4-ABP) was the sole adduct detected in FR and FFPE bladder tissues. Twelve subjects (29%) had N-(dG-C8)-4-ABP levels above the limit of quantification, ranging from 1.4 to 33.8 adducts per 109 nucleotides (nt). DNA adducts of other human AA bladder carcinogens, including 2-naphthylamine (2-NA), 2-methylaniline (2-MA), 2,6-dimethylaniline (2,6-DMA), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) adducts, were screened for in bladder tissue, by our untargeted data-independent adductomics method, termed wide-selected ion monitoring (wide-SIM)/MS2. Wide-SIM/MS2 successfully detected N-(dG-C8)-4-ABP, N-(2'-deoxyadenosin-8-yl)-4-ABP and the presumed hydrazo linked adduct, N-(2'-deoxyguanosin- N2-yl)-4-ABP, and several LPO adducts in bladder DNA. Wide-SIM/MS2 detected multiple DNA adducts of 2-NA, 2-MA, and, 2,6-DMA, when calf thymus DNA was modified with reactive intermediates of these carcinogens. However, these AA-adducts were below the limit of detection in unspiked human bladder DNA (<1 adduct per 108 nt). Wide-SIM/MS2 can screen for many types of DNA adducts formed with exogenous and endogenous electrophiles and will be employed to identify DNA adducts of other chemicals that may contribute to the etiology of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Guo
- Masonic Cancer Center, College of Pharmacy, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Peter W. Villalta
- Masonic Cancer Center, College of Pharmacy, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Christopher J. Weight
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Radha Bonala
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Francis Johnson
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Thomas A. Rosenquist
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, College of Pharmacy, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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Jiang Y, Yu SW, Yang Y, Liu YL, Xu XY, Zhang XM, Yuan WC. Facile synthesis of fused polycyclic compounds via intramolecular oxidative cyclization/aromatization of β-tetralone or β-tetralone oximes. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:9003-9010. [PMID: 30422145 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02031k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A mild and efficient NBS promoted intramolecular oxidative cyclization/aromatization of β-tetralone oximes has been explored. Under the optimized conditions, fused α-carbolines containing pentacyclic rings were obtained in moderate to good yields. Furthermore, various benzo[5,6]chromeno[2,3-b]indoles were successfully synthesized in moderate yields from β-tetralones using slightly modified conditions. We proposed a possible reaction pathway based on the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China.
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10
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Jain RB. Concentrations of selected heterocyclic aromatic amines among US population aged ≥ 6 years: data from NHANES 2013-2014. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:19859-19874. [PMID: 29737487 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for US population aged ≥ 6 years for 2013-2014 were used to analyze data for four heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAA), namely 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhlP), harman, and norharman. Data were analyzed separately for children aged 6-11 years (N = 416), adolescents aged 12-19 years (N = 475), adults aged 20-64 years (N = 1913), and seniors aged ≥ 65 years (N = 458). Adult males had lower concentrations of AαC and harman than adult females (1.44 vs. 2.22 pg/mL for AαC, p < 0.01 and 136.8 vs. 163.2 pg/mL for harman, p = 0.04). Racial/ethnic differences were observed in the adjusted concentrations of HCAAs. For adults, adjusted concentrations of HCAAs were lower for non-Hispanic Asians and Hispanics as compared to non-Hispanic blacks and whites. For example for AαC, the adjusted concentrations for non-Hispanic Asians, Hispanics, non-Hispanic blacks and whites were 1.16, 2.00, 2.37, and 2.16 pg/mL respectively. Adjusted concentrations of AαC were found to be lower among nonsmokers as compared to smokers for adolescents (0.34 vs. 1.32 pg/mL, p < 0.01), adults (0.40 vs. 7.91 pg/mL, p < 0.01), and seniors (0.30 vs. 4.29 pg/mL, p < 0.01). For both harman and norharman, adult nonsmokers had lower adjusted concentrations than smokers (125.7 vs. 177.6 pg/mL, p < 0.01 for harman, 296.1 vs. 421.6 pg/mL, p < 001, for norharman). Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke was found to be associated with higher concentrations of AαC among adolescents (p = 0.01) and adults (p = 0.01) and for harman (p = 0.01) and norharman (p = 0.01) among seniors. In conclusion, concentrations of selected HCAAs can be several fold higher among smokers as compared to nonsmokers and gender as well as race/ethnicity also affect the observed concentrations of HCAA.
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11
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Sayyed K, Le Vee M, Abdel-Razzak Z, Fardel O. Inhibition of organic anion transporter (OAT) activity by cigarette smoke condensate. Toxicol In Vitro 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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Cai T, Bellamri M, Ming X, Koh WP, Yu MC, Turesky RJ. Quantification of Hemoglobin and White Blood Cell DNA Adducts of the Tobacco Carcinogens 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole and 4-Aminobiphenyl Formed in Humans by Nanoflow Liquid Chromatography/Ion Trap Multistage Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1333-1343. [PMID: 28493705 PMCID: PMC5550894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic amines covalently bound to hemoglobin (Hb) as sulfinamide adducts at the cysteine 93 residue of the Hb β chain have served as biomarkers to assess exposure to this class of human carcinogens for the past 30 years. In this study, we report that 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC), an abundant carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amine formed in tobacco smoke and charred cooked meats, also reacts with Hb to form a sulfinamide adduct. A novel nanoflow liquid chromatography/ion trap multistage mass spectrometry (nanoLC-IT/MS3) method was established to assess exposure to AαC and the tobacco-associated bladder carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) through their Hb sulfinamide adducts. Following mild acid hydrolysis of Hb in vitro, the liberated AαC and 4-ABP were derivatized with acetic anhydride to form the N-acetylated amines, which were measured by nanoLC-IT/MS3. The limits of quantification (LOQ) for AαC- and 4-ABP-Hb sulfinamide adducts were ≤7.1 pg/g Hb. In a pilot study, the mean level of Hb sulfinamide adducts of AαC and 4-ABP were, respectively, 3.4-fold and 4.8-fold higher in smokers (>20 cigarettes/day) than nonsmokers. In contrast, the major DNA adducts of 4-ABP, N-(2'-deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4-aminobiphenyl, and AαC, N-(2'-deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole, were below the LOQ (3 adducts per 109 bases) in white blood cell (WBC) DNA of smokers and nonsmokers. These findings reaffirm that tobacco smoke is a major source of exposure to AαC. Hb sulfinamide adducts are suitable biomarkers to biomonitor 4-ABP and AαC; however, neither carcinogen binds to DNA in WBC, even in heavy smokers, at levels sufficient for biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cai
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
| | - Medjda Bellamri
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
| | - Xun Ming
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Department of Clinical Sciences, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117549
| | - Mimi C. Yu
- Norris Cancer Center and Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States, 90033 “Retired.”
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
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13
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Bellamri M, Le Hegarat L, Turesky RJ, Langouët S. Metabolism of the Tobacco Carcinogen 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) in Primary Human Hepatocytes. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:657-668. [PMID: 27976871 PMCID: PMC5439433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) is the most abundant carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amine (HAA) formed in mainstream tobacco smoke. AαC is a liver carcinogen in rodents, but its carcinogenic potential in humans is not known. To obtain a better understanding of the genotoxicity of AαC in humans, we have investigated its metabolism and its ability to form DNA adducts in human hepatocytes. Primary human hepatocytes were treated with AαC at doses ranging from 0.1-50 μM, and the metabolites were characterized by ultra-performance LC/ion trap multistage mass spectrometry (UPLC/MSn). Six major metabolites were identified: a ring-oxidized doubly conjugated metabolite, N2-acetyl-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole-6-yl-oxo-(β-d-glucuronic acid) (N2-acetyl-AαC-6-O-Gluc); two ring-oxidized glucuronide (Gluc) conjugates: 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-3-yl-oxo-(β-d-glucuronic acid) (AαC-3-O-Gluc) and 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-6-yl-oxo-(β-d-glucuronic acid) (AαC-6-O-Gluc); two sulfate conjugates, 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-3-yl sulfate (AαC-3-O-SO3H) and 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-6-yl sulfate (AαC-6-O-SO3H); and the Gluc conjugate, N2-(β-d-glucosidurony1)-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC-N2-Gluc). In addition, four minor metabolites were identified: N2-acetyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-3-yl sulfate (N2-acetyl-AαC-3-O-SO3H), N2-acetyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-6-yl sulfate (N2-acetyl-AαC-6-O-SO3H), N2-acetyl-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-3-yl-oxo-(β-d-glucuronic acid) (N2-acetyl-AαC-3-O-Gluc), and O-(β-d-glucosidurony1)-2-hydroxyamino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC-HN2-O-Gluc). The latter metabolite, AαC-HN2-O-Gluc is a reactive intermediate that binds to DNA to form the covalent adduct N-(2'-deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (dG-C8-AαC). Preincubation of hepatocytes with furafylline, a selective mechanism-based inhibitor of P450 1A2, resulted in a strong decrease in the formation of AαC-HN2-O-Gluc and a concomitant decrease in DNA adduct formation. Our findings describe the major pathways of metabolism of AαC in primary human hepatocytes and reveal the importance of N-acetylation and glucuronidation in metabolism of AαC. P450 1A2 is a major isoform involved in the bioactivation of AαC to form the reactive AαC-HN2-O-Gluc conjugate and AαC-DNA adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medjda Bellamri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1085, Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Université de Rennes 1, UMS 3480 Biosit, F-35043 Rennes, France
- ANSES Laboratoire de Fougères, La Haute Marche-Javené, BP 90203, 350302 Fougères, France
| | - Ludovic Le Hegarat
- ANSES Laboratoire de Fougères, La Haute Marche-Javené, BP 90203, 350302 Fougères, France
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiology Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sophie Langouët
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1085, Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Université de Rennes 1, UMS 3480 Biosit, F-35043 Rennes, France
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14
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Hu K, Zhao G, Fu Y, Wang S, Yuan H, Xie F, Zhang S, Liu H, Liu M. Screening and identification of the main metabolites of 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) in liver microsomes and rat urine by using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1046:110-121. [PMID: 28157663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC), which has been reported to be 40-258ng per cigarette, was regarded as a probable human carcinogen (Group 2B) and harmful composition in Hoffman list. Thus, it is of great significance to develop an effective method for the accurate identification of AαC and its metabolites. In the present study, we have investigated for the first time the in vivo and in vitro metabolites of AαC using ultra performance liquid chromatography combined with diode array detector and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). A comparative study showed that the metabolic patterns of AαC in beagle, mouse, rat and human liver microsomes were of significant difference with these in rat urine. For the metabolism of AαC in liver microsomes, nine metabolites of AαC, including five hydroxy metabolites, two quinone metabolites and two N-dimer metabolites, have been found. However, metabolism of AαC in rats is a phase II process with complex enzyme catalysis, 23 metabolites including C- and N-oxidation, O- and N-glycosylation, O- and N-sulfonation, and N-acetylation were identified in rat urine. In addition, five new N-acetyl-AαC-OH metabolites were identified for the first time, indicating a possible new pathway for the metabolism. This study significantly enriched our knowledge about the metabolism of AαC, and will be useful for a better understanding of its harmfulness and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China; School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ge Zhao
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yufeng Fu
- Technology Center of Henan Tobacco Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Fuwei Xie
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Minying Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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15
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Abstract
2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) are carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) that arise during the burning of tobacco and cooking of meats. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) detoxicate many procarcinogens and their metabolites. The genotoxic N-hydroxylated metabolite of AαC, 2-hydroxyamino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (HONH-AαC), undergoes glucuronidation to form the isomeric glucuronide (Gluc) conjugates N(2)-(β-d-glucosidurony1)-2-hydroxyamino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC-HON(2)-Gluc) and O-(β-d-glucosidurony1)-2-hydroxyamino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC-HN(2)-O-Gluc). AαC-HON(2)-Gluc is a stable metabolite but AαC-HN(2)-O-Gluc is a biologically reactive intermediate, which covalently adducts to DNA at levels that are 20-fold higher than HONH-AαC. We measured the rates of formation of AαC-HON(2)-Gluc and AαC-HN(2)-O-Gluc in human organs: highest activity occurred with liver and kidney microsomes, and lesser activity was found with colon and rectum microsomes. AαC-HN(2)-O-Gluc formation was largely diminished in liver and kidney microsomes, by niflumic acid, a selective inhibitor UGT1A9. In contrast, AαC-HON(2)-Gluc formation was less affected and other UGT contribute to N(2)-glucuronidation of HONH-AαC. UGT were reported to catalyze the formation of isomeric Gluc conjugates at the N(2) and N3 atoms of 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (HONH-PhIP), the genotoxic metabolite of PhIP. However, we found that the N3-Gluc of HONH-PhIP also covalently bound to DNA at higher levels than HONH-PhIP. The product ion spectra of this Gluc conjugate acquired by ion trap mass spectrometry revealed that the Gluc moiety was linked to the oxygen atom of HONH-PhIP and not the N3 imidazole atom of the oxime tautomer of HONH-PhIP as was originally proposed. UGT1A9, an abundant UGT isoform expressed in human liver and kidney, preferentially forms the O-linked Gluc conjugates of HONH-AαC and HONH-PhIP as opposed to their detoxicated N(2)-Gluc isomers. The regioselective O-glucuronidation of HONH-AαC and HONH-PhIP, by UGT1A9, is a mechanism of bioactivation of these ubiquitous HAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cai
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
| | - Lihua Yao
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
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