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Dutta N, Usman M, Ashraf MA, Luo G, Zhang S. A critical review of recent advances in the bio-remediation of chlorinated substances by microbial dechlorinators. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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2
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Jia J, Chen SQ, Pan WZ, Yu SN, Zhao XT, Hao Y, Shen YM, Cheng Y, Wei CL, Tian FJ, Yan XY, Qiu YL. Mechanism of subchronic vinyl chloride exposure combined with a high-fat diet on hepatic steatosis. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:490-505. [PMID: 34601724 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vinyl chloride (VC) is a common industrial organic chlorine and environmental pollutant. In recent years, the dietary structure of residents especially Chinese has gradually shifted to western dietary patterns. VC aggravates dietary fatty acid-induced hepatic steatosis, but its mechanism is still unclear. And if the risk factors for steatosis persist, more severe diseases such as fibrosis and cirrhosis will occur. Therefore, we studied the effects and mechanisms of VC (160 and 800 mg/m3 ) and its metabolite (chloroacetaldehyde, 2.25, 4.5, and 9 μM) on hepatic steatosis of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and palmitic acid (PA, 100 μM) treated HepG2 cells. Liver and serum biochemical indicators and pathological staining of the liver showed that the hepatic steatosis of VC combined with HFD groups was more severe than that of single-exposure groups (HFD group, low-dose VC group, and high-dose VC group). Moreover, VC enhanced HFD-induced oxidative stress (OS) and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and further upregulated the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) and FAS. Besides, antioxidants and ERS inhibitors reduced the steatosis of HepG2 cells induced by VC metabolites and PA. These results suggest that VC exposure can enhance the degree of hepatic steatosis in HFD-fed mice. VC combined with HFD led to OS and ERS and upregulated the expression of de novo lipogenesis-related proteins, which may be related to the occurrence of hepatic steatosis. And the increased expression of CYP2E1 induced by VC combined with HFD may be the cause of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jia
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shi-Qi Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wei-Zhe Pan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiao-Tian Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan Hao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yong-Mei Shen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Cai-Ling Wei
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Feng-Jie Tian
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yu-Lan Qiu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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3
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Vileigas DF, de Souza SLB, Corrêa CR, Silva CCVDA, de Campos DHS, Padovani CR, Cicogna AC. The effects of two types of Western diet on the induction of metabolic syndrome and cardiac remodeling in obese rats. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 92:108625. [PMID: 33705955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) include obesity as a critical feature and is strongly associated with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Insights into mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of these clinical manifestations are essential for the development of therapeutic strategies. Thus, Western diets (WD) have been widely employed in diet-induced obesity (DIO) model. However, there are variations in fat and sugar proportions of such diets, making comparisons challenging. We aimed to assess the impact of two types of the WD on metabolic status and cardiac remodeling, to achieve a DIO model that better mimics the human pathogenesis of MetS-induced CVD. Male Wistar rats were distributed into three groups: control diet, Western diet fat (WDF), and Western diet sugar (WDS) for 41 weeks. Metabolic and inflammatory parameters and cardiac changes were characterized. WDF and WDS feeding promoted higher serum triglycerides, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance, while just WDF presented inflammation in adipose tissue. WDF-fed rats showed increased catalase activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonyl protein levels, suggesting cardiac oxidative stress, while WDS-fed rats only raised MDA. Both WD equally elevated protein expressions involved in lipid metabolism, but only WDF downregulated the glycolysis pathway. Furthermore, the mechanical myocardial function was impaired in obese rats, being more relevant in WDF. In conclusion, both WD effectively triggered MetS features, although inflammation was detected just on the WDF-fed animals. Moreover, the WDF promoted a more pronounced functional, metabolic, and oxidative cardiac disorder, suggesting to be an adequate model for studying CVD in the scenario of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Fernandes Vileigas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sérgio Luiz Borges de Souza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Renata Corrêa
- Department of Patology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Roberto Padovani
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Cicogna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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4
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Xiao Z, Jiang W, Chen D, Xu Y. Bioremediation of typical chlorinated hydrocarbons by microbial reductive dechlorination and its key players: A review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 202:110925. [PMID: 32800212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination in soils and groundwater has a severe negative impact on the human health. Microbial reductive dechlorination is a major degradation pathway of chlorinated hydrocarbon in anaerobic subsurface environments, has been extensively studied. Recent progress on the diversity of the reductive dechlorinators and the key enzymes of chlororespiration has been well reviewed. Here, we present a thorough overview of the studies related to bioremediation of chloroethenes and polychlorinated biphenyls based on enhanced in situ reductive dechlorination. The major part of this review is to provide an up-to-date summary of functional microorganisms which are either detected during in situ biostimulation or applied in bioaugmentation strategies. The applied biostimulants and corresponding reductive dechlorination products are also summarized and the future research needs are finally discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Xiao
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
| | - Dan Chen
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China.
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5
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Kaelin BR, McKenzie CM, Hempel KW, Lang AL, Arteel GE, Beier JI. Adipose tissue-liver crosstalk during pathologic changes caused by vinyl chloride metabolites in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 399:115068. [PMID: 32445754 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as vinyl chloride (VC), can be directly toxic at high concentrations. However, we have shown that 'nontoxic' exposures to VC and its metabolite chloroethanol (CE) enhances experimental non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), suggesting an unpredicted interaction. Importantly, VOC exposure has been identified as a potential risk factor for the development of obesity and its sequelae in humans. As there is a known axis between adipose and hepatic tissue in NAFLD, the impact of CE on white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation and lipolysis was investigated. Mice were administered CE (or vehicle) once, after 10 weeks of being fed high-fat or low-fat diet (LFD). CE significantly enhanced hepatic steatosis and inflammation caused by HFD. HFD significantly increased the size of epididymal fat pads, which was enhanced by CE. The relative size of adipocyte lipid droplets increased by HFD + CE, which was also correlated with increased expression of lipid-associated proteins (e.g., PLINs). CE also enhanced HFD-induced indices of WAT inflammation, and ER stress. Hepatic-derived circulating FGF21, a major modulator of WAT lipolysis, which is hypothesized to thereby regulate hepatic steatosis, was significantly increased by CE in animals fed HFD. Taken together these data support the hypothesis that environmental toxicant exposure can exacerbate the severity of NAFLD/NASH, involving the liver-adipose axis in this process. Specifically, CE enhances local inflammation and alters lipid metabolism and WAT-mediated hepatic steatosis due to changes in WAT lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna R Kaelin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America.
| | - Collin M McKenzie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America.
| | - Karl W Hempel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America.
| | - Anna L Lang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America.
| | - Gavin E Arteel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
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6
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Wahlang B, Hardesty JE, Head KZ, Jin J, Falkner KC, Prough RA, Cave MC, Beier JI. Hepatic Injury Caused by the Environmental Toxicant Vinyl Chloride is Sex-Dependent in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2020; 174:79-91. [PMID: 31774537 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Vinyl chloride (VC), a common industrial chemical, has been associated with hemangiosarcoma and toxicant-associated steatohepatitis (TASH) in men working at rubber-production plants. Our group previously demonstrated that chronic VC inhalation at environmentally relevant levels (< 1 ppm) in male mice exacerbated hepatic injury caused by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Because VC studies on TASH have only been performed in male models, the objective of this study is to examine VC inhalation in female mice in the context of TASH mechanisms. Male and female C57Bl/6 mice were fed either a low-fat diet or HFD and exposed to VC or room air using an inhalation chamber, for 12 weeks (6 h, 5 days/week); and plasma and liver samples were collected after euthanasia. Compared with males, females were less susceptible to HFD+VC-induced obesogenic effects demonstrated by lower body weight and fat composition. Histological analysis revealed that whereas VC exacerbated HFD-induced steatosis in males, this effect was absent in females. In addition, females were more resistant to VC-induced hepatic inflammation whereas males had increased liver weights and higher hepatic Tnfα mRNA levels. Systemic markers of hepatic injury, namely alanine aminotransaminase and thrombin/antithrombin levels were increased by HFD+VC co-exposures only in males. In addition, females did not show significant cell death as previously reported in males. Taken together, the results suggested that VC inhalation led to sex-dependent liver and metabolic toxicity. This study implicated the importance of assessing sex differences in environmental basic science and epidemiologic studies to better identify at-risk populations in both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banrida Wahlang
- UofL Superfund Research Center; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Josiah E Hardesty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kimberly Z Head
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Keith C Falkner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Russell A Prough
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Matthew C Cave
- UofL Superfund Research Center; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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7
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Lang AL, Goldsmith WT, Schnegelberger RD, Arteel GE, Beier JI. Vinyl Chloride and High-Fat Diet as a Model of Environment and Obesity Interaction. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 31984951 DOI: 10.3791/60351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinyl chloride (VC), an abundant environmental contaminant, causes steatohepatitis at high levels, but is considered safe at lower levels. Although several studies have investigated the role of VC as a direct hepatotoxicant, the concept that VC modifies sensitivity of the liver to other factors, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) caused by high-fat diet (HFD) is novel. This protocol describes an exposure paradigm to evaluate the effects of chronic, low-level exposure to VC. Mice are acclimated to low-fat or high-fat diet one week prior to the beginning of the inhalation exposure and remain on these diets throughout the experiment. Mice are exposed to VC (sub-OSHA level: <1 ppm) or room air in inhalation chambers for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, for up to 12 weeks. Animals are monitored weekly for body weight gain and food consumption. This model of VC exposure causes no overt liver injury with VC inhalation alone. However, the combination of VC and HFD significantly enhances liver disease. A technical advantage of this co-exposure model is the whole-body exposure, without restraint. Moreover, the conditions more closely resemble a very common human situation of a combined exposure to VC with underlying nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and therefore support the novel hypothesis that VC is an environmental risk factor for the development of liver damage as a complication of obesity (i.e., NAFLD). This work challenges the paradigm that the current exposure limits of VC (occupational and environmental) are safe. The use of this model can shed new light and concern on the risks of VC exposure. This model of toxicant-induced liver injury can be used for other volatile organic compounds and to study other interactions that may impact the liver and other organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Lang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville
| | - William T Goldsmith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University; Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University
| | - Regina D Schnegelberger
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Gavin E Arteel
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh;
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8
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Vileigas DF, Harman VM, Freire PP, Marciano CLC, Sant'Ana PG, de Souza SLB, Mota GAF, da Silva VL, Campos DHS, Padovani CR, Okoshi K, Beynon RJ, Santos LD, Cicogna AC. Landscape of heart proteome changes in a diet-induced obesity model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18050. [PMID: 31792287 PMCID: PMC6888820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a pandemic associated with a high incidence of cardiovascular disease; however, the mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Proteomics may provide a more in-depth understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms and contribute to the identification of potential therapeutic targets. Thus, our study evaluated myocardial protein expression in healthy and obese rats, employing two proteomic approaches. Male Wistar rats were established in two groups (n = 13/group): control diet and Western diet fed for 41 weeks. Obesity was determined by the adipose index, and cardiac function was evaluated in vivo by echocardiogram and in vitro by isolated papillary muscle analysis. Proteomics was based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) along with mass spectrometry identification, and shotgun proteomics with label-free quantification. The Western diet was efficient in triggering obesity and impaired contractile function in vitro; however, no cardiac dysfunction was observed in vivo. The combination of two proteomic approaches was able to increase the cardiac proteomic map and to identify 82 differentially expressed proteins involved in different biological processes, mainly metabolism. Furthermore, the data also indicated a cardiac alteration in fatty acids transport, antioxidant defence, cytoskeleton, and proteasome complex, which have not previously been associated with obesity. Thus, we define a robust alteration in the myocardial proteome of diet-induced obese rats, even before functional impairment could be detected in vivo by echocardiogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle F Vileigas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618687, Brazil.
| | - Victoria M Harman
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Paula P Freire
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618970, Brazil
| | - Cecília L C Marciano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618687, Brazil
| | - Paula G Sant'Ana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618687, Brazil
| | - Sérgio L B de Souza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618687, Brazil
| | - Gustavo A F Mota
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618687, Brazil
| | - Vitor L da Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618687, Brazil
| | - Dijon H S Campos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618687, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Padovani
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618970, Brazil
| | - Katashi Okoshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618687, Brazil
| | - Robert J Beynon
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Lucilene D Santos
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP)/Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, 18610307, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Cicogna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618687, Brazil.
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9
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Xu H, Wang J, Cai J, Feng W, Wang Y, Liu Q, Cai L. Protective Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and its Supernatant against Myocardial Dysfunction in Obese Mice Exposed to Intermittent Hypoxia is Associated with the Activation of Nrf2 Pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2471-2483. [PMID: 31595164 PMCID: PMC6775312 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.36465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged intermittent hypoxia (IH) has been shown to impair myocardial function (mainly via oxidative stress and inflammation) and modify gut microbiota in mice. Gut microbiota plays an important role in health and disease, including obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Probiotics refer to live microorganisms that confer health benefits on the host after administration in adequate amounts. Research on novel probiotics related therapies has evoked much attention. In our previous study, both Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and LGG cell-free supernatant (LGGs) were found to protect against alcohol-induced liver injury and steatosis; however, the effects of LGG and LGGs on cardiac tissues of obese mice exposed to IH have not been determined. Here we exposed high-fat high-fructose diet (HFHFD)-induced obese mice to IH, to establish a model of obesity with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Mice were divided into four groups: (1) HFHFD for 15 weeks; (2) HFHFD for 15 weeks with IH in the last 12 weeks (HFHFD/IH); (3) and (4) HFHFD/IH plus oral administration of either LGG (109 CFU bacteria/day) or LGGs (dose equivalent to 109 CFU bacteria/day) over the 15 weeks, respectively. Compared to HFHFD mice, HFHFD/IH-mice showed heart dysfunction with significant cardiac remodeling and inflammation; all these pathological and functional alterations were prevented by treatment with both LGG and LGGs (no significant difference between LGG and LGGs in this respect). The cardioprotective effect of LGG and LGGs against IH/HFHFD was associated with up-regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant pathways. Our findings suggest a cardioprotective effect of LGG and LGGs in obese mice with OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Cardiovascular Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, the University of Louisville, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jiqun Wang
- Cardiovascular Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, the University of Louisville, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jun Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, the University of Louisville, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Wenke Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Cardiovascular Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Quan Liu
- Cardiovascular Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Lu Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, the University of Louisville, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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10
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Lang AL, Krueger AM, Schnegelberger RD, Kaelin BR, Rakutt MJ, Chen L, Arteel GE, Beier JI. Rapamycin attenuates liver injury caused by vinyl chloride metabolite chloroethanol and lipopolysaccharide in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 382:114745. [PMID: 31499194 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Vinyl chloride (VC) is a prevalent environmental toxicant that is rapidly metabolized within the liver. Its metabolites have been shown to directly cause hepatic injury at high exposure levels. We have previously reported that VC metabolite, chloroethanol (CE), potentiates liver injury caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Importantly, that study showed that CE alone, while not causing damage per se, was sufficient to alter hepatic metabolism and increase mTOR phosphorylation in mice, suggesting a possible role for the mTOR pathway. Here, we explored the effect of an mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, in this model. C57BL/6 J mice were administered CE, followed by rapamycin 1 h and LPS 24 h later. As observed previously, the combination of CE and LPS significantly enhanced liver injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysregulation. Rapamycin attenuated not only inflammation, but also restored the metabolic phenotype and protected against CE + LPS-induced oxidative stress. Importantly, rapamycin protected against mitochondrial damage and subsequent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The protective effect on mitochondrial function by rapamycin was mediated, by restoring the integrity of the electron transport chain at least in part, by blunting the deactivation of mitochondrial c-src, which is involved mitochondrial ROS production by electron transport chain leakage. Taken together, these results further demonstrate a significant role of mTOR-mediated pathways in VC-metabolite induced liver injury and provide further insight into VC-associated hepatic damage. As mTOR mediated pathways are very complex and rapamycin is a more global inhibitor, more specific mTOR (i.e. mTORC1) inhibitors should be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Lang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America.
| | - Austin M Krueger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America.
| | - Regina D Schnegelberger
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
| | - Brenna R Kaelin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America.
| | - Maxwell J Rakutt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America.
| | - Liya Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America.
| | - Gavin E Arteel
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
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Liang Y, Young JL, Kong M, Tong Y, Qian Y, Freedman JH, Cai L. Gender Differences in Cardiac Remodeling Induced by a High-Fat Diet and Lifelong, Low-Dose Cadmium Exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1070-1081. [PMID: 30912652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity, which is prevalent in developed countries, is a metabolic risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Cadmium (Cd), a ubiquitous environmental toxic metal, also has deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system. However, the combined effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) and lifelong, low-dose Cd exposure on cardiac remodeling remain unclear. This study aims to determine the effects of combined HFD and Cd exposure on cardiac remodeling, as well as gender-specific differences in the response. C57BL/6J mice were exposed to Cd at a low dose (L-Cd, 0.5 ppm) or high dose (H-Cd, 5 ppm) via drinking water from conception to sacrifice. After being weaned, the offspring mice were fed with a HFD (42% kcal from fat) for an additional 10 weeks. H-Cd exposure significantly increased Cd accumulation in the hearts of both parents and their offspring; a HFD showed no added effects on cardiac Cd content. H-Cd exposure increased cardiac metallothionein protein levels only in female mice, regardless of dietary intake. Histological analysis revealed that H-Cd exposure combined with a HFD induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis only in female mice. This was further supported by elevated expression of ANP and COL1A1 protein levels along with COL1A1, COL1A2, and COL3A1 mRNA levels. Profibrotic markers PAI-1, CTGF, and FN were also elevated in HFD/H-Cd-exposed female mice. Levels of the oxidative stress marker 3-NT significantly increased in the hearts of HFD-fed female mice, whereas Cd exposure showed no additional effects. Of all the antioxidant markers examined, levels of CAT significantly increased in mice fed a HFD, regardless of gender and Cd exposure. In summary, a HFD combined with lifelong, low-dose Cd exposure induces cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in female but not male mice, a response that is independent of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Liang
- Department of Pediatrics , First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Zhejiang 325000 , China
| | | | | | | | - Yan Qian
- Department of Pediatrics , First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Zhejiang 325000 , China
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