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Akagi Y, Yamakoshi H, Iwabuchi Y. Development of a fluorous trapping reagent for rapid detection of electrophilic reactive metabolites. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:3810-3814. [PMID: 38855885 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00577e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
A cysteine-based fluorous trapping reagent, Rf8CYS, was developed. Rf8CYS formed adducts with soft and hard electrophilic reactive metabolites. These fluorous-tagged adducts were purified via both fluorous solid-phase extraction and the direct injection method. The highly sensitive mass spectrometric detection of an unprecedented adduct of the ticlopidine metabolite was realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Akagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-13-2 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamakoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Yoshiharu Iwabuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
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2
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Jeon JS, Kim H, Jo S, Sim J, Kim SK. Role of microsomal metabolism in bromfenac-induced cytotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 391:110903. [PMID: 38331335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
This study delves into the intricate mechanisms underlying drug-induced liver injury (DILI) with a specific focus on bromfenac, the withdrawn nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. DILI is a pervasive concern in drug development, prompting market withdrawals and posing significant challenges to healthcare. Despite the withdrawal of bromfenac due to DILI, the exact role of its microsomal metabolism in inducing hepatotoxicity remains unclear. Herein, employing HepG2 cells with human liver microsomes and UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA), our investigation revealed a substantial increase in bromfenac-induced cytotoxicity in the presence of UDPGA, pointing to the significance of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)-dependent metabolism in augmenting toxicity. Notably, among the recombinant UGTs examined, UGT2B7 emerged as a pivotal enzyme in the metabolic activation of bromfenac. Metabolite identification studies disclosed the formation of reactive intermediates, with bromfenac indolinone (lactam) identified as a potential mediator of hepatotoxic effects. Moreover, in cytotoxicity experiments, the toxicity of bromfenac lactam exhibited a 34-fold increase, relative to bromfenac. The toxicity of bromfenac lactam was mitigated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent metabolism. This finding underscores the role of UGT-dependent metabolism in generating reactive metabolites that contribute to the observed hepatotoxicity associated with bromfenac. Understanding these metabolic pathways and the involvement of specific enzymes, such as UGT2B7, provides crucial insights into the mechanisms of bromfenac-induced liver injury. In conclusion, this research sheds light on the metabolic intricacies leading to cytotoxicity induced by bromfenac, especially emphasizing the role of UGT-dependent metabolism and the formation of reactive intermediates like bromfenac lactam. These findings offer insight into the mechanistic basis of DILI and emphasize the importance of understanding metabolism-mediated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Su Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongyea Jo
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Sim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Wang S, Argikar UA, Cheruzel L, Cho S, Crouch RD, Dhaware D, Heck CJS, Johnson KM, Kalgutkar AS, King L, Liu J, Ma B, Maw H, Miller GP, Seneviratne HK, Takahashi RH, Wei C, Khojasteh SC. Bioactivation and reactivity research advances - 2022 year in review‡. Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:267-300. [PMID: 37608698 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2244193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
With the 50th year mark since the launch of Drug Metabolism and Disposition journal, the field of drug metabolism and bioactivation has advanced exponentially in the past decades (Guengerich 2023).This has, in a major part, been due to the continued advances across the whole spectrum of applied technologies in hardware, software, machine learning (ML), and artificial intelligence (AI). LC-MS platforms continue to evolve to support key applications in the field, and automation is also improving the accuracy, precision, and throughput of these supporting assays. In addition, sample generation and processing is being aided by increased diversity and quality of reagents and bio-matrices so that what is being analyzed is more relevant and translatable. The application of in silico platforms (applied software, ML, and AI) is also making great strides, and in tandem with the more traditional approaches mentioned previously, is significantly advancing our understanding of bioactivation pathways and how these play a role in toxicity. All of this continues to allow the area of bioactivation to evolve in parallel with associated fields to help bring novel or improved medicines to patients with urgent or unmet needs.Shuai Wang and Cyrus Khojasteh, on behalf of the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Inotiv, Maryland Heights, MO, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Quantitative Drug Discovery, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hlaing Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Mitra K. Acyl Glucuronide and Coenzyme A Thioester Metabolites of Carboxylic Acid-Containing Drug Molecules: Layering Chemistry with Reactive Metabolism and Toxicology. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1777-1788. [PMID: 36200746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronidation and CoA (coenzyme A) conjugation are common pathways for the elimination of carboxylic acid-containing drug molecules. In some instances, these biotransformations have been associated with toxicity (such as idiosyncratic hepatic injury, renal impairment, hemolytic anemia, gastrointestinal inflammation, and bladder cancer) attributed to, in part, the propensity of acyl glucuronides and acyl CoA thioesters to covalently modify biological macromolecules such as proteins and DNA. It is to be noted that, while acyl glucuronidation and CoA conjugation are indeed implicated in adverse effects, there are many safe drugs in the market that are cleared by these reactive pathways. It is therefore important that new molecular entities with carboxylic acid groups are evaluated for toxicity in a manner that is not unreasonably risk-averse. In the absence of truly predictable methods, therefore, the general approach is to apply a set of end points to generate a weight-of-evidence evaluation. In practice, the focus is to identify structural liabilities and provide structure-activity recommendations early in the program, at a stage where an attempt to improve reactive metabolism does not deoptimize other critical drug-quality criteria. This review will present a high-level overview of the chemistry of glucuronidation and CoA conjugation and provide a discussion of the possible mechanisms of adverse effects that have been associated with these pathways, as well as how such potential hazards are addressed while delivering a new chemical entity for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Mitra
- Discovery, Product Development & Supply, Preclinical Sciences & Translational Safety, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Springhouse, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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Yu ZJ, Le H, Tang J, Yue Q, Zhang J, Murray B, Liu X, Smith BJ, Subramanian R. 18O-Enabled High-Throughput Acyl Glucuronide Stability Assay. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1400-1409. [PMID: 35833852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronides (AGs) are common metabolites of carboxylic acid-containing compounds. In some circumstances, AGs are suspected to be involved in drug toxicity due to formation of acyl migration products that bind covalently to cellular components. The risk of this adverse effect has been found to be correlated with the chemical stability of the AG, and assays have been described that monitor acyl migration by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). This analysis can be challenging as it requires baseline chromatographic separation of the unmigrated 1-β-acyl glucuronide from the migrated isomers and thus needs to be individually optimized for each aglycone. Therefore, a high-throughput assay that eliminates LC method development is desirable. Herein, we report an improved acyl glucuronide stability assay based on the rate of 18O-incorporation from [18O] water, which is compatible with high-throughput bioanalytical LC-MS workflows. Synthetic AGs with shorter migration half-lives showed faster incorporation of 18O. The level of differential incorporation of 18O following a 24 h incubation correlates well with the migration tendency of AGs. This assay was developed further, exploring in situ generation of AGs by human hepatic microsomal fraction. The results from 18 in situ-formed acyl glucuronides were similar to those obtained using authentic reference standards. In this format, this new 18O-labeling method offers a simplified workflow, requires no LC method development or AG reference standard, and thus facilitates AG liability assessment in early drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaikuan Josh Yu
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Hoa Le
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jennifer Tang
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Qin Yue
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bernard Murray
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bill J Smith
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Raju Subramanian
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
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Shibazaki C, Mashita O, Takahashi K, Nakamura S, Mashino T, Ohe T. Development of a Fluorescent-Labeled Trapping Reagent to Detect Reactive Acyl Glucuronides. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2343-2352. [PMID: 34705453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronides are common metabolites of carboxylic acid-containing compounds. Since acyl glucuronides sometimes show high reactivity, they are considered to be involved in drug toxicity. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the risk posed by acyl glucuronides in the development of safe drugs; however, there are no suitable evaluation methods for the early stages of drug discovery. We aimed to develop a trapping reagent that detects reactive acyl glucuronides to assess their risk. We designed a diamine-structured trapping reagent, Dap-Dan, and compared its trapping ability with the reported one that has an amino group, and results showed that Dap-Dan showed higher accuracy. In the trapping assay with 17 medicines containing a carboxylic acid, Dap-Dan trapped acyl glucuronides that had a higher risk of toxicity. In conclusion, Dap-Dan can be useful for evaluating the risk of reactive acyl glucuronides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Shibazaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Okishi Mashita
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Kyoko Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-0023, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-0023, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Mashino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohe
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
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Khojasteh SC, Driscoll JP, Jackson KD, Miller GP, Mitra K, Rietjens IMCM, Zhang D. Novel advances in biotransformation and bioactivation research-2019 year in review .. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:333-365. [PMID: 32645275 PMCID: PMC10805366 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1772281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation is one of the main mechanisms used by the body to eliminate drugs. As drug molecules become more complicated, the involvement of drug metabolizing enzymes increases beyond those that are typically studied, such as the cytochrome P450 enzymes. In this review, we try to capture the many outstanding articles that were published in the past year in the field of biotransformation (see Table 1). We have divided the articles into two categories of (1) metabolites and drug metabolizing enzymes, and (2) bioactivation and safety. This annual review is the fifth of its kind since 2016 (Baillie et al. 2016; Khojasteh et al. 2017, 2018, 2019). This effort in itself also continues to evolve. We have followed the same format we used in previous years in terms of the selection of articles and the authoring of each section. I am pleased of the continued support of Rietjens, Miller, Zhang, Driscoll and Mitra to this review. We would like to welcome Klarissa D. Jackson as a new author for this year's issue. We strive to maintain a balance of authors from academic and industry settings. We would be pleased to hear your opinions of our commentary, and we extend an invitation to anyone who would like to contribute to a future edition of this review. Cyrus Khojasteh, on behalf of the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James P Driscoll
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, MyoKardia, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kaushik Mitra
- Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Mulder T, Bobba S, Johnson K, Grandner JM, Wang W, Zhang C, Cai J, Choo EF, Khojasteh SC, Zhang D. Bioactivation of α,β-Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids Through Acyl Glucuronidation. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:819-829. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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