1
|
Chen YC, Hsu JF, Chang CW, Li SW, Yang YC, Chao MR, Chen HJC, Liao PC. Connecting chemical exposome to human health using high-resolution mass spectrometry-based biomonitoring: Recent advances and future perspectives. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:2466-2486. [PMID: 36062854 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Compared with the rapid advances in genomics leading to broad understanding of human disease, the linkage between chemical exposome and diseases is still under investigation. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is expected to accelerate the process via relatively accurate and precise biomonitoring of human exposome. This review covers recent advancements in biomonitoring of exposed environmental chemicals (chemical exposome) using HRMS described in the 124 articles that resulted from a systematic literature search on Medline and Web of Science databases. The analytical strategic aspects, including the selection of specimens, sample preparation, instrumentation, untargeted versus targeted analysis, and workflows for MS-based biomonitoring to explore the environmental chemical space of human exposome, are deliberated. Applications of HRMS in human exposome investigation are presented by biomonitoring (1) exposed chemical compounds and their biotransformation products; (2) DNA/protein adducts; and (3) endogenous compound perturbations. Challenges and future perspectives are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chih Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Fang Hsu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wen Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chi Yang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Rong Chao
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hauh-Jyun C Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Chi Liao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen HJC. Mass Spectrometry Analysis of DNA and Protein Adducts as Biomarkers in Human Exposure to Cigarette Smoking: Acrolein as an Example. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:132-140. [PMID: 36626705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Acrolein is a major component in cigarette smoke and a product of endogenous lipid peroxidation. It is difficult to distinguish human exposure to acrolein from exogenous sources versus endogenous causes, as components in cigarette smoke can stimulate lipid peroxidation in vivo. Therefore, analysis of acrolein-induced DNA and protein adducts by the highly accurate, sensitive, and specific mass spectrometry-based methods is vital to estimate the degree of damage by this IARC Group 2A carcinogen. This Perspective reviews the analyses of acrolein-induced DNA and protein adducts in humans by mass spectrometry focusing on samples accessible for biomonitoring, including DNA from leukocytes and oral cells and abundant proteins from blood, i.e., hemoglobin and serum albumin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hauh-Jyun Candy Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nano Bio-Detection (AIM-HI), National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62142, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen HJC, Cheng SW, Chen NY, Wu DC. Characterization and Quantification of Acrolein-Induced Modifications in Hemoglobin by Mass Spectrometry─Effect of Cigarette Smoking. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:2260-2270. [PMID: 36367988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to acrolein, the smallest α, β-unsaturated aldehyde, in humans originates from cigarette smoking and other environmental sources, food cooking, and endogenous lipid peroxidation and metabolism. The protein modification caused by acrolein is associated with various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, acrolein-modified human hemoglobin was reduced by sodium borohydride. Thus, three types of modifications, that is, Schiff base, Michael addition, and formyl-dehydropiperidion adducts, were converted to the corresponding stable adducts, leading to mass increases of 40.0313, 58.0419, and 96.0575 Da, respectively. These stable acrolein-modified hemoglobin peptides were identified by nanoflow liquid chromatography coupled to a high-resolution nanoelectrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Among the 26 different types and sites of modifications, 15 of them showed a dose-dependent increase with increasing concentrations of acrolein. To investigate the role of acrolein-induced modifications in smoking and oral cancer, the 15 dose-responsive acrolein-modified peptides, together with three ethylated peptides previously identified, were quantified in oral cancer patients, healthy smokers, and healthy nonsmokers. The results reveal that the relative extents of the Michael-type adduct at α-Lys-16, α-His-50, and β-Lys-59 are significantly higher in smokers (oral cancer and healthy) than in nonsmokers. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of these peptides range from 0.7500 to 0.9375, indicating the ability to discriminate smokers from nonsmokers. Additionally, these acrolein-modified peptides correlate with three ethylated peptides at the N-termini of α- and β-globin, as well as β-His-77, and with the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Therefore, measuring the reduced Michael adducts at α-Lys-16, α-His-50, and β-Lys-59 of hemoglobin from one drop of blood by this sensitive and specific method may reflect the increase of acrolein exposure due to cigarette smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hauh-Jyun Candy Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nano Bio-Detection (AIM-HI), National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi62142, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nano Bio-Detection (AIM-HI), National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi62142, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Ying Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nano Bio-Detection (AIM-HI), National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi62142, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung80708, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung80708, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen HJC, Chen CY, Fang YH, Hung KW, Wu DC. Malondialdehyde-Induced Post-translational Modifications in Hemoglobin of Smokers by NanoLC-NSI/MS/MS Analysis. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2947-2957. [PMID: 36375001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the most abundant α,β-unsaturated aldehyde generated from endogenous peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and is present in cigarette smoke. Post-translational modifications of blood hemoglobin can serve as biomarkers for exposure to chemicals. In this study, two types of MDA-induced modifications, the N-propenal and the dihydropyridine (DHP), were identified at multiple sites in human hemoglobin digest by the high-resolution mass spectrometry. The N-propenal and the DHP types of modification led to the increase of 54.0106 and 134.0368 amu, respectively, at the N-terminal and lysine residues. Among the 21 MDA-modified peptides, 14 with dose-response to MDA concentrations were simultaneously quantified in study subjects by the nanoflow liquid chromatography nanoelectrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry under selected reaction monitoring (nanoLC-NSI-MS/MS-SRM) without prior enrichment. The results showed that the modifications of the N-propenal-type at α-Lys-11, α-Lys-16, α-Lys-61, β-Lys-8, and β-Lys-17, as well as the DHP-type at the α-N-terminal valine, are significantly higher in hemoglobin isolated from the blood of smokers than in nonsmoking individuals. This is the first report to identify and quantify multiple sites of MDA-induced modifications in human hemoglobin from peripheral blood. Our results suggest that the MDA-derived modifications on hemoglobin might represent valuable biomarkers for MDA-induced protein damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hauh-Jyun Candy Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nano Bio-Detection (AIM-HI), National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi62142, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Yi Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nano Bio-Detection (AIM-HI), National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi62142, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nano Bio-Detection (AIM-HI), National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi62142, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wei Hung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nano Bio-Detection (AIM-HI), National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi62142, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung80756, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung807, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu DC, Yang TC, Hu SX, Candy Chen HJ. Multiple oxidative and advanced oxidative modifications of hemoglobin in gastric cancer patients measured by nanoflow LC-MS/MS. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 531:137-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
6
|
Sinha I, Modesto J, Krebs NM, Stanley AE, Walter VA, Richie JP, Muscat JE, Sinha R. Changes in salivary proteome before and after cigarette smoking in smokers compared to sham smoking in nonsmokers: A pilot study. Tob Induc Dis 2021; 19:56. [PMID: 34239408 PMCID: PMC8240953 DOI: 10.18332/tid/138336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking is the leading cause of preventable disease. Although smoking results in an acute effect of relaxation and positive mood through dopamine release, smoking is thought to increase stress symptoms such as heart rate and blood pressure from nicotine-induced effects on the HPA axis and increased cortisol. Despite the importance in understanding the mechanisms in smoking maintenance, little is known about the overall protein and physiological response to smoking. There may be multiple functions involved that if identified might help in improving methods for behavioral and pharmacological interventions. Therefore, our goal for this pilot study was to identify proteins in the saliva that change in response to an acute smoking event versus acute sham smoking event in smokers and non-smokers, respectively. METHODS We employed the iTRAQ technique followed by Mass Spectrometry to identify differentially expressed proteins in saliva of smokers and non-smokers after smoking cigarettes and sham smoking, respectively. We also validated some of the salivary proteins by ELISA or western blotting. In addition, salivary cortisol and salivary amylase (sAA) activity were measured. RESULTS In all, 484 salivary proteins were identified. Several proteins were elevated as well as decreased in smokers compared to non-smokers. Among these were proteins associated with stress response including fibrinogen alpha, cystatin A and sAA. Our investigation also highlights methodological considerations in study design, sampling and iTRAQ analysis. CONCLUSIONS We suggest further investigation of other differentially expressed proteins in this study including ACBP, A2ML1, APOA4, BPIB1, BPIA2, CAH1, CAH6, CYTA, DSG1, EST1, GRP78, GSTO1, sAA, SAP, STAT, TCO1, and TGM3 that might assist in improving methods for behavioral and pharmacological interventions for smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indu Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
| | - Jennifer Modesto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
| | - Nicolle M Krebs
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
| | - Anne E Stanley
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Vonn A Walter
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
| | - Joshua E Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
| | - Raghu Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Y, Li S, Rentfrow G, Chen J, Zhu H, Suman SP. Myoglobin Post-Translational Modifications Influence Color Stability of Beef Longissimus Lumborum. MEAT AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22175/mmb.11689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTM) of proteins play critical roles in biological processes. PTM of muscle proteins influence meat quality. Nonetheless, myoglobin (Mb) PTM and their impact on fresh beef color stability have not been characterized yet. Therefore, our objectives were to identify Mb PTM in beef longissimus lumborum muscle during postmortem aging and to characterize their influence on color stability. The longissimus lumborum muscles from 9 (n = 9) beef carcasses (24 h postmortem) were subjected to wet aging for 0, 7, 14, and 21 d. At the end of each wet-aging period, steaks were fabricated. One steak for analyses of PTM was immediately frozen at −80°C, whereas other steaks were assigned to refrigerated storage in the darkness under aerobic packaging. Instrumental color and biochemical attributes were evaluated on day 0, 3, or 6 of storage. Mb PTM were analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. Surface redness (a* value), color stability, and Mb concentration decreased (P < 0.05) upon aging. Gel image analyses identified 6 Mb spots with similar molecular weight (17 kDa) but different isoelectric pH. Tandem mass spectrometry identified multiple PTM (phosphorylation, methylation, carboxymethylation, acetylation, and 4-hydroxynonenal alkylation) in these 6 isoforms. The amino acids susceptible to phosphorylation were serine (S), threonine (T), and tyrosine, whereas other PTM were detected in lysine (K), arginine (R), and histidine residues. Additionally, distal histidine (position 64), critical to heme stability, was found to be alkylated. Overall, Mb PTM increased with aging. The aging-induced PTM, especially those occurring close to hydrophobic heme pocket, could disrupt Mb tertiary structure, influence heme affinity, and compromise oxygen binding capacity, leading to decreased color stability of fresh beef. Furthermore, PTM at K45, K47, and K87 were unique to Mb from non-aged beef, whereas PTM at R31, T51, K96, K98, S121, R139, and K147 were unique to Mb from aged counterparts, indicating that these Mb PTM could be used as novel biomarkers for fresh beef color stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- University of Kentucky Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | - Shuting Li
- University of Kentucky Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | - Gregg Rentfrow
- University of Kentucky Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | - Jing Chen
- University of Kentucky Proteomics Core Facility
| | - Haining Zhu
- University of Kentucky Proteomics Core Facility
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin YS, Wu CW, Lin TS, Chen NY, Wu DC, Chen HJC. Analysis of Oxidative and Advanced Oxidative Modifications in Hemoglobin of Oral Cancer Patients by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 92:724-731. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62142, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62142, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Shiuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62142, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Ying Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62142, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hauh-Jyun Candy Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62142, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
LI WF, YAN DW, JIN Y, LI HY, MA M, WU ZZ. Application of Mass Spectrometry in Analysis of Non-Enzymatic Glycation Proteins in Diabetic Blood. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(19)61197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
10
|
Chen HJC, Liu CT, Li YJ. Correlation between Glyoxal-Induced DNA Cross-Links and Hemoglobin Modifications in Human Blood Measured by Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 32:179-189. [PMID: 30507124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glyoxal is an oxoaldehyde generated from the degradation of glucose-protein conjugates and from lipid peroxidation in foods and in vivo, and it is also present in the environment (e.g., cigarette smoke). The major endogenous source of glyoxal is glucose autoxidation, and the glyoxal concentrations in plasma are higher in diabetic patients than in nondiabetics. Glyoxal reacts with biomolecules forming covalently modified DNA and protein adducts. We previously developed sensitive and specific assays based on nanoflow liquid chromatography-nanospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-NSI/MS/MS) for quantification of DNA cross-linked adducts (dG-gx-dC and dG-gx-dA) and for hemoglobin adducts derived from glyoxal. In this study, we isolated and analyzed both leukocyte DNA and hemoglobin from the blood of diabetic patients and compared the adduct levels with those from nondiabetic subjects using the modified assays. The results indicated that the extents of glyoxal-induced hemoglobin modifications on α-Lys-11, α-Arg-92, β-Lys-17, and β-Lys-66 were statistically higher in diabetic patients than nondiabetics and they correlated with HbA1c significantly. Moreover, the levels of dG-gx-dC in leukocyte DNA correlated positively with the extents of globin modification at α-Lys-11 and β-Lys-17, while levels of dG-gx-dA correlated with those at α-Lys-11 and α-Arg-92 in nonsmoking subjects. Comparing the levels and the correlation coefficients of these hemoglobin and DNA adducts including or excluding smokers, it appears that smoking is not a major contributor to glyoxal-induced adduction of hemoglobin and leukocyte DNA. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the few reports of positive correlation between DNA and protein adducts of the same compound (glyoxal) in the blood from the same subjects. Because of the high abundance of hemoglobin in blood, the results indicate that quantification of glyoxal-modified peptides in hemoglobin might serve as a dosimetry for glyoxal and a practical surrogate biomarker for assessing glyoxal-induced DNA damage and its prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hauh-Jyun Candy Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , National Chung Cheng University , 168 University Road , Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62142 , Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ting Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , National Chung Cheng University , 168 University Road , Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62142 , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jou Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , National Chung Cheng University , 168 University Road , Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62142 , Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen HJC, Ip SW. Age-Associated Methylation in Human Hemoglobin and Its Stability on Dried Blood Spots As Analyzed by Nanoflow Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1240-1247. [PMID: 30362736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Methylation of biomolecules is involved in many important biological processes. The contributing methylating agents arise from endogenous and exogenous sources (such as cigarette smoking). Human hemoglobin is easily accessible from blood and has been used as a molecular dosimeter for monitoring chemical exposure. We recently developed a method for characterization and quantification of the extents of methylation and ethylation in hemoglobin by nanoflow liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry under the selected reaction monitoring mode. Using this method, the relative extents of methylated and ethylated peptides in hemoglobin were quantified in nonsmoking subjects at various ages in this study. Among the nine methylation sites, we found that the extents of methylation were significantly higher in elderly subjects at the N-terminal and His-20 of α-globin, and at the N-terminal and Glu-26 of β-globin. Moreover, the extents of methylation at these sites were significantly correlated with the age of the subjects. On the other hand, no statistically significant difference was found in the ethylated peptides. We also examined the stability of methylated and ethylated hemoglobin when stored on dried blood spot cards. The extents of these modifications on hemoglobin are stable for at least 4 weeks stored at room temperature. Our results suggest that age should be considered as a factor when measuring hemoglobin methylation and that dried blood spot is a valuable biomonitoring technique for hemoglobin modifications in epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hauh-Jyun Candy Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , National Chung Cheng University , 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62142 , Taiwan
| | - Sun Wai Ip
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , National Chung Cheng University , 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62142 , Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hu CW, Cooke MS, Chang YJ, Chao MR. Direct-acting DNA ethylating agents associated with tobacco use primarily originate from the tobacco itself, not combustion. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 358:397-404. [PMID: 30005251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Unburnt tobacco and tobacco smoke contain a variety of carcinogens, exposure to which are causally associated with the incidence of several human cancers. Herein, we used isotope-dilution LC-MS/MS for the quantification of alkylated purines in DNA, following in vitro exposure to aqueous extracts of tobacco itself, and tobacco smoke. Our results demonstrated the presence of direct-acting ethylating agent(s) in unburnt tobacco, which 4.0-6.3 times exceeded that in the particulate phase of sidestream cigarette smoke and 6.8-8.9 times exceeded that in mainstream smoke. Interestingly, particulate phase of sidestream cigarette smoke exhibited higher ethylating potency than that in mainstream smoke. This finding refutes the previous assumptions that the ethylating agent(s) associated with smoking, are derived from cigarette smoke. Indeed, our data show that combustion of tobacco actually decreases the ethylating potency of tobacco. Although the identity of this agent(s) remains unknown, our data suggest that it is highly hydrophilic, and hence likely to be easily extracted by saliva. This would allow intimate contact with the tissues of the oropharyngeal cavity. Taken together, these results have profound implications for tobacco use, in particular for tobacco chewers and passive smokers, whose exposure to ethylating agent(s) is greater than previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Wen Hu
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Marcus S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Yuan-Jhe Chang
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Rong Chao
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|