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Alves RF, Lopes C, Rocha E, Madureira TV. Estrogenic Responsiveness of Brown Trout Primary Hepatocyte Spheroids to Environmental Levels of 17α-Ethinylestradiol. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:1064-1078. [PMID: 39189175 PMCID: PMC11348032 DOI: 10.3390/jox14030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) fish hepatocyte cultures are promising alternative models for replicating in vivo data. Few studies have attempted to characterise the structure and function of fish 3D liver models and illustrate their applicability. This study aimed to further characterise a previously established spheroid model obtained from juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) primary hepatocytes under estrogenic stimulation. The spheroids were exposed for six days to environmentally relevant concentrations of 17α-ethinylestradiol-EE2 (1-100 ng/L). The mRNA levels of peroxisome (catalase-Cat and urate oxidase-Uox), lipid metabolism (acyl-CoA long chain synthetase 1-Acsl1, apolipoprotein AI-ApoAI, and fatty acid binding protein 1-Fabp1), and estrogen-related (estrogen receptor α-ERα, estrogen receptor β-ERβ, vitellogenin A-VtgA, zona pellucida glycoprotein 2.5-ZP2.5, and zona pellucida glycoprotein 3a.2-ZP3a.2) target genes were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess Vtg and ZP protein expressions. At the highest EE2 concentration, VtgA and ZP2.5 genes were significantly upregulated. The remaining target genes were not significantly altered by EE2. Vtg and ZP immunostaining was consistently increased in spheroids exposed to 50 and 100 ng/L of EE2, whereas lower EE2 levels resulted in a weaker signal. EE2 did not induce significant changes in the spheroids' viability and morphological parameters. This study identified EE2 effects at environmentally relevant doses in trout liver spheroids, indicating its usefulness as a proxy for in vivo impacts of xenoestrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo F. Alves
- Team of Animal Morphology and Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (R.F.A.); (C.L.); (E.R.)
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Lopes
- Team of Animal Morphology and Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (R.F.A.); (C.L.); (E.R.)
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Team of Animal Morphology and Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (R.F.A.); (C.L.); (E.R.)
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Vieira Madureira
- Team of Animal Morphology and Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (R.F.A.); (C.L.); (E.R.)
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Järvinen P, Kakko M, Sikanen T. Cytotoxicity of pharmaceuticals and their mixtures toward scaffold-free 3D spheroid cultures of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 199:106817. [PMID: 38797439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical residues are widely detected in surface waters all around the world, causing a range of adverse effects on environmental species, such as fish. Besides population level effects (mortality, reproduction), pharmaceutical residues can bioaccumulate in fish tissues resulting in organ-specific toxicities. In this study, we developed in vitro 3D culture models for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver cell line (RTH-149) and cryopreserved, primary rainbow trout hepatocytes (RTHEP), and compared their spheroid formation and susceptibility to toxic impacts of pharmaceuticals. The rapidly proliferating, immortalized RTH-149 cells were shown to form compact spheroids with uniform morphology in just three days, thus enabling higher throughput toxicity screening compared with the primary cells that required acclimation times of about one week. In addition, we screened the cytotoxicity of a total of fourteen clinically used human pharmaceuticals toward the 3D cultures of both RTH-149 cells (metabolically inactive) and primary RTHEP cells (metabolically active), to evaluate the impacts of the pharmaceuticals' own metabolism on their hepatotoxicity in rainbow trout in vitro. Among the test substances, the azole antifungals (clotrimazole and ketoconazole) were identified as the most cytotoxic, with hepatic metabolism indicatively amplifying their toxicity, followed by fluoxetine, levomepromazine, and sertraline, which were slightly less toxic toward the metabolically active primary cells than RTH-149 spheroids. Besides individual pharmaceuticals, the 3D cultures were challenged with mixtures of the eight most toxic substances, to evaluate if their combined mixture toxicities can be predicted based on individual substances' half-maximal effect (EC50) concentrations. As a result, the classical concentration addition approach was concluded sufficiently accurate for preliminarily informing on the approximate effect concentrations of pharmaceutical mixtures on a cellular level. However, direct read-across from human data was proven challenging and inexplicit for prediction of hepatotoxicity in fish in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Järvinen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Kakko
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Sikanen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, P.O. Box 4 (Yliopistonkatu 3), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Alves RF, Rocha E, Madureira TV. Fish hepatocyte spheroids - A powerful (though underexplored) alternative in vitro model to study hepatotoxicity. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 262:109470. [PMID: 36122680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In vitro fish cell cultures are considered alternative models to in vivo toxicological studies. The two-dimensional (2D) cultures have been used in toxicity testing, but those models have well-known drawbacks, namely in culture longevity and in the maintenance of some in vivo cellular functions. In this context, three-dimensional (3D) systems are now proposed to better mimic in vivo effects. The use of 3D cultures in fish is still limited (e.g., toxicity testing, drug biotransformation and bioaccumulation studies) compared to the number of studies with mammalian cells exploring the potential of these systems. In fish, the liver spheroids have been the most used 3D model, deriving from either liver cell lines or primary cultures of hepatocytes. Because the liver is the main organ for xenobiotic detoxification, hepatocyte spheroids represent a promising alternative to test concentration-responses to xenobiotics and explore mechanistic or ecotoxicological perspectives. Evidence shows that fish hepatocytes cultured in spheroids closely resemble the in vivo counterparts, additionally having higher basal metabolic capacity than hepatocytes cultured in monolayer. This graphical review is an updated critical sum-up of data published with 3D fish hepatocytes and provides background knowledge for the upcoming studies using this model. It further addresses the culture conditions for obtaining fish hepatocyte spheroids and discusses the main factors that can influence the biometry and functionality of spheroids over time in culture and the 2D versus 3D distinct metabolic capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo F Alves
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Team of Histomorphology, Pathophysiology and Applied Toxicology, CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Team of Histomorphology, Pathophysiology and Applied Toxicology, CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Tânia V Madureira
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Team of Histomorphology, Pathophysiology and Applied Toxicology, CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Pei XY, Ren HY, Liu GS, Cao GL, Xie GJ, Xing DF, Ren NQ, Liu BF. Non-radical mechanism and toxicity analysis of β-cyclodextrin functionalized biochar catalyzing the degradation of bisphenol A and its analogs by peroxydisulfate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127254. [PMID: 34583154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenols (BPs) are distributed in worldwide as typical environmental hormones, which potentially harm the ecological environment and human health. In this study, four BPs, i.e., bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, and bisphenol AF, were used as prototypes to identify the intrinsic differences in degradation mechanisms correlated with the molecular structures in peroxydisulfate (PDS)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Electron transfer was the main way of modified biochar to trigger the heterogenous catalysis of PDS, which can cause the degradation of BPs. Phenolic hydroxyl groups on bisphenol pollutants were considered as possible active sites, and the existence of substituents was the main reason for the differentiation in the degradation efficiency of various bisphenols. Results of ecotoxicity prediction showed that most intermediates produced by the degradation of BPs in the β-SB/PDS system, which was dominated by the electron transfer pathway, had a lower toxicity than the parent molecules, while the toxicity of several ring cleavage intermediates was higher. This study presents a simple modification scheme for the conversion of biochar into functional catalysts and provides insights into the mechanism of heterogeneous catalytic degradation mediated by modified biochar as well as the degradation differences of bisphenol pollutants and their potential ecotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Yuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hong-Yu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Guo-Shuai Liu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guang-Li Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guo-Jun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - De-Feng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Bing-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Kandel ME, Kim E, Lee YJ, Tracy G, Chung HJ, Popescu G. Multiscale Assay of Unlabeled Neurite Dynamics Using Phase Imaging with Computational Specificity. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1864-1874. [PMID: 33882232 PMCID: PMC8815662 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Primary neuronal cultures have been widely used to study neuronal morphology, neurophysiology, neurodegenerative processes, and molecular mechanism of synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory. However, the unique behavioral properties of neurons make them challenging to study, with phenotypic differences expressed as subtle changes in neuronal arborization rather than easy-to-assay features such as cell count. The need to analyze morphology, growth, and intracellular transport has motivated the development of increasingly sophisticated microscopes and image analysis techniques. Due to its high-contrast, high-specificity output, many assays rely on confocal fluorescence microscopy, genetic methods, or antibody staining techniques. These approaches often limit the ability to measure quantitatively dynamic activity such as intracellular transport and growth. In this work, we describe a method for label-free live-cell cell imaging with antibody staining specificity by estimating the associated fluorescence signals via quantitative phase imaging and deep convolutional neural networks. This computationally inferred fluorescence image is then used to generate a semantic segmentation map, annotating subcellular compartments of live unlabeled neural cultures. These synthetic fluorescence maps were further applied to study the time-lapse development of hippocampal neurons, highlighting the relationships between the cellular dry mass production and the dynamic transport activity within the nucleus and neurites. Our implementation provides a high-throughput strategy to analyze neural network arborization dynamically, with high specificity and without the typical phototoxicity and photobleaching limitations associated with fluorescent markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail E Kandel
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Eunjae Kim
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Young Jae Lee
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gregory Tracy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hee Jung Chung
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gabriel Popescu
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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