1
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Sun C, Shi Z, Li Y, Lou Y, Wei G, Yang Z. Development of a Skeletal Mechanism of a Four-Component Diesel Surrogate Fuel Using the Decoupling Method. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:35904-35918. [PMID: 37810733 PMCID: PMC10552480 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Alkylcyclohexanes with a long alkyl chain account for more than 30% of diesel fuel but seldom used in the oxidation mechanism of diesel surrogate fuel due to the lack of a reduced skeletal mechanism. Hence, a four-component diesel surrogate fuel was developed with n-butylcyclohexane (NBCH) as the representative of alkylcyclohexanes with a long alkyl chain in real diesel. The surrogate fuel can reproduce the physicochemical characteristics of real diesel, especially the distillation range. The reduced mechanism of NBCH was developed, and the skeletal mechanism of the surrogate fuel was formulated including 80 species and 251 reactions based on the decoupling method. The mechanism was validated under a wide range of conditions with the experimental results of ignition delay time (IDT), laminar flame speed, and species concentrations of both pure components and diesel. The accuracy of the mechanism on the spray and ignition performance was further validated against the experimental data obtained in a constant volume combustion chamber system. The calculated results showed a satisfactory agreement, in which the maximum error of flame lift-off length is 7.82 mm and that of IDTs is 0.16 ms. It was proven that the mechanism is suitable to reproduce the physicochemical properties of diesel and further predict the diesel spray and ignition performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghan Sun
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhongjie Shi
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yikai Li
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing
Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of
Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Yue Lou
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gaoran Wei
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ziming Yang
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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2
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Kerras H, Outili N, Loubar K, Meniai AH. Optimization of formulation for surrogate fuels for diesel–biodiesel mixtures. CR CHIM 2021. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Harries ME, Wasserman SS, Berry JL, Jeerage KM. Characterization of a headspace sampling method with a five-component diesel fuel surrogate. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2020.100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Pitz WJ, Liang J, Kukkadapu G, Zhang K, Conroy C, Bugler J, Curran HJ. A detailed chemical kinetic modeling and experimental investigation of the low‐ and high‐temperature chemistry of n‐butylcyclohexane. INT J CHEM KINET 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Pitz
- Materials Science Division Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA 94551 USA
| | - Jinhu Liang
- Combustion Chemistry Centre School of Chemistry Ryan Institute MaREI National University of Ireland Galway Galway Ireland
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering North University of China Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Goutham Kukkadapu
- Materials Science Division Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA 94551 USA
| | - Kuiwen Zhang
- Materials Science Division Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA 94551 USA
| | - Christine Conroy
- Combustion Chemistry Centre School of Chemistry Ryan Institute MaREI National University of Ireland Galway Galway Ireland
| | - John Bugler
- Combustion Chemistry Centre School of Chemistry Ryan Institute MaREI National University of Ireland Galway Galway Ireland
| | - Henry J. Curran
- Combustion Chemistry Centre School of Chemistry Ryan Institute MaREI National University of Ireland Galway Galway Ireland
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5
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Abstract
An innovative and informed methodology for the rational design and testing of anti-knock additives is reported. Interaction of the additives with OH● and HO2● is identified as the key reaction pathway by which non-metallic anti-knock additives are proposed to operate. Based on this mechanism, a set of generic design criteria for anti-knock additives is outlined. It is suggested that these additives should contain a weak X-H bond and form stable radical species after hydrogen atom abstraction. A set of molecular structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic quantities that pertain to the propensity of the additive to inhibit knock by this mechanism are identified and determined for a set of 12 phenolic model compounds. The series of structural analogues was carefully selected such that the physical thermodynamic and kinetic quantities could be systematically varied. The efficacy of these molecules as anti-knock additives was demonstrated through the determination of the research octane number (RON) and the derived cetane number(DCN), measured using an ignition quality tester (IQT), of a RON 95 gasoline treated with 1 mole % of the additive. The use of the IQT allows the anti-knock properties of potential additives to be studied on one tenth of the scale, compared to the analogous RON measurement. Using multiple linear regression, the relationship between DCN/RON and the theoretically determined quantities is studied. The overall methodology reported is proposed as an informed alternative to the non-directed experimental screening approach typically adopted in the development of fuel additives.
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6
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Jones MC, Campbell KB, Coffey MJ, Marina OA, Coffey GW, Heredia-Langner A, Linehan JC, Thomsen EC, Bays JT. High-pressure apparatus for monitoring solid-liquid phase transitions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:094102. [PMID: 33003775 DOI: 10.1063/5.0015518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a new technique for evaluating the solid-liquid phase transformations in complex diesel fuel blends and diesel surrogates under high-pressure conditions intended to simulate those occurring in vehicle fuel injectors. A high-pressure apparatus based on a visual identification of freezing and thawing has been designed and built to monitor phase behavior and determine the crystallization temperature of complex fuels to predict wax precipitation. The proposed methodology was validated using pure substances-n-hexadecane (C16H34), cyclohexane (C6H12), and a mixture of 0.5848 mol fraction n-hexadecane in cyclohexane. The crystallization temperatures of these compounds were measured from atmospheric pressure to 400 MPa for temperatures varying from 290 K to 363 K and compared to those reported in the literature. The standard error of the estimated temperatures for the experimental data obtained in this work, based on a given pressure, was compared to data from the literature. This methodology will be extended to investigate the properties of more complex fuel mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C Jones
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Kristen B Campbell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Mary Jane Coffey
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Olga A Marina
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Gregory W Coffey
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | | | - John C Linehan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Edwin C Thomsen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - J Timothy Bays
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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7
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Joshi SP, Seal P, Pekkanen TT, Timonen RS, Eskola AJ. Direct Kinetic Measurements and Master Equation Modelling of the Unimolecular Decomposition of Resonantly-Stabilized CH 2CHCHC(O)OCH 3 Radical and an Upper Limit Determination for CH 2CHCHC(O)OCH 3 + O 2 Reaction. Z PHYS CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2020-1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Methyl-Crotonate (MC, (E)-methylbut-2-enoate, CH3CHCHC(O)OCH3) is a potential component of surrogate fuels that aim to emulate the combustion of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biodiesels with significant unsaturated FAME content. MC has three allylic hydrogens that can be readily abstracted under autoignition and combustion conditions to form a resonantly-stabilized CH2CHCHC(O)OCH3 radical. In this study we have utilized photoionization mass spectrometry to investigate the O2 addition kinetics and thermal unimolecular decomposition of CH2CHCHC(O)OCH3 radical. First we determined an upper limit for the bimolecular rate coefficient of CH2CHCHC(O)OCH3 + O2 reaction at 600 K (k ≤ 7.5 × 10−17 cm3 molecule−1 s−1). Such a small rate coefficient suggest this reaction is unlikely to be important under combustion conditions and subsequent efforts were directed towards measuring thermal unimolecular decomposition kinetics of CH2CHCHC(O)OCH3 radical. These measurements were performed between 750 and 869 K temperatures at low pressures (<9 Torr) using both helium and nitrogen bath gases. The potential energy surface of the unimolecular decomposition reaction was probed at density functional (MN15/cc-pVTZ) level of theory and the electronic energies of the stationary points obtained were then refined using the DLPNO-CCSD(T) method with the cc-pVTZ and cc-pVQZ basis sets. Master equation simulations were subsequently carried out using MESMER code along the kinetically important reaction pathway. The master equation model was first optimized by fitting the zero-point energy corrected reaction barriers and the collisional energy transfer parameters
Δ
E
down
,
ref
$\Delta{E_{{\text{down}},\;{\text{ref}}}}$
and n to the measured rate coefficients data and then utilize the constrained model to extrapolate the decomposition kinetics to higher pressures and temperatures. Both the experimental results and the MESMER simulations show that the current experiments for the thermal unimolecular decomposition of CH2CHCHC(O)OCH3 radical are in the fall-off region. The experiments did not provide definite evidence about the primary decomposition products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prakash Joshi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FI-00014 , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Prasenjit Seal
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FI-00014 , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Timo Theodor Pekkanen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FI-00014 , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Raimo Sakari Timonen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FI-00014 , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Arrke J. Eskola
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FI-00014 , Helsinki , Finland
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8
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Rowane AJ, Mallepally RR, Gavaises M, McHugh MA. Interfacial Tension of Isomers n-Hexadecane and 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-Heptamethylnonane with Nitrogen at High Pressures and Temperatures. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Rowane
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, City University of London, Northampton Square, London ECIV 0HB, U.K
| | - Rajendar R. Mallepally
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Manolis Gavaises
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, City University of London, Northampton Square, London ECIV 0HB, U.K
| | - Mark A. McHugh
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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9
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Harries ME, Huber ML, Bruno TJ. A Distillation Approach to Phase Equilibrium Measurements of Multicomponent Fluid Mixtures. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2019; 33:7908-7915. [PMID: 31607772 PMCID: PMC6781486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
By building on the Advanced Distillation Curve (ADC) approach to measuring the volatility of fuels and other fluid mixtures, the ADC with Reflux or ADCR technique was developed to address the difficulty of experimentally determining the vapor-liquid equilibrium of fluids containing many components. For fuels and other multicomponent mixtures, the ADCR collects data about the chemical compositions of both liquid and vapor phases across a range of temperatures, elucidating the two-phase region at constant pressure. Two simple mixtures were used to demonstrate the ADCR method: an n-decane/n-tetradecane binary and the Huber-Bruno surrogate, a ternary mixture designed to represent the volatility of an aviation turbine kerosene. These mixtures were chosen to test the method because they have been extensively studied and modeled in previous work. For both test fluids, the ADCR measurements of vapor-liquid equilibrium were in good agreement with model predictions. We conclude that the ADCR is a useful method for determining the T-P-x-y behavior of fluid mixtures with many components. The experimental approach presented may support the development of fuels, design of separations, and forensic sciences that use vapor analysis, especially arson fire debris analysis, by providing quantitative data with well-characterized uncertainty describing the relationships between the vapor and condensed phases of a fuel subjected to thermal weathering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Harries
- University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Marcia L. Huber
- Applied
Chemicals and Materials Division, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Thomas J. Bruno
- Applied
Chemicals and Materials Division, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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10
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Enhanced Ni-Al-Based Catalysts and Influence of Aromatic Hydrocarbon for Autothermal Reforming of Diesel Surrogate Fuel. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9070573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic hydrocarbons along with sulfur compounds in diesel fuel pose a significant threat to catalytic performances, due mainly to carbon deposition on the catalytic surface. In order to investigate the influence of an aromatic hydrocarbon on the autothermal reforming of diesel fuel, 1-methylnaphthalene (C11H10) was selected as an aromatic hydrocarbon. Two types of diesel surrogate fuel, i.e., DH (dodecane (C12H26) and hexadecane (C16H34) mixture) as well as DHM (DH fuel and C11H10 mixture) fuel, were prepared. A Rh-Al-based catalyst (R5A-I) was prepared using a conventional impregnation method. Various Ni-Al-based catalysts with Fe and Rh promoters were prepared via a polymer modified incipient method to improve the carbon coking resistance. These catalysts were tested under conditions of S/C = 1.17, O2/C = 0.24, 750 °C, and GHSV = 12,000 h-1 at DH or DHM fuel. R5A-I exhibited excellent catalytic performance in both DH and DHM fuels. However, carbon coking and sulfur poisoning resistance were observed in our previous study for the Ni-Al-based catalyst with the Fe promoter, which became deactivated with increasing reaction time at the DHM fuel. In the case of the Rh promoter addition to the Ni-Al-based catalysts, the catalytic performances decreased relatively slowly with increasing (from 1 wt.% (R1N50A) to 2 wt.% (R2N50A)) content of Rh2O3 at DHM fuel. The catalysts were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detected various types of hydrocarbons, e.g., ethylene (C2H4), with catalyst deactivation. The results revealed that, among the produced hydrocarbons, C2H4 played a major role in accelerating carbon deposition that blocks the reforming reaction. Therefore, Rh metal deserves consideration as a carbon coking inhibitor that prevents the negative effects of the C2H4 for autothermal reforming of diesel fuel in the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons.
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11
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12
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Abstract
There has been considerable progress in the area of fuel surrogate development to emulate gasoline fuels’ oxidation properties. The current paper aims to review the relevant hydrocarbon group components used for the formulation of gasoline surrogates, review specific gasoline surrogates reported in the literature, outlining their utility and deficiencies, and identify the future research needs in the area of gasoline surrogates and kinetics model.
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13
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Morrow BH, Maskey S, Gustafson MZ, Luning Prak DJ, Harrison JA. Impact of Molecular Structure on Properties of n-Hexadecane and Alkylbenzene Binary Mixtures. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:6595-6603. [PMID: 29856636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b03752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Because of the complexity of petroleum-based fuels, researchers typically use simplified mixtures, known as surrogates, to study combustion behavior and to attempt to identify how physical properties are related to combustion. The process of determining the surrogate composition to yield a desired set of thermophysical properties can be a complicated and time-consuming task. As a result, the use of computer simulations to narrow the number of possible surrogate compositions is beginning to be explored. Herein, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to model binary mixtures of n-hexadecane with either benzene, toluene, n-ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, or n-butylbenzene. Calculated densities are in quantitative agreement with experimental values. With the exception of the mixtures containing benzene, simulated excess molar volumes are also in very good agreement with measured values. Isentropic bulk moduli are in qualitative agreement with experiment, and reproduce interesting trends observed in the experimental data. Specifically, minima in the bulk moduli at intermediate compositions of several of the alkylbenzenes are correctly reproduced. In addition, the structures of the fluids are also examined. For mixtures of n-hexadecane with alkylbenzenes with longer chains, the orientation of the aromatic rings is not substantially impacted by composition. In contrast, increasing n-hexadecane content increases the ratio of parallel to perpendicular arrangements of benzene and toluene molecules. In those mixtures, this change in orientation of the aromatic rings could be responsible for the minima observed in the bulk moduli data. These results show that MD simulations can assist in development of fuel surrogates, both by predicting thermophysical properties and by providing insight into how molecular structure and composition affect those properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Morrow
- Department of Chemistry , United States Naval Academy , Annapolis , Maryland 21402 , United States
| | - Sabina Maskey
- Department of Chemistry , United States Naval Academy , Annapolis , Maryland 21402 , United States
| | - Micah Z Gustafson
- Department of Chemistry , United States Naval Academy , Annapolis , Maryland 21402 , United States
| | - Dianne J Luning Prak
- Department of Chemistry , United States Naval Academy , Annapolis , Maryland 21402 , United States
| | - Judith A Harrison
- Department of Chemistry , United States Naval Academy , Annapolis , Maryland 21402 , United States
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14
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Zhang L, Kalakul S, Liu L, Elbashir NO, Du J, Gani R. A Computer-Aided Methodology for Mixture-Blend Design. Applications to Tailor-Made Design of Surrogate Fuels. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Institute of Process Systems Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Sawitree Kalakul
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Linlin Liu
- Institute of Process Systems Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Nimir O. Elbashir
- TEES Gas & Fuels Research Center, Texas A&M University at Qatar, 23874 Doha, Qatar
| | - Jian Du
- Institute of Process Systems Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Rafiqul Gani
- PSE for SPEED, Skyttemosen 6, DK-3450 Allerod, Denmark
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15
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Westbrook CK, Mehl M, Pitz WJ, Kukkadapu G, Wagnon S, Zhang K. Multi-fuel surrogate chemical kinetic mechanisms for real world applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:10588-10606. [PMID: 29392270 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07901j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The most important driving force for development of detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms in combustion is the desire by researchers to simulate practical systems. This paper reviews the parallel evolution of kinetic reaction mechanisms and applications of those models to practical, real engines. Early, quite simple, kinetic models for small fuel molecules were extremely valuable in analyzing long-standing, poorly understood applied ignition and flame quenching problems, and later kinetic models have been applied to much more complex flame propagation, problems including autoignition in spark-ignition engines and issues related to octane numbers and knock in modern, high compression ratio and other engines. The recent emergence of very large, multi-fuel surrogate kinetic mechanisms that can address many different fuel types and real engine applications is discussed as a modern analytical tool that can be used for a wide variety of practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles K Westbrook
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551, USA.
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16
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Luning Prak DJ, Ye S, McLaughlin M, Trulove PC, Cowart JS. Biobased Diesel Fuel Analysis and Formulation and Testing of Surrogate Fuel Mixtures. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dianne J. Luning Prak
- Department
of Chemistry, U.S. Naval Academy, 572 M Holloway Road, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - Sonya Ye
- Department
of Chemistry, U.S. Naval Academy, 572 M Holloway Road, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - Margaret McLaughlin
- Department
of Chemistry, U.S. Naval Academy, 572 M Holloway Road, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - Paul C. Trulove
- Department
of Chemistry, U.S. Naval Academy, 572 M Holloway Road, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - Jim S. Cowart
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, U.S. Naval Academy, 590 Holloway Road, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
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17
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Burger JL, Lovestead TM, LaFollette M, Bruno TJ. Application of the Advanced Distillation Curve Method to the Comparison of Diesel Fuel Oxygenates: 2,5,7,10-Tetraoxaundecane (TOU), 2,4,7,9-Tetraoxadecane (TOD), and Ethanol/Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Mixtures. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2017; 31:7800-7808. [PMID: 29332994 PMCID: PMC5761680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although they are amongst the most efficient engine types, compression-ignition engines have difficulties achieving acceptable particulate emission and NOx formation. Indeed, catalytic after-treatment of diesel exhaust has become common and current efforts to reformulate diesel fuels have concentrated on the incorporation of oxygenates into the fuel. One of the best ways to characterize changes to a fuel upon the addition of oxygenates is to examine the volatility of the fuel mixture. In this paper, we present the volatility, as measured by the advanced distillation curve method, of a prototype diesel fuel with novel diesel fuel oxygenates: 2,5,7,10-tetraoxaundecane (TOU), 2,4,7,9-tetraoxadecane (TOD), and ethanol/fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) mixtures. We present the results for the initial boiling behavior, the distillation curve temperatures, and track the oxygenates throughout the distillations. These diesel fuel blends have several interesting thermodynamic properties that have not been seen in our previous oxygenate studies. Ethanol reduces the temperatures observed early in the distillation (near ethanol's boiling temperature). After these early distillation points (once the ethanol has distilled out), B100 has the greatest impact on the remaining distillation curve and shifts the curve to higher temperatures than what is seen for diesel fuel/ethanol blends. In fact, for the 15% B100 mixture most of the distillation curve reaches temperatures higher than those seen diesel fuel alone. In addition, blends with TOU and TOD also exhibited uncommon characteristics. These additives are unusual because they distill over most the distillation curve (up to 70%). The effects of this can be seen both in histograms of oxygenate concentration in the distillate cuts and in the distillation curves. Our purpose for studying these oxygenate blends is consistent with our vision for replacing fit-for-purpose properties with fundamental properties to enable the development of equations of state that can describe the thermodynamic properties of complex mixtures, with specific attention paid to additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Burger
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO
| | - Tara M. Lovestead
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO
| | - Mark LaFollette
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO
| | - Thomas J. Bruno
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO
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18
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Lovestead TM, Burger JL, Schneider N, Bruno TJ. Comprehensive Assessment of Composition and Thermochemical Variability by High Resolution GC/QToF-MS and the Advanced Distillation-Curve Method as a Basis of Comparison for Reference Fuel Development. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2016; 30:10029-10044. [PMID: 29706688 PMCID: PMC5915282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Commercial and military aviation is faced with challenges that include high fuel costs, undesirable emissions, and supply chain insecurity that result from the reliance on petroleum-based feedstocks. The development of alternative gas turbine fuels from renewable resources will likely be part of addressing these issues. The United States has established a target for one billion gallons of renewable fuels to enter the supply chain by 2018. These alternative fuels will have to be very similar in properties, chemistry, and composition to existing fuels. To further this goal, the National Jet Fuel Combustion Program (a collaboration of multiple U.S. agencies under the auspices of the Federal Aviation Administration, FAA) is coordinating measurements on three reference gas turbine fuels to be used as a basis of comparison. These fuels are reference fuels with certain properties that are at the limits of experience. These fuels include a low viscosity, low flash point, high hydrogen content "best case" JP-8 (POSF 10264) fuel, a relatively high viscosity, high flash point, low hydrogen content "worst case" JP-5 (POSF 10259) fuel, and a Jet-A (POSF 10325) fuel with relatively average properties. A comprehensive speciation of these fuels is provided in this paper by use of high resolution gas chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight - mass spectrometry (GC/QToF-MS), which affords unprecedented resolution and exact molecular formula capabilities. The volatility information as derived from the measurement of the advanced distillation curve temperatures, Tk and Th, provides an approximation of the vapor liquid equilibrium and examination of the composition channels provides detailed insight into thermochemical data. A comprehensive understanding of the compositional and thermophysical data of gas turbine fuels is required not only for comparison but also for modeling of such complex mixtures, which will, in turn, aid in the development of new fuels with the goals of diversified feedstocks, decreased pollution, and increased efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M. Lovestead
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO
| | - Jessica L. Burger
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO
| | | | - Thomas J. Bruno
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO
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