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Okabe K, Yamashina M, Tsurumaki E, Uekusa H, Toyota S. Solid-State Self-Assembly: Exclusive Formation and Dynamic Interconversion of Discrete Cyclic Assemblies Based on Molecular Tweezers. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9488-9495. [PMID: 38913719 PMCID: PMC11232003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
In contrast to self-assembly in solution systems, the construction of well-defined assemblies in the solid state has long been identified as a challenging task. Herein, we report the formation of tweezers-shaped molecules into various assemblies through a solid-state self-assembly strategy. The relatively flexible molecular tweezers undergo exclusive and quantitative assembly into either cyclic hexamers or a porous network through classical recrystallization or the exposure of powders to solvent vapor, despite the fact that they form only dimers in solution. The cyclic hexamers have high thermal stability and exhibit moderate solid-state fluorescence. The formation of heterologous assemblies consisting of different tweezers allows for tuning these solid-state properties of the cyclic hexamer. Furthermore, (trimethylsilyl)ethynyl-substituted tweezers demonstrate solvent-vapor-induced dynamic interconversion between the cyclic hexamer and a pseudocyclic dimer in the solid state. This assembly behavior, which has been studied extensively in solution-based supramolecular chemistry, had not been accomplished in the solid state so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Okabe
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamashina
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Eiji Tsurumaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Uekusa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Shinji Toyota
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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2
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Ma S, Leung KM, Liao C, Chang CK, Zhou Y, Chen S, Zhao X, Zhao Q, Shih K. Green conversion of waste alkaline battery material to zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 and its iodine capture mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133612. [PMID: 38422728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) exhibits excellent performance in capturing iodine. However, the solvent-based procedures and raw materials for ZIF-8 synthesis often lead to secondary pollution. We developed a solvent-minimizing method for preparing ZIF-8 via ball milling of raw material obtained from spent alkaline batteries, and studied its iodine-capture performance and structural changes. Exposure of the ZIF-8 to iodine vapor for 60 min demonstrated that it exhibited industrially competitive iodine-capture performance (the adsorbed amount reaches to 1123 mg g-1 within 60 min). Spectroscopic studies showed that ZIF-8 underwent a structural transformation upon iodine loading. Iodine molecules were adsorbed onto the surface of ZIF-8 and also formed C-I bond with the methyl groups on the imidazole rings, reducing iodine release. This work represents a comprehensive revelation of long-range order and short-range order evolution of ZIF-8 during iodine vapor adsorption over time. Moreover, this green synthesis of ZIF-8 is of lower cost and generates fewer harmful by-products than existing methods, and the produced ZIF-8 effectively entraps toxic iodine vapor. Thus, this synthesis enables a sustainable and circular material flow for beneficial utilization of waste materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengshou Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Ka-Ming Leung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Changzhong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Chung-Kai Chang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying Zhou
- Center for Water Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Shangsi Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Porkfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xiaolong Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Porkfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Kaimin Shih
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
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3
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Abdalrazaq EA, Mohammed HK, Voronkova DK, Joshi SK, Saleh EAM, Kareem AH, Kumar A, Alawadi A, Alslaami A, Fathollahi R. Palladium anchored to BisPyP@bilayer-SiO 2@NMP organic-inorganic hybrid as an efficient and recoverable novel nanocatalyst in suzuki and stille C-C coupling reactions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8945. [PMID: 38637701 PMCID: PMC11026489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The palladium anchored to BisPyP@bilayer-SiO2@NMP organic-inorganic hybrid was employed as an effective and recyclable organometallic catalyst in Suzuki and Stille C-C coupling reactions. The structure of this magnetic nanocatalyst was determined using various techniques such as SEM, TEM, FT-IR, EDS, ICP-OES, VSM, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, XRD, and TGA. In both of the mentioned coupling paths, the yields of the products were very favorable and ranged from 90 to 98%. Also, they had significant features compared to previous reports, such as very short reaction time (5-15 and 7-20 min respectively in the Suzuki and Stille reactions), easy work-up, broad substrate scope, ease of separation of the catalyst using a magnet, suitable reproducibility of the catalyst in 6 runs, heterogeneous nature of the catalyst and not washing it during consecutive runs with confirmation of hot filtration and ICP-OES methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eid Ahmed Abdalrazaq
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an, Jordan
| | - Hala Kh Mohammed
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Almaarif University College, Ramadi, Iraq
| | - Daria K Voronkova
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Mishref Campus, Mubarak Al-Abdullah, Kuwait
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University Moscow, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Joshi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Ebraheem Abdu Musad Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11991, Wadi Al-Dawasir, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abhinav Kumar
- Department of Nuclear and Renewable Energy, Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia Boris Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg, Russia, 620002
| | - Ahmed Alawadi
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ali Alslaami
- College of Medical Technique, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Rohollah Fathollahi
- Takin Shimi Sepanta Industries Co, Sirvan Industrial Zone, PO 6958140120, Ilam, Iran.
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4
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Moon JH, Oh E, Koo TM, Jeon YS, Jang YJ, Fu HE, Ko MJ, Kim YK. One-Step Electrochemical Synthesis of Multiyolk-Shell Nanocoils for Exceptional Photocatalytic Performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312214. [PMID: 38190643 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Multiyolk-shell (mYS) nanostructures have garnered significant interest in various photocatalysis applications such as water splitting and waste treatment. Nonetheless, the complexity and rigorous conditions for the synthesis have hindered their widespread implementation. This study presents a one-step electrochemical strategy for synthesizing multiyolk-shell nanocoils (mYSNC), wherein multiple cores of noble metal nanoparticles, such as Au, are embedded within the hollow coil-shaped FePO4 shell structures, mitigating the challenges posed by conventional methods. By capitalizing on the dissimilar dissolution rates of bimetallic alloy nanocoils in an electrochemically programmed solution, nanocoils of different shapes and materials, including two variations of mYSNCs are successfully fabricated. The resulting Au-FePO4 mYSNCs exhibit exceptional photocatalytic performance for environmental remediation, demonstrating up to 99% degradation of methylene blue molecules within 50 min and 95% degradation of tetracycline within 100 min under ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) light source. This remarkable performance can be attributed to the abundant electrochemical active sites, internal voids facilitating efficient light harvesting with coil morphology, amplified localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at the plasmonic nanoparticle-semiconductor interface, and effective band engineering. The innovative approach utilizing bimetallic alloys demonstrates precise geometric control and design of intricate multicomponent hybrid composites, showcasing the potential for developing versatile hollow nanomaterials for catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hwan Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsoo Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas Myeongseok Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Sang Jeon
- Institute of Engineering Research, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Jang
- Department of Semiconductor Systems Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong En Fu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jun Ko
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Young Keun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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Zhang Y, Wu X, Wang ZH, Peng Y, Liu Y, Yang S, Sun C, Xu X, Zhang X, Kang J, Wei SH, Liu PF, Dai S, Yang HG. Crystal Facet Engineering on SrTiO 3 Enhances Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6618-6627. [PMID: 38349322 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Single-crystal semiconductor-based photocatalysts exposing unique crystallographic facets show promising applications in energy and environmental technologies; however, crystal facet engineering through solid-state synthesis for photocatalytic overall water splitting is still challenging. Herein, we develop a novel crystal facet engineering strategy through solid-state recrystallization to synthesize uniform SrTiO3 single crystals exposing tailored {111} facets. The presynthesized low-crystalline SrTiO3 precursors enable the formation of well-defined single crystals through kinetically improved crystal structure transformation during solid-state recrystallization process. By employing subtle Al3+ ions as surface morphology modulators, the crystal surface orientation can be precisely tuned to a controlled percentage of {111} facets. The photocatalytic overall water splitting activity increases with the exposure percentage of {111} facets. Owing to the outstanding crystallinity and favorable anisotropic surface structure, the SrTiO3 single crystals with 36.6% of {111} facets lead to a 3-fold enhancement of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rates up to 1.55 mmol·h-1 in a stoichiometric ratio of 2:1 than thermodynamically stable SrTiO3 enclosed with isotropic {100} facets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Wang
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuanwei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chenghua Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn 3122, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiang Xu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xie Zhang
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jun Kang
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Su-Huai Wei
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Sheng Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hua Gui Yang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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6
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Saito K, Jinushi T, Soga I. Solid-State Synthesis of Niobium Carbide Electrocatalyst in the Presence of Vanadium as Suppressor of Energy Input and Greenhouse Gas Emission. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:7069-7074. [PMID: 38371802 PMCID: PMC10870285 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state reaction (SSR) is a widely adopted method for functional inorganic material syntheses. Unlike intricate systems emerging from chemically unstable precursor usage, the SSR can proceed from stable precursor couples using simple apparatuses. However, this reaction is associated with high temperatures that overcome solid-state diffusion. Moreover, solid-state syntheses of technologically crucial carbides lead to greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, exploring an extrinsic component to suppress these challenges is vital to confronting global energy and environmental issues. This study reports that the presence of an ordinary element, vanadium (V), changes the routes of the SSR of niobium carbide (NbC), producing NbC efficiently and cleanly. 1000 °C is far below the temperature required to obtain NbC from a precursor couple of Nb2O5 and C, i.e., approximately 1500 °C is required. However, a carbon substitute, vanadium carbide, completely consumed Nb2O5 before reaching 1000 °C and consummated NbC crystallization for 10 h. Furthermore, NbC crystallites were observed using X-ray diffraction from 770 °C, and their formation was primarily accompanied by VNbO4, rather than being routed through NbO2 produced for the Nb2O5-C combination. The obtained NbC contained V as a dopant in the 15-50% range (NbC:V), and the relative abundance was correlated with the preparation temperature. Mass analyses revealed that the formation of NbC/V is barely associated with greenhouse gas emissions because of the sizable thermodynamic driving force for primarily forming vanadium oxide byproducts. Device performance using NbC/V was also assessed for a standard electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Saito
- Department of Materials Science and
Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata
University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takahiro Jinushi
- Department of Materials Science and
Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata
University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Itsuki Soga
- Department of Materials Science and
Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata
University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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7
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Kumar A, Lee IS. Designer Nanoreactors for Bioorthogonal Catalysis. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:413-427. [PMID: 38243820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The evolutionary complexity of compartmentalized biostructures (such as cells and organelles) endows life-sustaining multistep chemical cascades and intricate living functionalities. Relatively, within a very short time span, a synthetic paradigm has resulted in tremendous growth in controlling the materials at different length scales (molecular, nano, micro, and macro), improving mechanistic understanding and setting the design principals toward different compositions, configurations, and structures, and in turn fine-tuning their optoelectronic and catalytic properties for targeted applications. Bioorthogonal catalysis offers a highly versatile toolkit for biochemical modulation and the capability to perform new-to-nature reactions inside living systems, endowing augmented functions. However, conventional catalysts have limitations to control the reactions under physiological conditions due to the hostile bioenvironment. The present account details the development of bioapplicable multicomponent designer nanoreactors (NRs), where the compositions, morphologies, interfacial active sites, and microenvironments around different metal nanocatalysts can be precisely controlled by novel nanospace-confined chemistries. Different architectures of porous, hollow, and open-mouth silica-based nano-housings facilitate the accommodation, protection, and selective access of different nanoscale metal-based catalytic sites. The modular porosity/composition, optical transparency, thermal insulation, and nontoxicity of silica are highly useful. Moreover, large macropores or cavities can also be occupied by enzymes (for chemoenzymatic cascades) and selectivity enhancers (for stimuli-responsive gating) along with the metal nanocatalysts. Further, it is crucial to selectively activate and control catalytic reactions by a remotely operable biocompatible energy source. Integration of highly coupled plasmonic (Au) components having few-nanometer structural features (gaps, cavities, and junctions as electromagnetic hot-spots) endows an opportunity to efficiently harness low-power NIR light and selectively supply energy to the interfacial catalytic sites through localized photothermal and electronic effects. Different plasmonically integrated NRs with customizable plasmonic-catalytic components, cavities inside bilayer nanospaces, and metal-laminated nanocrystals inside hollow silica can perform NIR-/light-induced catalytic reactions in complex media including living cells. In addition, magnetothermia-induced NRs by selective growth of catalytic metals on a pre-installed superparamagnetic iron-oxide core inside a hollow-porous silica shell endowed the opportunity to apply AMF as a bioorthogonal stimulus to promote catalytic reactions. By combining "plasmonic-catalytic" and "magnetic-catalytic" components within a single NR, two distinct reaction steps can be desirably controlled by two energy sources (NIR light and AMF) of distinct energy regimes. The capability to perform multistep organic molecular transformations in harmony with the natural living system will reveal novel reaction schemes for in cellulo synthesis of active drug and bioimaging probes. Well-designed nanoscale discrete architectures of NRs can facilitate spatiotemporal control over abiotic chemical synthesis without adversely affecting the cell viability. However, in-depth understanding of heterogeneous surface catalytic reactions, rate induction mechanisms, selectivity control pathways, and targeted nanobio interactions is necessary. The broad field of biomedical engineering can hugely benefit from the aid of novel nanomaterials with chemistry-based designs and the synthesis of engineered NRs performing unique bioorthogonal chemistry functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-Confined Chemical Reactions (NCCRs) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - In Su Lee
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-Confined Chemical Reactions (NCCRs) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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8
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Zhao JW, Wang HY, Feng L, Zhu JZ, Liu JX, Li WX. Crystal-Phase Engineering in Heterogeneous Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:164-209. [PMID: 38044580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a chemical reaction is critically dependent on the electronic and/or geometric structures of a material in heterogeneous catalysis. Over the past century, the Sabatier principle has already provided a conceptual framework for optimal catalyst design by adjusting the electronic structure of the catalytic material via a change in composition. Beyond composition, it is essential to recognize that the geometric atomic structures of a catalyst, encompassing terraces, edges, steps, kinks, and corners, have a substantial impact on the activity and selectivity of a chemical reaction. Crystal-phase engineering has the capacity to bring about substantial alterations in the electronic and geometric configurations of a catalyst, enabling control over coordination numbers, morphological features, and the arrangement of surface atoms. Modulating the crystallographic phase is therefore an important strategy for improving the stability, activity, and selectivity of catalytic materials. Nonetheless, a complete understanding of how the performance depends on the crystal phase of a catalyst remains elusive, primarily due to the absence of a molecular-level view of active sites across various crystal phases. In this review, we primarily focus on assessing the dependence of catalytic performance on crystal phases to elucidate the challenges and complexities inherent in heterogeneous catalysis, ultimately aiming for improved catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, iChem, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hong-Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, iChem, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Li Feng
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, iChem, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jin-Ze Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, iChem, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jin-Xun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, iChem, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Wei-Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, iChem, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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9
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McCalla E. Semiautomated Experiments to Accelerate the Design of Advanced Battery Materials: Combining Speed, Low Cost, and Adaptability. ACS ENGINEERING AU 2023; 3:391-402. [PMID: 38144679 PMCID: PMC10739616 DOI: 10.1021/acsengineeringau.3c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
A number of methodologies are currently being exploited in order to dramatically increase the composition space explored in the design of new battery materials. This is proving necessary as commercial Li-ion battery materials have become increasingly high-performing and complex. For example, commercial cathode materials have quinary compositions with a sixth element in the coating, while a very large number of contenders are still being considered for solid electrolytes, with most of the periodic table being at play. Furthermore, the promise of accelerated design by computation and machine learning (ML) are encouraging, but they both ultimately require large amounts of quality experimental data either to fill in holes left by the computations or to be used to improve the ML models. All of this leads researchers to increase experimental throughputs. This perspective focuses on semiautomated experimental approaches where automation is only utilized in key steps where absolutely necessary in order to overcome bottlenecks while minimizing costs. Such workflows are more widely accessible to research groups as compared to fully automated systems, such that the current perspective may be useful to a wide community. The most essential steps in automation are related to characterization, with X-ray diffraction being a key bottleneck. By analyzing published workflows of both semi- and fully automated workflows, it is found herein that steps handled by researchers during the synthesis are not prohibitive in terms of overall throughput and may lead to greater flexibility, making more synthesis routes possible. Examples will be provided in this perspective of workflows that have been optimized for anodes, cathodes, and electrolytes in Li batteries, the vast majority of which are also suitable for battery technologies beyond Li.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric McCalla
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, H3A 0B8
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10
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Shi Y, Su W, Yuan F, Yuan T, Song X, Han Y, Wei S, Zhang Y, Li Y, Li X, Fan L. Carbon Dots for Electroluminescent Light-Emitting Diodes: Recent Progress and Future Prospects. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210699. [PMID: 36959751 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs), as emerging carbon nanomaterials, have been regarded as promising alternatives for electroluminescent light-emitting diodes (LEDs) owing to their distinct characteristics, such as low toxicity, tuneable photoluminescence, and good photostability. In the last few years, despite remarkable progress achieved in CD-based LEDs, their device performance is still inferior to that of well-developed organic, heavy-metal-based QDs, and perovskite LEDs. To better exploit LED applications and boost device performance, in this review, a comprehensive overview of currently explored CDs is presented, focusing on their key optical characteristics, which are closely related to the structural design of CDs from their carbon core to surface modifications, and to macroscopic structural engineering, including the embedding of CDs in the matrix or spatial arrangement of CDs. The design of CD-based LEDs for display and lighting applications based on the fluorescence, phosphorescence, and delayed fluorescence emission of CDs is also highlighted. Finally, it is concluded with a discussion regarding the key challenges and plausible prospects in this field. It is hoped that this review inspires more extensive research on CDs from a new perspective and promotes practical applications of CD-based LEDs in multiple directions of current and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wen Su
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Fanglong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xianzhi Song
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yuyi Han
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shuyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yunchao Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Louzhen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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Choi JH, Kumari N, Kumar A, Acharya A, Ahn J, Kim J, Hwang H, Joo T, Kim JK, Lee IS. Stratum-Confined Solid-State Reaction (SC-SSR) toward Colloidal Silicon-Based Hollow Nanostructures for Bioapplications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301190. [PMID: 37096899 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanostructures (SiNSs) can provide multifaceted bioapplications; but preserving their subhundred nm size during high-temperature silica-to-silicon conversion is the major bottleneck. The SC-SSR utilizes an interior metal-silicide stratum space at a predetermined radial distance inside silica nanosphere to guide the magnesiothermic reduction reaction (MTR)-mediated synthesis of hollow and porous SiNSs. In depth mechanistic study explores solid-to-hollow transformation encompassing predefined radial boundary through the participation of metal-silicide species directing the in-situ formed Si-phase accumulation within the narrow stratum. Evolving thin-porous Si-shell remains well protected by the in-situ segregated MgO emerging as a protective cast against the heat-induced deformation and interparticle sintering. Retrieved hydrophilic SiNSs (<100 nm) can be conveniently processed in different biomedia as colloidal solutions and endocytosized inside cells as photoluminescence (PL)-based bioimaging probes. Inside the cell, rattle-like SiNSs encapsulated with Pd nanocrystals can function as biorthogonal nanoreactors to catalyze intracellular synthesis of probe molecules through C-C cross coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hun Choi
- Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Nitee Kumari
- Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Amit Kumar
- Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Anubhab Acharya
- Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Jungsoo Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Jaerim Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyeonwoong Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Taiha Joo
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Jong Kyu Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - In Su Lee
- Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
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12
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Du T, Xue X, Han X. Synthesis of Eu 3+-Doped NaGd 9Si 6O 26 Sub-Microcrystals from a NaGdF 4@SiO 2 Structure. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104214. [PMID: 37241954 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare earth silicate phosphors of high quantum efficiency with a stable performance are promising materials in the fields of display and illumination. The grain sizes of products synthesized via the conventional solid-state reaction method are usually too large to satisfy the requirements of color cast and extraction efficiency in high-resolution light-emitting devices (LEDs). We designed a synthetic route and successfully fabricated rare earth silicate NaGd9Si6O26 (NGSO) sub-microcrystals with a size ranging from 550 to 1200 nm. The reaction mechanism and optical properties were systematically investigated. The quantum efficiency of Eu3+-activated NGSO sub-microcrystals was about 36.6%. The LED encapsulated with these sub-microcrystals showed lower color deviation and higher lumen efficiency and lumen flux compared to that with NGSO fabricated using the conventional solid state reaction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyun Du
- Institute of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Guorui Scientific Innovation Rare Earth Functional Materials (Ganzhou) Co., Ltd., Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xiaojie Xue
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xiuxun Han
- Institute of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Guorui Scientific Innovation Rare Earth Functional Materials (Ganzhou) Co., Ltd., Ganzhou 341000, China
- National Rare Earth Function Materials Innovation Center, Ganzhou 341000, China
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Zhu M, Lu C, Liu L. Progress and challenges of emerging MXene based materials for thermoelectric applications. iScience 2023; 26:106718. [PMID: 37234091 PMCID: PMC10206441 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To realize sustainable development, more and more countries forwarded carbon neutrality goal. Accordingly, improving the utilization efficiency of traditional fossil fuel is an effective strategy for this great goal. Keeping this in mind, developing thermoelectric devices to recover waste heat energy resulted in the consumption process of fuel is demonstrated to be promising. High performance thermoelectric devices require advanced materials. MXenes are a kind of 2D materials with a layered structure, which demonstrate excellent thermoelectric performance owing to their unique physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. Also, substantial achievement has been gained during the past few years in synthesizing MXene based materials for thermoelectric devices. In this review, the mainstream synthetic routes of MXene from etching MAX were summarized. Significantly, the current state and challenges of research on improving the performance of MXene based thermoelectrics are explored, including pristine MXene and MXene based composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiyong Zhu
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Congcong Lu
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Lingran Liu
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
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14
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Yan Y, Liu Z, Xie P, Huang S, Chen J, Caddeo F, Liu X, Huang Q, Jin M, Shui L. Sensitive electrochemical assay of acetaminophen based on 3D-hierarchical mesoporous carbon nanosheets. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 634:509-520. [PMID: 36542979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen plays a key role in first-line Covid-19 cure as a supportive therapy of fever and pain. However, overdose of acetaminophen may give rise to severe adverse events such as acute liver failure in individual. In this work, 3D-hierarchical mesoporous carbon nanosheet (hMCNS) microspheres with superior properties were fabricated using simple and quick strategy and applied for sensitive quantification of acetaminophen in pharmaceutical formulation and rat plasmas after administration. The hMCNS microspheres are prepared via chemical etching of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles from a zinc-gallic acid precursor composite (Zn-GA) synthesized by high-temperature anaerobic pyrolysis. The obtained hMCNS could enhance analytes accessibility and accelerate proton transfer in the interface, hence increasing the electrochemical performance. Under optimized experimental conditions, the proposed electrochemical sensor achieves a detection limit of 3.5 nM for acetaminophen. The prepared electrochemical sensor has been successfully applied for quantification of acetaminophen in pharmaceutical formulations and the rat plasma samples before and after administration. Meanwhile, this sensor is compared with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a reference technology, showing an excellent accuracy. Such an electrochemical sensor has great potential and economic benefits for applications in the fields of pharmaceutical assay and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and System, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhenping Liu
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and System, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Peng Xie
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and System, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shuqing Huang
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and System, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jiamei Chen
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and System, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Francesco Caddeo
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xin Liu
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Qiuju Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and System, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Zhaoqing 526238, PR China
| | - Lingling Shui
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and System, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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15
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Hydrothermal Synthesis of Monoclinic CrVO4 Nanoparticles and Catalytic Ammoxidation of 2-chlorotoluene. Catal Letters 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-023-04305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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16
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Huang L, Huang X, Yan J, Liu Y, Jiang H, Zhang H, Tang J, Liu Q. Research progresses on the application of perovskite in adsorption and photocatalytic removal of water pollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:130024. [PMID: 36155298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The problem of global water pollution and scarcity of water resources is becoming increasingly serious. Multifunctional perovskites can well drive adsorption and photocatalytic reactions to remove water pollutants. There are many advantages of perovskites, such as abundant oxygen vacancies, easily tunable structural morphology, stable crystal state, highly active metal sites, and a wide photo response range. However, there are few reviews on the simultaneous application of perovskite to adsorption and photocatalytic removal of water pollutants. Thus, this paper discusses the preparation methods of perovskite, the factors affecting the adsorption of water environmental pollutants by perovskite, and the factors affecting perovskite photocatalytic water pollutants. The particle size, specific surface area, oxygen vacancies, electron-hole trapping agents, potentials of the valence band, and conduction band in perovskites are significant influencing factors for adsorption and photocatalysis. Strategies for improving the performance of perovskites in the fields of adsorption and photocatalysis are discussed. The adsorption behaviors and catalytic mechanisms are also investigated, including adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics, electrostatic interaction, ion exchange, chemical bonding, and photocatalytic mechanism. It summarizes the removal of water pollutants by using perovskites. It provides the design of perovskites as high-efficiency adsorbents and catalysts for developing new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuanjie Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jia Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yonghui Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongguo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou University-Linköping University Research Center on Urban Sustainable Development, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jinfeng Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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17
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Tuluk A, Brouwer H, van der Zwaag S. Controlling the Oxygen Defects Concentration in a Pure BiFeO 3 Bulk Ceramic. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15196509. [PMID: 36233849 PMCID: PMC9571174 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BiFeO3 is a multiferroic material with a perovskite structure that has a lot of potential for use in sensors and transducers. However, obtaining pure single-phase BiFeO3 ceramic with a low electrical conductivity via solid-state reactions remains a problem that limits its application. In this work, the suppression of secondary phases in BiFeO3 was studied by varying the compositional parameters and the sintering temperature. The addition of 1% Bi2O3 to the stoichiometric precursor mixture prevented the formation of secondary phases observed when sintering stoichiometric precursors. The pure phase ceramic had a p-type conductivity and a three-decade lower electrical conductivity as measured by impedance spectroscopy. Annealing of optimally synthesized material at different partial pressures of oxygen in an oxygen−nitrogen gas atmosphere showed that the reason for this type of conductivity lies in the high concentration of defects associated with oxygen. By annealing in various mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen, it is possible to control the concentration of these defects and hence the conductivity, which can go down another two decades. At a pO2 ≤10%, the conductivity is determined by intrinsic charge carriers in the material itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Tuluk
- Novel Aerospace Materials (NovAM) Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 Delft, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Hans Brouwer
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sybrand van der Zwaag
- Novel Aerospace Materials (NovAM) Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 Delft, The Netherlands
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