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Paraquat and Diquat: Recent Updates on Their Pretreatment and Analysis Methods since 2010 in Biological Samples. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020684. [PMID: 36677742 PMCID: PMC9866389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) and diquat (DQ) are quaternary ammonium herbicides which have been used worldwide for controlling the growth of weeds on land and in water. However, PQ and DQ are well known to be toxic. PQ is especially toxic to humans. Moreover, there is no specific antidote for PQ poisoning. The main treatment for PQ poisoning is hemoperfusion to reduce the PQ concentration in blood. Therefore, it is essential to be able to detect PQ and DQ concentrations in biological samples. This critical review summarizes the articles published from 2010 to 2022 and can help researchers to understand the development of the sample treatment and analytical methods for the determination of PQ and DQ in various types of biological samples. The sample preparation includes liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction based on different novel materials, microextration methods, and other methods. Analytical methods for quantifying PQ and DQ, such as different chromatography and spectroscopy methods, electrochemical methods, and immunological methods, are illustrated and compared. We focus on the latest advances in PQ and DQ treatment and the application of new technologies for these analyses. In our opinion, tandem mass spectrometry is a good choice for the determination of PQ and DQ, due to its high sensitivity, high selectivity, and high accuracy. As far as we are concerned, the best LOD of 4 pg/mL for PQ in serum can be obtained.
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Su Y, Liu W, Dong G, Qian Z, Gurram N, Liu E, Cummings-Vaughn LA, Howard SW, Vaughn MG, Jansson DR, Zhang C, Wang J, Liu Y. Investigation of simple, objective, and effective indicators for predicting acute paraquat poisoning outcomes. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:417-426. [PMID: 32787739 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720933522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Initial symptoms of paraquat (PQ) toxicity are often not obvious, and the lack of advanced testing equipment and medical conditions in the primary hospital make it difficult to provide early diagnosis and timely treatment. To explore simple, objective, and effective indicators of prognosis for primary clinicians, we retrospectively analyzed acute PQ poisoning in 190 patients admitted to our hospital from 2008 to 2017. Based on their condition at the time of discharge, patients were categorized into either the survival group (n = 71) or the mortality group (n = 119). Age, PQ ingested amount, urinary PQ, urinary protein, white blood cell (WBC), and serum creatinine (Cr) were the key factors associated with the prognosis for PQ poisoning. We identified specific diagnostic thresholds for these key indicators of PQ poisoning: PQ ingested amount (36.50 mL), urinary PQ (semiquantitative result "++"), urinary protein (semiquantitative result "±"), WBC (16.50 × 109/L), and serum Cr (102.10 µmol/L). Combining these five indicators to identify poisoning outcomes was considered objective, accurate, and convenient. When the combined score was <1, the predicted probability of patient death was 6%. When the combined score was ≥3, the predicted probability of patient death was 96%. These findings provide metrics to assist primary clinicians in predicting outcomes of acute PQ poisoning at earlier stages, a basis for administering treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Su
- Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment Hospital, Guangzhou Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program, Guangzhou Key Laboratories, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment Hospital, Guangzhou Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program, Guangzhou Key Laboratories, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengmin Qian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health and Social Justice, 40272Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Namratha Gurram
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, 1084University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Echu Liu
- Department of Health Management and Policy, College for Public Health and Social Justice, 40272Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Steven W Howard
- Department of Health Management and Policy, College for Public Health and Social Justice, 40272Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael G Vaughn
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health & Social Justice, 40272Saint Louis University, Tegeler Hall, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daire R Jansson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health and Social Justice, 40272Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chen Zhang
- Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment Hospital, Guangzhou Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program, Guangzhou Key Laboratories, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyu Wang
- Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment Hospital, Guangzhou Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program, Guangzhou Key Laboratories, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yimin Liu
- Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment Hospital, Guangzhou Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program, Guangzhou Key Laboratories, Guangzhou, China
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