1
|
Kobus M, Friedrich T, Zorn E, Burmeister N, Maison W. Medicinal Chemistry of Drugs with N-Oxide Functionalities. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5168-5184. [PMID: 38549449 PMCID: PMC11017254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Molecules with N-oxide functionalities are omnipresent in nature and play an important role in Medicinal Chemistry. They are synthetic or biosynthetic intermediates, prodrugs, drugs, or polymers for applications in drug development and surface engineering. Typically, the N-oxide group is critical for biomedical applications of these molecules. It may provide water solubility or decrease membrane permeability or immunogenicity. In other cases, the N-oxide has a special redox reactivity which is important for drug targeting and/or cytotoxicity. Many of the underlying mechanisms have only recently been discovered, and the number of applications of N-oxides in the healthcare field is rapidly growing. This Perspective article gives a short summary of the properties of N-oxides and their synthesis. It also provides a discussion of current applications of N-oxides in the biomedical field and explains the basic molecular mechanisms responsible for their biological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kobus
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timo Friedrich
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eilika Zorn
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Burmeister
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maison
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Negut I, Bita B. Polymersomes as Innovative, Stimuli-Responsive Platforms for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:463. [PMID: 38675124 PMCID: PMC11053450 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the urgent need for more targeted and less toxic cancer treatments by exploring the potential of multi-responsive polymersomes. These advanced nanocarriers are engineered to deliver drugs precisely to tumor sites by responding to specific stimuli such as pH, temperature, light, hypoxia, and redox conditions, thereby minimizing the side effects associated with traditional chemotherapy. We discuss the design, synthesis, and recent applications of polymersomes, emphasizing their ability to improve therapeutic outcomes through controlled drug release and targeted delivery. Moreover, we highlight the critical areas for future research, including the optimization of polymersome-biological interactions and biocompatibility, to facilitate their clinical adoption. Multi-responsive polymersomes emerge as a promising development in nanomedicine, offering a pathway to safer and more effective cancer treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Negut
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania;
| | - Bogdan Bita
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania;
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kerpa S, Schulze VR, Holzapfel M, Cvancar L, Fischer M, Maison W. Decoration of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) with N-oxides increases the T 1 relaxivity of Gd-complexes. ChemistryOpen 2024:e202300298. [PMID: 38224205 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
High complex stability and longitudinal relaxivity of Gd-based contrast agents are important requirements for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because they ensure patient safety and contribute to measurement sensitivity. Charged and zwitterionic Gd3+ -complexes of the well-known chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) provide an excellent basis for the development of safe and sensitive contrast agents. In this report, we describe the synthesis of DOTA-NOx, a DOTA derivative with four N-oxide functionalities via "click" functionalization of the tetraazide DOTAZA. The resulting complexes Gd-DOTA-NOx and Eu-DOTA-NOx are stable compounds in aqueous solution. NMR-spectroscopic characterization revealed a high excess of the twisted square antiprismatic (TSAP) coordination geometry over square antiprismatic (SAP). The longitudinal relaxivity of Gd-DOTA-NOx was found to be r1 =7.7 mm-1 s-1 (1.41 T, 37 °C), an unusually high value for DOTA complexes of comparable weight. We attribute this high relaxivity to the steric influence and an ordering effect on outer sphere water molecules surrounding the complex generated by the strongly hydrated N-oxide groups. Moreover, Gd-DOTA-NOx was found to be stable against transchelation with high excess of EDTA (200 eq) over a period of 36 h, and it has a similar in vitro cell toxicity as clinically used DOTA-based GBCAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Kerpa
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Verena R Schulze
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Center for Applied Nanotechnology CAN, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Holzapfel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Center for Applied Nanotechnology CAN, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lina Cvancar
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maison
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Magwaza NM, More GK, Gildenhuys S, Mphahlele MJ. In Vitro α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition, Cytotoxicity and Free Radical Scavenging Profiling of the 6-Halogeno and Mixed 6,8-Dihalogenated 2-Aryl-4-methyl-1,2-dihydroquinazoline 3-Oxides. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1971. [PMID: 38001824 PMCID: PMC10669220 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Series of the 6-bromo/iodo substituted 2-aryl-4-methyl-1,2-dihydroquinazoline-3-oxides and their mixed 6,8-dihalogenated (Br/I and I/Br) derivatives were evaluated for inhibitory properties against α-glucosidase and/or α-amylase activities and for cytotoxicity against breast (MCF-7) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines. The 6-bromo-2-phenyl substituted 3a and its corresponding 6-bromo-8-iodo-2-phenyl-substituted derivative 3i exhibited dual activity against α-glucosidase (IC50 = 1.08 ± 0.02 μM and 1.01 ± 0.05 μM, respectively) and α-amylase (IC50 = 5.33 ± 0.01 μM and 1.18 ± 0.06 μM, respectively) compared to acarbose (IC50 = 4.40 ± 0.05 μM and 2.92 ± 0.02 μM, respectively). The 6-iodo-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-substituted derivative 3f, on the other hand, exhibited strong activity against α-amylase and significant inhibitory effect against α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 0.64 ± 0.01 μM and 9.27 ± 0.02 μM, respectively. Compounds 3c, 3l and 3p exhibited the highest activity against α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 1.04 ± 0.03, 0.92 ± 0.01 and 0.78 ± 0.05 μM, respectively. Moderate cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 and A549 cell lines was observed for these compounds compared to the anticancer drugs doxorubicin (IC50 = 0.25 ± 0.05 μM and 0.36 ± 0.07 μM, respectively) and gefitinib (IC50 = 0.19 ± 0.04 μM and 0.25 ± 0.03 μM, respectively), and their IC50 values are in the range of 10.38 ± 0.08-25.48 ± 0.08 μM and 11.39 ± 0.12-20.00 ± 0.05 μM, respectively. The test compounds generally exhibited moderate to strong antioxidant capabilities, as demonstrated via robust free radical scavenging activity assays, viz., DPPH and NO. The potential of selected derivatives to inhibit superoxide dismutase (SOD) was also investigated via enzymatic assay in vitro. Molecular docking revealed the N-O moiety as essential to facilitate electrostatic interactions of the test compounds with the protein residues in the active site of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The presence of bromine and/or iodine atoms resulted in increased hydrophobic (alkyl and/or π-alkyl) interactions and therefore increased inhibitory effect against both enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nontokozo M. Magwaza
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa;
| | - Garland K. More
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Laboratories, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa;
| | - Samantha Gildenhuys
- Department of Life & Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa;
| | - Malose J. Mphahlele
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Buravchenko GI, Shchekotikhin AE. Quinoxaline 1,4-Dioxides: Advances in Chemistry and Chemotherapeutic Drug Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1174. [PMID: 37631089 PMCID: PMC10459860 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Oxides of heterocyclic compounds are the focus of medical chemistry due to their diverse biological properties. The high reactivity and tendency to undergo various rearrangements have piqued the interest of synthetic chemists in heterocycles with N-oxide fragments. Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides are an example of an important class of heterocyclic N-oxides, whose wide range of biological activity determines the prospects of their practical use in the development of drugs of various pharmaceutical groups. Derivatives from this series have found application in the clinic as antibacterial drugs and are used in agriculture. Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides present a promising class for the development of new drugs targeting bacterial infections, oncological diseases, malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and amoebiasis. The review considers the most important methods for the synthesis and key directions in the chemical modification of quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivatives, analyzes their biological properties, and evaluates the prospects for the practical application of the most interesting compounds.
Collapse
|
6
|
Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė A, Haberkant P, Kučiauskas D, Stein F, Čėnas N. Redox Proteomic Profile of Tirapazamine-Resistant Murine Hepatoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076863. [PMID: 37047836 PMCID: PMC10094930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide (tirapazamine, TPZ) and other heteroaromatic N-oxides (ArN→O) exhibit tumoricidal, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal activities. Their action is attributed to the enzymatic single-electron reduction to free radicals that initiate the prooxidant processes. In order to clarify the mechanisms of aerobic mammalian cytotoxicity of ArN→O, we derived a TPZ-resistant subline of murine hepatoma MH22a cells (resistance index, 5.64). The quantitative proteomic of wild-type and TPZ-resistant cells revealed 5818 proteins, of which 237 were up- and 184 down-regulated. The expression of the antioxidant enzymes aldehyde- and alcohol dehydrogenases, carbonyl reductases, catalase, and glutathione reductase was increased 1.6-5.2 times, whereas the changes in the expression of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, thioredoxin reductase, and peroxiredoxins were less pronounced. The expression of xenobiotics conjugating glutathione-S-transferases was increased by 1.6-2.6 times. On the other hand, the expression of NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase was responsible for the single-electron reduction in TPZ and for the 2.1-fold decrease. These data support the fact that the main mechanism of action of TPZ under aerobic conditions is oxidative stress. The unchanged expression of intranuclear antioxidant proteins peroxiredoxin, glutaredoxin, and glutathione peroxidase, and a modest increase in the expression of DNA damage repair proteins, tend to support non-site-specific but not intranuclear oxidative stress as a main factor of TPZ aerobic cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aušra Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių St. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Per Haberkant
- Proteomics Core Facility EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dalius Kučiauskas
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Frank Stein
- Proteomics Core Facility EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Narimantas Čėnas
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tian H, Zhang T, Qin S, Huang Z, Zhou L, Shi J, Nice EC, Xie N, Huang C, Shen Z. Enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles for cancer treatment using versatile targeted strategies. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:132. [PMID: 36096856 PMCID: PMC9469622 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor targeting of therapeutics leading to severe adverse effects on normal tissues is considered one of the obstacles in cancer therapy. To help overcome this, nanoscale drug delivery systems have provided an alternative avenue for improving the therapeutic potential of various agents and bioactive molecules through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Nanosystems with cancer-targeted ligands can achieve effective delivery to the tumor cells utilizing cell surface-specific receptors, the tumor vasculature and antigens with high accuracy and affinity. Additionally, stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms have also been considered as a promising and effective targeting strategy against tumors, as these nanoplatforms maintain their stealth feature under normal conditions, but upon homing in on cancerous lesions or their microenvironment, are responsive and release their cargoes. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the field of active targeting drug delivery systems and a number of stimuli-responsive release studies in the context of emerging nanoplatform development, and also discuss how this knowledge can contribute to further improvements in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Tian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, 315040, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, 315040, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Siyuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiayan Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Edouard C Nice
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan university, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Na Xie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, 315040, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan university, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Canhua Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, 315040, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Zhisen Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, 315040, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Meng Q, Wu M, Shang Z, Zhang Z, Zhang R. Responsive gadolinium(III) complex-based small molecule magnetic resonance imaging probes: Design, mechanism and application. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
9
|
Le TN, Lin CJ, Shen YC, Lin KY, Lee CK, Huang CC, Rao NV. Hyaluronic Acid Derived Hypoxia-Sensitive Nanocarrier for Tumor Targeted Drug Delivery. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:8325-8332. [PMID: 35005953 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is conjugated with BHQ3 moiety with azo bonds to prepare hypoxia-responsive polymer conjugate. Because of the amphiphilic nature, the polymer conjugate self-assembles to HA-BHQ3 nanoparticles (NPs). The anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) is loaded into the NPs. In the physiological environment, DOX is released slowly. In contrast, under hypoxic conditions, the azo bond in BHQ3 is cleaved, thus significantly enhancing the DOX release rate. For instance, after 24 h, 25% of DOX is released under normal conditions, while 74% of DOX is released under hypoxic conditions. In vitro cytotoxicity demonstrates higher toxicity in the hypoxic conditions. DOX@HA-BHQ3 NPs exhibit greater toxicity levels against 4T1 cells in hypoxic conditions. The fluorescent microscope images confirm the oxygen-dependent intracellular DOX release from the NPs. The in vivo biodistribution results suggest the tumor targetability of HA-BHQ3 NPs in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trong-Nghia Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Jung Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Yen Chen Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Kang Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Huang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan.,Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - N Vijayakameswara Rao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang B, Xu Z, Zhou W, Liu Z, Zhao J, Gou S. A light-controlled multi-step drug release nanosystem targeting tumor hypoxia for synergistic cancer therapy. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11810-11820. [PMID: 34659720 PMCID: PMC8442699 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01888d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a major obstacle for cancer therapy due to its association with cell proliferation, tumor distant metastasis, and treatment resistance. In this study, a hypoxia-activated bifunctional prodrug (CC5) was designed, synthesized and encapsulated by a photo-responsive ruthenium complex-derived polymer to yield a light-controlled multi-step drug release system (CC5-RuCa) for synergistic therapy against tumor hypoxia. Under NIR irradiation, CC5-RuCa not only generated ROS to kill the cancer cells in the exterior of the tumor but also released the prodrug CC5 with enhanced intratumoral penetration in the severe hypoxia region inside the tumor tissue. In vivo studies on MDA-MB-231 xenograft models revealed that CC5-RuCa with preferential accumulation in the tumor exhibited highly efficient tumor regression through the synergistic effect of photodynamic therapy and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Zichen Xu
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Zhikun Liu
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
- Nanjing Junruo Institute of Biomedicine Nanjing 211100 China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rashid MH, Babu D, Siraki AG. Interactions of the antioxidant enzymes NAD(P)H: Quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and NRH: Quinone oxidoreductase 2 (NQO2) with pharmacological agents, endogenous biochemicals and environmental contaminants. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109574. [PMID: 34228969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
NAD(P)H Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is an antioxidant enzyme that catalyzes the two-electron reduction of several different classes of quinone-like compounds (quinones, quinone imines, nitroaromatics, and azo dyes). One-electron reduction of quinone or quinone-like metabolites is considered to generate semiquinones to initiate redox cycling that is responsible for the generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress and may contribute to the initiation of adverse drug reactions and adverse health effects. On the other hand, the two-electron reduction of quinoid compounds appears important for drug activation (bioreductive activation) via chemical rearrangement or autoxidation. Two-electron reduction decreases quinone levels and opportunities for the generation of reactive species that can deplete intracellular thiol pools. Also, studies have shown that induction or depletion (knockout) of NQO1 were associated with decreased or increased susceptibilities to oxidative stress, respectively. Moreover, another member of the quinone reductase family, NRH: Quinone Oxidoreductase 2 (NQO2), has a significant functional and structural similarity with NQO1. The activity of both antioxidant enzymes, NQO1 and NQO2, becomes critically important when other detoxification pathways are exhausted. Therefore, this article summarizes the interactions of NQO1 and NQO2 with different pharmacological agents, endogenous biochemicals, and environmental contaminants that would be useful in the development of therapeutic approaches to reduce the adverse drug reactions as well as protection against quinone-induced oxidative damage. Also, future directions and areas of further study for NQO1 and NQO2 are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Harunur Rashid
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Bangladesh
| | - Dinesh Babu
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Arno G Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides: a review of the importance of their structure in the development of drugs against infectious diseases and cancer. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
13
|
Arthur-Baidoo E, Falkiewicz K, Chomicz-Mańka L, Czaja A, Demkowicz S, Biernacki K, Kozak W, Rak J, Denifl S. Electron-Induced Decomposition of Uracil-5-yl O-( N, N-dimethylsulfamate): Role of Methylation in Molecular Stability. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2344. [PMID: 33652878 PMCID: PMC7956691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of modified uracil derivatives into DNA leads to the formation of radical species that induce DNA damage. Molecules of this class have been suggested as radiosensitizers and are still under investigation. In this study, we present the results of dissociative electron attachment to uracil-5-yl O-(N,N-dimethylsulfamate) in the gas phase. We observed the formation of 10 fragment anions in the studied range of electron energies from 0-12 eV. Most of the anions were predominantly formed at the electron energy of about 0 eV. The fragmentation paths were analogous to those observed in uracil-5-yl O-sulfamate, i.e., the methylation did not affect certain bond cleavages (O-C, S-O and S-N), although relative intensities differed. The experimental results are supported by quantum chemical calculations performed at the M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. Furthermore, a resonance stabilization method was used to theoretically predict the resonance positions of the fragment anions O- and CH3-.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Arthur-Baidoo
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25/3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25/3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karina Falkiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.F.); (L.C.-M.); (A.C.); (W.K.)
| | - Lidia Chomicz-Mańka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.F.); (L.C.-M.); (A.C.); (W.K.)
| | - Anna Czaja
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.F.); (L.C.-M.); (A.C.); (W.K.)
| | - Sebastian Demkowicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (S.D.); (K.B.)
| | - Karol Biernacki
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (S.D.); (K.B.)
| | - Witold Kozak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.F.); (L.C.-M.); (A.C.); (W.K.)
| | - Janusz Rak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.F.); (L.C.-M.); (A.C.); (W.K.)
| | - Stephan Denifl
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25/3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25/3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė A, Šarlauskas J, Misevičienė L, Marozienė A, Jonušienė V, Lesanavičius M, Čėnas N. Aerobic Cytotoxicity of Aromatic N-Oxides: The Role of NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase (NQO1). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228754. [PMID: 33228195 PMCID: PMC7699506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatives of tirapazamine and other heteroaromatic N-oxides (ArN→O) exhibit tumoricidal, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal activities, which are typically attributed to bioreductive activation and free radical generation. In this work, we aimed to clarify the role of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) in ArN→O aerobic cytotoxicity. We synthesized 9 representatives of ArN→O with uncharacterized redox properties and examined their single-electron reduction by rat NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase (P-450R) and Plasmodium falciparum ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase (PfFNR), and by rat NQO1. NQO1 catalyzed both redox cycling and the formation of stable reduction products of ArN→O. The reactivity of ArN→O in NQO1-catalyzed reactions did not correlate with the geometric average of their activity towards P-450R- and PfFNR, which was taken for the parameter of their redox cycling efficacy. The cytotoxicity of compounds in murine hepatoma MH22a cells was decreased by antioxidants and the inhibitor of NQO1, dicoumarol. The multiparameter regression analysis of the data of this and a previous study (DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184602) shows that the cytotoxicity of ArN→O (n = 18) in MH22a and human colon carcinoma HCT-116 cells increases with the geometric average of their reactivity towards P-450R and PfFNR, and with their reactivity towards NQO1. These data demonstrate that NQO1 is a potentially important target of action of heteroaromatic N-oxides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aušra Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių St. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Jonas Šarlauskas
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Lina Misevičienė
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Audronė Marozienė
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Violeta Jonušienė
- Institute of Biosciences of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Mindaugas Lesanavičius
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Narimantas Čėnas
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-5-223-4392
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li Y, Jeon J, Park JH. Hypoxia-responsive nanoparticles for tumor-targeted drug delivery. Cancer Lett 2020; 490:31-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
16
|
Arthur‐Baidoo E, Ameixa J, Ziegler P, Ferreira da Silva F, Ončák M, Denifl S. Reaktionen in Tirapazamin induziert durch die Anlagerung von niederenergetischen Elektronen: Dissoziation versus Roaming von OH. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Arthur‐Baidoo
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Technikerstrasse 25 A-6020 Innsbruck Österreich
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences Innsbruck (CMBI) Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Technikerstrasse 25 A-6020 Innsbruck Österreich
| | - João Ameixa
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Technikerstrasse 25 A-6020 Innsbruck Österreich
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences Innsbruck (CMBI) Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Technikerstrasse 25 A-6020 Innsbruck Österreich
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory Department of Physics CEFITEC Universidade NOVA de Lisboa 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Patrick Ziegler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Technikerstrasse 25 A-6020 Innsbruck Österreich
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences Innsbruck (CMBI) Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Technikerstrasse 25 A-6020 Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Filipe Ferreira da Silva
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory Department of Physics CEFITEC Universidade NOVA de Lisboa 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Technikerstrasse 25 A-6020 Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Stephan Denifl
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Technikerstrasse 25 A-6020 Innsbruck Österreich
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences Innsbruck (CMBI) Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Technikerstrasse 25 A-6020 Innsbruck Österreich
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Arthur‐Baidoo E, Ameixa J, Ziegler P, Ferreira da Silva F, Ončák M, Denifl S. Reactions in Tirapazamine Induced by the Attachment of Low-Energy Electrons: Dissociation Versus Roaming of OH. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17177-17181. [PMID: 32543771 PMCID: PMC7540495 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tirapazamine (TPZ) has been tested in clinical trials on radio-chemotherapy due to its potential highly selective toxicity towards hypoxic tumor cells. It was suggested that either the hydroxyl radical or benzotriazinyl radical may form as bioactive radical after the initial reduction of TPZ in solution. In the present work, we studied low-energy electron attachment to TPZ in the gas phase and investigated the decomposition of the formed TPZ- anion by mass spectrometry. We observed the formation of the (TPZ-OH)- anion accompanied by the dissociation of the hydroxyl radical as by far the most abundant reaction pathway upon attachment of a low-energy electron. Quantum chemical calculations suggest that NH2 pyramidalization is the key reaction coordinate for the reaction dynamics upon electron attachment. We propose an OH roaming mechanism for other reaction channels observed, in competition with the OH dissociation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Arthur‐Baidoo
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikLeopold-Franzens-Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstrasse 25A-6020InnsbruckAustria
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences Innsbruck (CMBI)Leopold-Franzens-Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstrasse 25A-6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - João Ameixa
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikLeopold-Franzens-Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstrasse 25A-6020InnsbruckAustria
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences Innsbruck (CMBI)Leopold-Franzens-Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstrasse 25A-6020InnsbruckAustria
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions LaboratoryDepartment of PhysicsCEFITECUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa2829-516CaparicaPortugal
| | - Patrick Ziegler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikLeopold-Franzens-Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstrasse 25A-6020InnsbruckAustria
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences Innsbruck (CMBI)Leopold-Franzens-Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstrasse 25A-6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Filipe Ferreira da Silva
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions LaboratoryDepartment of PhysicsCEFITECUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa2829-516CaparicaPortugal
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikLeopold-Franzens-Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstrasse 25A-6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Stephan Denifl
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikLeopold-Franzens-Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstrasse 25A-6020InnsbruckAustria
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences Innsbruck (CMBI)Leopold-Franzens-Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstrasse 25A-6020InnsbruckAustria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė A, Šarlauskas J, Jonušienė V, Marozienė A, Misevičienė L, Yantsevich AV, Čėnas N. Kinetics of Flavoenzyme-Catalyzed Reduction of Tirapazamine Derivatives: Implications for Their Prooxidant Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184602. [PMID: 31533349 PMCID: PMC6769651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatives of tirapazamine and other heteroaromatic N-oxides (ArN→O) exhibit promising antibacterial, antiprotozoal, and tumoricidal activities. Their action is typically attributed to bioreductive activation and free radical generation. In this work, we aimed to clarify the mechanism(s) of aerobic mammalian cell cytotoxicity of ArN→O performing the parallel studies of their reactions with NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase (P-450R), adrenodoxin reductase/adrenodoxin (ADR/ADX), and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1); we found that in P-450R and ADR/ADX-catalyzed single-electron reduction, the reactivity of ArN→O (n = 9) increased with their single-electron reduction midpoint potential (E17), and correlated with the reactivity of quinones. NQO1 reduced ArN→O at low rates with concomitant superoxide production. The cytotoxicity of ArN→O in murine hepatoma MH22a and human colon adenocarcinoma HCT-116 cells increased with their E17, being systematically higher than that of quinones. The cytotoxicity of both groups of compounds was prooxidant. Inhibitor of NQO1, dicoumarol, and inhibitors of cytochromes P-450 α-naphthoflavone, isoniazid and miconazole statistically significantly (p < 0.02) decreased the toxicity of ArN→O, and potentiated the cytotoxicity of quinones. One may conclude that in spite of similar enzymatic redox cycling rates, the cytotoxicity of ArN→O is higher than that of quinones. This is partly attributed to ArN→O activation by NQO1 and cytochromes P-450. A possible additional factor in the aerobic cytotoxicity of ArN→O is their reductive activation in oxygen-poor cell compartments, leading to the formation of DNA-damaging species similar to those forming under hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aušra Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių St. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Jonas Šarlauskas
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Violeta Jonušienė
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Audronė Marozienė
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Lina Misevičienė
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Aliaksei V Yantsevich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, NAS of Belarus, Kuprevicha 5/2, BY-220072 Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Narimantas Čėnas
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hay MP, Shin HN, Wong WW, Sahimi WW, Vaz ATD, Yadav P, Anderson RF, Hicks KO, Wilson WR. Benzotriazine Di-Oxide Prodrugs for Exploiting Hypoxia and Low Extracellular pH in Tumors. Molecules 2019; 24:E2524. [PMID: 31295864 PMCID: PMC6680510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular acidification is an important feature of tumor microenvironments but has yet to be successfully exploited in cancer therapy. The reversal of the pH gradient across the plasma membrane in cells that regulate intracellular pH (pHi) has potential to drive the selective uptake of weak acids at low extracellular pH (pHe). Here, we investigate the dual targeting of low pHe and hypoxia, another key feature of tumor microenvironments. We prepared eight bioreductive prodrugs based on the benzotriazine di-oxide (BTO) nucleus by appending alkanoic or aminoalkanoic acid sidechains. The BTO acids showed modest selectivity for both low pHe (pH 6.5 versus 7.4, ratios 2 to 5-fold) and anoxia (ratios 2 to 8-fold) in SiHa and FaDu cell cultures. Related neutral BTOs were not selective for acidosis, but had greater cytotoxic potency and hypoxic selectivity than the BTO acids. Investigation of the uptake and metabolism of representative BTO acids confirmed enhanced uptake at low pHe, but lower intracellular concentrations than expected for passive diffusion. Further, the modulation of intracellular reductase activity and competition by the cell-excluded electron acceptor WST-1 suggests that the majority of metabolic reductions of BTO acids occur at the cell surface, compromising the engagement of the resulting free radicals with intracellular targets. Thus, the present study provides support for designing bioreductive prodrugs that exploit pH-dependent partitioning, suggesting, however, that that the approach should be applied to prodrugs with obligate intracellular activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hay
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Symonds St, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hong Nam Shin
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Way Wua Wong
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Wan Wan Sahimi
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Aaron T D Vaz
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Robert F Anderson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Symonds St, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kevin O Hicks
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Symonds St, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - William R Wilson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Symonds St, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|