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Li WJ, Li HZ, Xu J, Gillings MR, Zhu YG. Sewage Sludge Promotes the Accumulation of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Tomato Xylem. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10796-10805. [PMID: 38853591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Xylem serves as a conduit linking soil to the aboveground plant parts and facilitating the upward movement of microbes into leaves and fruits. Despite this potential, the composition of the xylem microbiome and its associated risks, including antibiotic resistance, are understudied. Here, we cultivated tomatoes and analyzed their xylem sap to assess the microbiome and antibiotic resistance profiles following treatment with sewage sludge. Our findings show that xylem microbes primarily originate from soil, albeit with reduced diversity in comparison to those of their soil microbiomes. Using single-cell Raman spectroscopy coupled with D2O labeling, we detected significantly higher metabolic activity in xylem microbes than in rhizosphere soil, with 87% of xylem microbes active compared to just 36% in the soil. Additionally, xylem was pinpointed as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), with their abundance being 2.4-6.9 times higher than in rhizosphere soil. Sludge addition dramatically increased the abundance of ARGs in xylem and also increased their mobility and host pathogenicity. Xylem represents a distinct ecological niche for microbes and is a significant reservoir for ARGs. These results could be used to manage the resistome in crops and improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Li
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Zhe Li
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jiayang Xu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Michael R Gillings
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Ren XY, Zheng YL, Liu ZL, Duan GL, Zhu D, Ding LJ. Exploring ecological effects of arsenic and cadmium combined exposure on cropland soil: from multilevel organisms to soil functioning by multi-omics coupled with high-throughput quantitative PCR. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133567. [PMID: 38271874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) pose potential ecological threats to cropland soils; however, few studies have investigated their combined effects on multilevel organisms and soil functioning. Here, we used collembolans and soil microbiota as test organisms to examine their responses to soil As and Cd co-contamination at the gene, individual, and community levels, respectively, and further uncovered ecological relationships between pollutants, multilevel organisms, and soil functioning. At the gene level, collembolan transcriptome revealed that elevated As concentrations stimulated As-detoxifying genes AS3MT and GST, whereas the concurrent Cd restrained GST gene expression. At the individual level, collembolan reproduction was sensitive to pollutants while collembolan survival wasn't. At the community level, significant but inconsistent correlations were observed between the biodiversity of different soil keystone microbial clusters and soil As levels. Moreover, soil functioning related to nutrient (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur) cycles was inhibited under As and Cd co-exposure only through the mediation of plant pathogens. Overall, these findings suggested multilevel bioindicators (i.e., AS3MT gene expression in collembolans, collembolan reproduction, and biodiversity of soil keystone microbial clusters) in cropland soils co-contaminated with As and Cd, thus improving the understanding of the ecotoxicological impact of heavy metal co-contamination on soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Ling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhe-Lun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gui-Lan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China.
| | - Long-Jun Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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Wang L, Zhang T, Cai T, Xiang Q, Liu X, Zhu D. The pH-specific response of soil resistome to triclocarban and arsenic co-contamination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:132952. [PMID: 37952336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals as well as disinfectants affect the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil microbes, however, their cumulative impacts on the proliferation of ARGs are not well studied. In addition, both the chemical stability/availability and ARG profiles are affected by the soil pH, but it has never been considered in the systematic evaluation of soil resistome. In the present study, a microcosm experiment was conducted to study the combined effects of arsenic and triclocarban on the resistome in soil samples with variable pH (pH 4-7). The simultaneous additions of arsenic and triclocarban increase the ARG abundance at pH > 6, because of the intensive co-selective pressures triggered by the increase in concentrations of available arsenic and triclocarban. The occurrence of multidrug ARGs increases with the addition of arsenic and triclocarban, due to the preferred selection of their functional flexibility. The presence of arsenic and triclocarban is strongly related to the spread of MGEs affecting the soil resistome. Furthermore, pH alters the patterns of microbial inhabitants, increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidota and Proteobacteria and contributing to the prevalence of tetracycline and sulfonamide ARGs at neutral pH. These findings have insight that the effects of arsenic and triclocarban co-contamination on the soil antibiotic resistome is pH dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, PR China
| | - Tianlun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Tiangui Cai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, PR China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, PR China.
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Musiyiwa K, Simbanegavi TT, Marumure J, Makuvara Z, Chaukura N, Gwenzi W. The soil-microbe-plant resistome: A focus on the source-pathway-receptor continuum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:12666-12682. [PMID: 38253827 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31788-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The One World, One Health concept implies that antibiotic resistance (AR) in the soil-microbe-plant resistome is intricately linked to the human resistome. However, the literature is mainly confined to sources and types of AR in soils or microbes, but comprehensive reviews tracking AR in the soil-microbe-plant resistome are limited. The present review applies the source-pathway-receptor concept to understand the sources, behaviour, and health hazards of the soil-microbe-plant resistome. The results showed that the soil-microbe-plant system harbours various antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs), antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Anthropogenic sources and drivers include soil application of solid waste, wastewater, biosolids, and industrial waste. Water-, wind-, and human-driven processes and horizontal gene transfer circulate AR in the soil-microbe-plant resistome. The AR in bulk soil, soil components that include soil microorganisms, soil meso- and macro-organisms, and possible mechanisms of AR transfer to soil components and ultimately to plants are discussed. The health risks of the soil-microbe-plant resistome are less studied, but potential impacts include (1) the transfer of AR to previously susceptible organisms and other resistomes, including the human resistome. Overall, the study tracks the behaviour and health risks of AR in the soil-plant system. Future research should focus on (1) ecological risks of AR at different levels of biological organization, (2) partitioning of AR among various phases of the soil-plant system, (3) physico-chemical parameters controlling the fate of AR, and (4) increasing research from low-income regions particularly Africa as most of the available literature is from developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumbirai Musiyiwa
- Department of Crop Science and Post-Harvest Technology, School of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Private Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Tinoziva T Simbanegavi
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Mt. Pleasant, P.O. Box MP167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Jerikias Marumure
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, P.O. Box 1235, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Zakio Makuvara
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, P.O. Box 1235, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, 8301, South Africa
| | - Willis Gwenzi
- Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Universitat Kassel, Steinstraβe 19, 37213, Witzenhausen, Germany.
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Xu Q, Wu W, Xiao Z, Sun X, Ma J, Ding J, Zhu Z, Li G. Responses of soil and collembolan (Folsomia candida) gut microbiomes to 6PPD-Q pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165810. [PMID: 37499813 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The potential risk of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-Q) to soil organisms remains poorly understood. Here we showed that 6PPD-Q pollution inhibited the survival of collembolans (Folsomia candida) with the chronic median lethal concentration (LC50) of 16.31 μg kg-1 in a 28-day soil culture. The microbe-microbe interactions between abundant taxa in soil and collembolan gut helped alleviate the negative impact of 6PPD-Q on soil microbial community, while rare taxa contributed to maintaining microbial network complexity and stability under 6PPD-Q stresses. Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria in the gut of both adult and juvenile collembolans were identified as potential indicators for 6PPD-Q exposure. Such responses were accompanied by increases in the relative abundances of genes involved in nutrient cycles and their interactions between soil and collembolan gut microbiomes, which enhanced nitrogen and carbon turnover in 6PPD-Q polluted soil, potentially alleviating the stresses caused by 6PPD-Q. Overall, this study sheds new light on the toxicity of 6PPD-Q to soil organisms and links 6PPD-Q stresses to microbial responses and soil functions, thus highlighting the urgency of assessing its potential risk to the terrestrial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China; School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zufei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Ding
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Jiang R, Wang M, Chen W. Heavy metal pollution triggers a shift from bacteria-based to fungi-based soil micro-food web: Evidence from an abandoned mining-smelting area. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132164. [PMID: 37598513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals pose significant threats to soil biota, ultimately disrupting soil micro-food web. However, no studies have yet elucidated the impact of heavy metals on soil micro-food web. In this study, we explored the response of bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and soil micro-food web along a gradient of heavy metals in an abandoned smelting-mining area. We found that bacteria responded strongly to heavy metals, whereas fungi showed greater resistance and tolerance. Nematodes responses were less apparent. With the increasing levels of heavy metal pollution, the importance of heavy metal-tolerant organisms in micro-food webs increased significantly. For instance, the keystone bacteria in soil micro-food web shifted from copiotrophic to oligotrophic types, while the keystone nematodes shifted from to bacterial-feeding (e.g., Eucephalobus) to fungal-feeding species (e.g., Ditylenchus). Additionally, elevated heavy metal concentrations increased the proportion of fungi (e.g., Mortierellomycota), intensifying their interactions with bacteria and nematodes and causing a shift from bacteria-based to fungi-based soil micro-food web. Furthermore, heavy metal contamination induced a more complex and stable soil micro-food web. Overall, we highlight the changes in soil micro-food web as a mechanism for coping with heavy metal stress. Our study provides valuable insights into how heavy metal pollution can cause shifts in soil micro-food webs and has critical implications for enhancing our understanding of the ecological consequences of environmental pollution at the ecosystem level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Meie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049,China.
| | - Weiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049,China
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Wang YF, Cai TG, Liu ZL, Cui HL, Zhu D, Qiao M. A new insight into the potential drivers of antibiotic resistance gene enrichment in the collembolan gut association with antibiotic and non-antibiotic agents. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 451:131133. [PMID: 36889073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Effects of non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil ecosystem are still unclear. In this study, we explored the microbial community and ARGs variations in the gut of the model soil collembolan Folsomia candida following soil antiepileptic drug carbamazepine (CBZ) contamination, while comparing with antibiotic erythromycin (ETM) exposure. Results showed that, CBZ and ETM all significantly influenced ARGs diversity and composition in the soil and collembolan gut, increasing the relative abundance of ARGs. However, unlike ETM, which influences ARGs via bacterial communities, exposure to CBZ may have primarily facilitated enrichment of ARGs in gut through mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Although soil CBZ contamination did not pose an effect on the gut fungal community of collembolans, it increased the relative abundance of animal fungal pathogens contained therein. Soil ETM and CBZ exposure both significantly increased the relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in the collembolan gut, which may be used to indicate soil contamination. Together, our results provide a fresh perspective for the potential drivers of non-antibiotic drugs on ARG changes based on the actual soil environment, revealing the potential ecological risk of CBZ on soil ecosystems involving ARGs dissemination and pathogens enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Tian-Gui Cai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Zhe-Lun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui-Ling Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Min Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Jin MK, Zhang Q, Yang YT, Zhao CX, Li J, Li H, Qian H, Zhu D, Zhu YG. Exposure to cypermethrin pesticide disturbs the microbiome and disseminates antibiotic resistance genes in soil and the gut of Enchytraeus crypticus. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 449:131026. [PMID: 36812731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, pyrethroids, such as cypermethrin, are the second most applied group of insecticides, however, their effects on the soil microbiome and non-target soil fauna remain largely unknown. Herein, we assessed the change of bacterial communities and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of soil and in the gut of the model soil species Enchytraeus crypticus using a combination of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and high-throughput qPCR of ARGs. Results indicate that cypermethrin exposure enriches potential pathogens (e.g. Bacillus anthracis) in the soil and gut microbiome of E. crypticus, heavily disrupting the latter's microbiome structure, and even disrupts activities of the E. crypticus immune system. The co-occurrence of potential pathogens (e.g. Acinetobacter baumannii), ARGs, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) revealed the increased risk of pathogenicity as well as antibiotic resistance in potential pathogens. Moreover, structural equation modeling demonstrated that the dissemination of ARGs was not only promoted by MGEs, but also by the ratio of the core to non-core bacterial abundance. Collectively, these results provide an in-depth view of the previously unappreciated environmental risk of cypermethrin on the dissemination of ARGs in the soil and non-target soil fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Kang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yu-Tian Yang
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Cai-Xia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Hongjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, China
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Wang HT, Liang ZZ, Ding J, Li G, Fu SL, Zhu D. Deciphering roles of microbiota in arsenic biotransformation from the earthworm gut and skin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130707. [PMID: 36603428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation mediated by microbes can affect the biogeochemical cycle of arsenic. However, arsenic biotransformation mediated by earthworm-related microorganisms has not been well explored, especially the role played by earthworm skin microbiota. Herein, we reveal the profiles of arsenic biotransformation genes (ABGs) and elucidate the microbial communities of the earthworm gut, skin, and surrounding soil from five different soil environments in China. The relative abundance of ABGs in the earthworm skin microbiota, which were dominated by genes associated with arsenate reduction and transport, was approximately three times higher than that in the surrounding soil and earthworm gut microbiota. The composition and diversity of earthworm skin microbiota differed significantly from those of the soil and earthworm gut, comprising a core bacterial community with a relative abundance of 96% Firmicutes and a fungal community with relative abundances of 50% Ascomycota and 13% Mucoromycota. In addition, stochastic processes mainly contributed to the microbial community assembly across all samples. Moreover, fungal genera such as Vishniacozyma and Oomyces were important mediators of ABGs involved in the biogeochemical cycle of arsenic. This is the first study to investigate earthworm skin as a reservoir of microbial diversity in arsenic biotransformation. Our findings broaden the current scientific knowledge of the involvement of earthworms in the arsenic biogeochemical cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zong-Zheng Liang
- Academy of Regional and Global Governance, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Jing Ding
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Sheng-Lei Fu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China.
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10
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Wu K, Liu Y, Liao X, Yang X, Chen Z, Mo L, Zhong S, Zhang X. Fungal Diversity and Its Relationship with Environmental Factors in Coastal Sediments from Guangdong, China. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010101. [PMID: 36675922 PMCID: PMC9866456 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
As one core of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), Guangdong is facing some serious coastal environmental problems. Fungi are more vulnerable to changes in coastal environments than bacteria and archaea. This study investigated the fungal diversity and composition by high-throughput sequencing and detected basic parameters of seven environmental factors (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus) at 11 sites. A total of 2056 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to 147 genera in 6 phyla were recovered; Archaeorhizomyces (17.5%) and Aspergillus (14.19%) were the most dominant genera. Interestingly, a total of 14 genera represented the first reports of coastal fungi in this study. Furthermore, there were nine genera of fungi that were significantly correlated with environmental factors. FUNGuild analysis indicated that saprotrophs and pathogens were the two trophic types with the highest proportions. Saprotrophs were significantly correlated with total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP), while pathogens were significantly correlated with pH. This study provides new scientific data for the study of the diversity and composition of fungal communities in coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyue Wu
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinyu Liao
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinyue Yang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zihui Chen
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li Mo
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Saiyi Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (X.Z.)
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11
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Zhu P, Wu Y, Ru Y, Hou Y, San KW, Yu X, Guo W. Industrial-scale aerobic composting of livestock manures with the addition of biochar: Variation of bacterial community and antibiotic resistance genes caused by various composting stages. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120270. [PMID: 36162559 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The presence of large amounts of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock manures poses an impending, tough safety risk to ecosystems. To investigate more comprehensively the mechanisms of ARGs removal from industrial-scale composting of livestock manure based on biochar addition, we tracked the dynamics of bacterial community and ARGs at various stages of aerobic composting of livestock manures with 10% biochar. There were no significant effects of biochar on the bacterial community and the profiles of ARGs. During aerobic composting, the relative abundance of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) showed overall trends of decreasing and then increasing. The key factor driving the dynamics of ARGs was bacterial community composition, and the potential hosts of ARGs were Caldicoprobacter, Tepidimicrobium, Ignatzschineria, Pseudogracilibacillus, Actinomadura, Flavobacterium and Planifilum. The retention of the thermophilic bacteria and the repopulation of the initial bacteria were the dominant reasons for the increase in ARGs at maturation stage. Additionally, among the MGEs, the relative abundance of transposon gene was substantially removed, while the integron genes remained at high relative abundance. Our results highlighted that the suitability of biochar addition to industrial-scale aerobic composting needs to be further explored and that effective measures are needed to prevent the increase of ARGs content on maturation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning, Protection and Restoration of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yuxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning, Protection and Restoration of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yuning Ru
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning, Protection and Restoration of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yihang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning, Protection and Restoration of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Kim Woon San
- Tounong Organic Fertilizer Co. Ltd., Qingdao, 266733, PR China
| | - Xiaona Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning, Protection and Restoration of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Weihua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning, Protection and Restoration of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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12
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Xiang Q, Chen QL, Yang XR, Li G, Zhu D. Microbial Multitrophic Communities Drive the Variation of Antibiotic Resistome in the Gut of Soil Woodlice (Crustacea: Isopoda). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15034-15043. [PMID: 35876241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multitrophic communities inhabit in soil faunal gut, including bacteria, fungi, and protists, which have been considered a hidden reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, there is a dearth of research focusing on the relationships between ARGs and multitrophic communities in the gut of soil faunas. Here, we studied the contribution of multitrophic communities to variations of ARGs in the soil woodlouse gut. The results revealed diverse and abundant ARGs in the woodlouse gut. Network analysis further exhibited strong connections between key ecological module members and ARGs, suggesting that multitrophic communities in the keystone ecological cluster may play a pivotal role in the variation of ARGs in the woodlouse gut. Moreover, long-term application of sewage sludge significantly altered the woodlice gut resistome and interkingdom communities. The variation portioning analysis indicated that the fungal community has a greater contribution to variations of ARGs than bacterial and protistan communities in the woodlice gut after long-term application of sewage sludge. Together, our results showed that changes in gut microbiota associated with agricultural practices (e.g., sewage sludge application) can largely alter the gut interkingdom network in ecologically relevant soil animals, with implications for antibiotic resistance, which advances our understanding of the microecological drivers of ARGs in terrestrial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Qing-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
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13
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Zhu D, Ding J, Wang YF, Zhu YG. Effects of Trophic Level and Land Use on the Variation of Animal Antibiotic Resistome in the Soil Food Web. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14937-14947. [PMID: 35502923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, it has been increasingly recognized that soil animals are hidden reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and play a vital role in spreading ARGs in soil ecosystems. However, little is known about the variation of ARGs among different animals in the soil food web and effects of trophic levels and land uses on them. We characterized the antibiotic resistomes of 495 soil animal samples collected from six regions across China, including two different land uses. A total of 265 ARGs were detected in all animal samples, and relative abundances of ARGs in animals were significantly higher than in soils. In addition, significant differences in ARGs were observed among different animal groups. Twelve common ARGs were identified among all animal groups, accounting for 17.4% of total ARGs abundance. A positive and significant correlation was found between δ15N values (trophic level) and total ARGs abundance in animals. The relative abundance of ARGs in the soil food web from arable land was higher than forest land. Changes in soil antibiotics may indirectly affect animal resistome by altering soil ARGs. This study suggests that the risk of ARGs spreading through the food web is greater in arable than in forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jing Ding
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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14
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Cheng JH, Tang XY, Cui JF. Distinct aggregate stratification of antibiotic resistome in farmland soil with long-term manure application. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155088. [PMID: 35398129 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural soils, which are closely linked to human health via food supply, have been recognized as an important reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the role of soil aggregates in shaping ARG profile. In this study, we collected soils from long-term experimental farmland plots receiving inorganic and/or organic fertilizers and examined the patterns of antibiotic resistome distribution among differently sized soil aggregates using high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (HT-qPCR). Our results showed that the distribution of soil ARGs could be affected by manure application and aggregate size individually but not interactively. More diverse and abundant ARGs were found in the manured soils, compared to the non-manured soils. The aggregate size fraction of <53 μm exhibited the highest diversity and abundance of ARGs. Variation partitioning analysis revealed that soil traits, mobile genetic elements, and bacterial community collectively contributed to the variation of soil antibiotic resistance. The knowledge about aggregation stratification of soil ARGs obtained in this study is fundamental and essential to understanding the fate of soil ARGs at the microscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jun-Fang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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