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Chowdhury S, Pillarisetti A, Oberholzer A, Jetter J, Mitchell J, Cappuccilli E, Aamaas B, Aunan K, Pozzer A, Alexander D. A global review of the state of the evidence of household air pollution's contribution to ambient fine particulate matter and their related health impacts. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 173:107835. [PMID: 36857905 PMCID: PMC10378453 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Direct exposure to household fine particulate air pollution (HAP) associated with inefficient combustion of fuels (wood, charcoal, coal, crop residues, kerosene, etc.) for cooking, space-heating, and lighting is estimated to result in 2.3 (1.6-3.1) million premature yearly deaths globally. HAP emitted indoors escapes outdoors and is a leading source of outdoor ambient fine particulate air pollution (AAP) in low- and middle-income countries, often being a larger contributor than well-recognized sources including road transport, industry, coal-fired power plants, brick kilns, and construction dust. We review published scientific studies that model the contribution of HAP to AAP at global and major sub-regional scales. We describe strengths and limitations of the current state of knowledge on HAP's contribution to AAP and the related impact on public health and provide recommendations to improve these estimates. We find that HAP is a dominant source of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) globally - regardless of variations in model types, configurations, and emission inventories used - that contributes approximately 20 % of total global PM2.5 exposure. There are large regional variations: in South Asia, HAP contributes ∼ 30 % of ambient PM2.5, while in high-income North America the fraction is ∼ 7 %. The median estimate indicates that the household contribution to ambient air pollution results in a substantial premature mortality burden globally of about 0.77(0.54-1) million excess deaths, in addition to the 2.3 (1.6-3.1) million deaths from direct HAP exposure. Coordinated global action is required to avert this burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James Jetter
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - John Mitchell
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Eva Cappuccilli
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Borgar Aamaas
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Aunan
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
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Vohra K, Marais EA, Bloss WJ, Schwartz J, Mickley LJ, Van Damme M, Clarisse L, Coheur PF. Rapid rise in premature mortality due to anthropogenic air pollution in fast-growing tropical cities from 2005 to 2018. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm4435. [PMID: 35394832 PMCID: PMC8993110 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm4435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tropical cities are experiencing rapid growth but lack routine air pollution monitoring to develop prescient air quality policies. Here, we conduct targeted sampling of recent (2000s to 2010s) observations of air pollutants from space-based instruments over 46 fast-growing tropical cities. We quantify significant annual increases in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (1 to 14%), ammonia (2 to 12%), and reactive volatile organic compounds (1 to 11%) in most cities, driven almost exclusively by emerging anthropogenic sources rather than traditional biomass burning. We estimate annual increases in urban population exposure to air pollutants of 1 to 18% for fine particles (PM2.5) and 2 to 23% for NO2 from 2005 to 2018 and attribute 180,000 (95% confidence interval: -230,000 to 590,000) additional premature deaths in 2018 (62% increase relative to 2005) to this increase in exposure. These cities are predicted to reach populations of up to 80 million people by 2100, so regulatory action targeting emerging anthropogenic sources is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karn Vohra
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
- Corresponding author. (E.A.M.); (K.V.)
| | - Eloise A. Marais
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
- Corresponding author. (E.A.M.); (K.V.)
| | - William J. Bloss
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Loretta J. Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martin Van Damme
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric Remote Sensing (SQUARES), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lieven Clarisse
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric Remote Sensing (SQUARES), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre-F. Coheur
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric Remote Sensing (SQUARES), Brussels, Belgium
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Nisbet EG, Allen G, Fisher RE, France JL, Lee JD, Lowry D, Andrade MF, Bannan TJ, Barker P, Bateson P, Bauguitte SJB, Bower KN, Broderick TJ, Chibesakunda F, Cain M, Cozens AE, Daly MC, Ganesan AL, Jones AE, Lambakasa M, Lunt MF, Mehra A, Moreno I, Pasternak D, Palmer PI, Percival CJ, Pitt JR, Riddle AJ, Rigby M, Shaw JT, Stell AC, Vaughan AR, Warwick NJ, E. Wilde S. Isotopic signatures of methane emissions from tropical fires, agriculture and wetlands: the MOYA and ZWAMPS flights. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210112. [PMID: 34865533 PMCID: PMC8646140 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report methane isotopologue data from aircraft and ground measurements in Africa and South America. Aircraft campaigns sampled strong methane fluxes over tropical papyrus wetlands in the Nile, Congo and Zambezi basins, herbaceous wetlands in Bolivian southern Amazonia, and over fires in African woodland, cropland and savannah grassland. Measured methane δ13CCH4 isotopic signatures were in the range -55 to -49‰ for emissions from equatorial Nile wetlands and agricultural areas, but widely -60 ± 1‰ from Upper Congo and Zambezi wetlands. Very similar δ13CCH4 signatures were measured over the Amazonian wetlands of NE Bolivia (around -59‰) and the overall δ13CCH4 signature from outer tropical wetlands in the southern Upper Congo and Upper Amazon drainage plotted together was -59 ± 2‰. These results were more negative than expected. For African cattle, δ13CCH4 values were around -60 to -50‰. Isotopic ratios in methane emitted by tropical fires depended on the C3 : C4 ratio of the biomass fuel. In smoke from tropical C3 dry forest fires in Senegal, δ13CCH4 values were around -28‰. By contrast, African C4 tropical grass fire δ13CCH4 values were -16 to -12‰. Methane from urban landfills in Zambia and Zimbabwe, which have frequent waste fires, had δ13CCH4 around -37 to -36‰. These new isotopic values help improve isotopic constraints on global methane budget models because atmospheric δ13CCH4 values predicted by global atmospheric models are highly sensitive to the δ13CCH4 isotopic signatures applied to tropical wetland emissions. Field and aircraft campaigns also observed widespread regional smoke pollution over Africa, in both the wet and dry seasons, and large urban pollution plumes. The work highlights the need to understand tropical greenhouse gas emissions in order to meet the goals of the UNFCCC Paris Agreement, and to help reduce air pollution over wide regions of Africa. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Rising methane: is warming feeding warming? (part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- MOYA/ZWAMPS Team
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Euan G. Nisbet
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Grant Allen
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Rebecca E. Fisher
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - James L. France
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - James D. Lee
- National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - David Lowry
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Marcos F. Andrade
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Physics, Institute for Physics Research, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés-UMSA, Campus Universitario, Cota-Cota Calle No 27, La Paz, Bolivia
- Department Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Thomas J. Bannan
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Patrick Barker
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Prudence Bateson
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Stéphane J.-B. Bauguitte
- Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurement, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Keith N. Bower
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Francis Chibesakunda
- Geological Survey of Zambia, Ministry of Mines and Mineral Development, PO Box 50135, Ridgeway, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Michelle Cain
- Centre for Environment and Agricultural Informatics, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Alice E. Cozens
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Michael C. Daly
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Anita L. Ganesan
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Anna E. Jones
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Musa Lambakasa
- Geological Survey of Zambia, Ministry of Mines and Mineral Development, PO Box 50135, Ridgeway, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mark F. Lunt
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Archit Mehra
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Now at Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Isabel Moreno
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Physics, Institute for Physics Research, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés-UMSA, Campus Universitario, Cota-Cota Calle No 27, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Dominika Pasternak
- National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Paul I. Palmer
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Carl J. Percival
- Now at Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Joseph R. Pitt
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Amber J. Riddle
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Matthew Rigby
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Jacob T. Shaw
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Angharad C. Stell
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Adam R. Vaughan
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Nicola J. Warwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Shona E. Wilde
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Jiang J, Ye B, Shao S, Zhou N, Wang D, Zeng Z, Liu J. Two-Tier Synergic Governance of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Air Pollution in China's Megacity, Shenzhen: Impact Evaluation and Policy Implication. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7225-7236. [PMID: 33971713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Making a cost-effective governance of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and air pollution is of great importance for megacities to pursue a sustainable future. To achieve this, the present study advocates megacities to implement a two-tier synergic governance system consisting of both synergic governance between GHG and air pollutant emission reductions and between megacities and their surrounding regions. Based on the LEAP model and WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ simulation platform, this study found that climate governance of China's megacity, Shenzhen, could synergistically contribute to decreasing urban annual PM2.5 concentration by 5.6% in 2030. Using synergic governance with surrounding regions could further help cap and then quickly decrease the megacity's GHG emissions and lower its PM2.5 concentrations by an additional 11.8%. The results demonstrated the substantial effects of transdepartment and transregional synergic governance on Shenzhen's GHG emission reduction and air quality improvement. Furthermore, this study suggested road transportation and power generation and supply as the two priority fields for wide-ranging megacities to promote two-tier synergic governance, highlighting an integration of improved urban electrification with high-efficiency electricity use and a renewable-based power supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiang
- School of Economics and Management, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bin Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- School of Business, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dashan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zeng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Junguo Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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