1
|
Hermans M, Stranne C, Broman E, Sokolov A, Roth F, Nascimento FJA, Mörth CM, Ten Hietbrink S, Sun X, Gustafsson E, Gustafsson BG, Norkko A, Jilbert T, Humborg C. Ebullition dominates methane emissions in stratified coastal waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:174183. [PMID: 38909808 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Coastal areas are an important source of methane (CH4). However, the exact origins of CH4 in the surface waters of coastal regions, which in turn drive sea-air emissions, remain uncertain. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the current and future climate change feedbacks, it is crucial to identify these CH4 sources and processes that regulate its formation and oxidation. This study investigated coastal CH4 dynamics by comparing water column data from six stations located in the brackish Tvärminne Archipelago, Baltic Sea. The sediment biogeochemistry and microbiology were further investigated at two stations (i.e., nearshore and offshore). These stations differed in terms of stratification, bottom water redox conditions, and organic matter loading. At the nearshore station, CH4 diffusion from the sediment into the water column was negligible, because nearly all CH4 was oxidized within the upper sediment column before reaching the sediment surface. On the other hand, at the offshore station, there was significant benthic diffusion of CH4, albeit the majority underwent oxidation before reaching the sediment-water interface, due to shoaling of the sulfate methane transition zone (SMTZ). The potential contribution of CH4 production in the water column was evaluated and was found to be negligible. After examining the isotopic signatures of δ13C-CH4 across the sediment and water column, it became apparent that the surface water δ13C-CH4 values observed in areas with thermal stratification could not be explained by diffusion, advective fluxes, nor production in the water column. In fact, these values bore a remarkable resemblance to those detected below the SMTZ. This supports the hypothesis that the source of CH4 in surface waters is more likely to originate from ebullition than diffusion in stratified brackish coastal systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Hermans
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Environmental Geochemistry Group, Department of Geosciences and Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Christian Stranne
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Bolin Center for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias Broman
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Florian Roth
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland
| | - Francisco J A Nascimento
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl-Magnus Mörth
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophie Ten Hietbrink
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Bolin Center for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaole Sun
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | | | | | - Alf Norkko
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland
| | - Tom Jilbert
- Environmental Geochemistry Group, Department of Geosciences and Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nybom I, van Grimbergen J, Forsell M, Mustajärvi L, Martens J, Sobek A. Water column organic carbon composition as driver for water-sediment fluxes of hazardous pollutants in a coastal environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133393. [PMID: 38211519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The environmental fate of hazardous hydrophobic pollutants in the marine environment is strongly influenced by organic carbon (OC) cycling. As an example, the seasonality in primary production impacts both water column OC quantity and quality, which may influence pollutant mass transport from the water column to the sediment. This study aims to better understand the role of water column OC variability for the fate of pollutants in a near-coastal area. We conducted an in situ sampling campaign in the coastal Baltic Proper during two seasons, summer and autumn. We used polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as model compounds, as they represent a wide range in physicochemical properties and are ubiquitous in the environment. Freely dissolved, and OC-bound concentrations were studied in the water column and surface sediment. We found stronger sorption of pollutants to suspended particulate matter (SPM) during the summer compared to the autumn (average 0.6 and 0.9 log unit higher particle-water partition coefficients during summer for PAHs and PCBs). Our data suggest that stronger sorption mirrors a compositional change of the OC towards higher contribution of labile OC during the summer, characterized by two times higher fatty acid and 24% higher dicarboxylic acids in SPM during summer. High concentrations of OC in the water column during the autumn resulted in increased SPM-mediated sinking fluxes of pollutants. Our results suggest that future changes in primary production are prone to influence the bioavailability and mobility of pollutants in costal zones, potentially affecting the residence time of these hazardous substances in the circulating marine environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inna Nybom
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mari Forsell
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lukas Mustajärvi
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jannik Martens
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Sobek
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abel S, Eriksson Wiklund AK, Gorokhova E, Sobek A. Chemical Activity-Based Loading of Artificial Sediments with Organic Pollutants for Bioassays: A Proof of Concept. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:279-287. [PMID: 37975553 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) pose a risk in aquatic environments. In sediment, this risk is frequently evaluated using total or organic carbon-normalized concentrations. However, complex physicochemical sediment characteristics affect POP bioavailability in sediment, making its prediction a challenging task. This task can be addressed using chemical activity, which describes a compound's environmentally effective concentration and can generally be approximated by the degree of saturation for each POP in its matrix. We present a proof of concept to load artificial sediments with POPs to reach a target chemical activity. This approach is envisioned to make laboratory ecotoxicological bioassays more reproducible and reduce the impact of sediment characteristics on the risk assessment. The approach uses a constantly replenished, saturated, aqueous POP solution to equilibrate the organic carbon fraction (e.g., peat) of an artificial sediment, which can be further adjusted to target chemical activities by mixing with clean peat. We demonstrate the applicability of this approach using four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and fluoranthene). Within 5 to 17 weeks, the peat slurry reached a chemical equilibrium with the saturated loading solution. We used two different peat batches (subsamples from the same source) to evaluate the approach. Variations in loading kinetics and eventual equilibrium concentrations were evident between the batches, which highlights the impact of even minor disparities in organic carbon properties within two samples of peat originating from the same source. This finding underlines the importance of moving away from sediment risk assessments based on total concentrations. The value of the chemical activity-based loading approach lies in its ability to anticipate similar environmental impacts, even with varying contaminant concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:279-287. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Abel
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Elena Gorokhova
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Sobek
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ledesma M, Gorokhova E, Nybom I, Sobek A, Ahlström D, Garbaras A, Karlson AM. Does pre-exposure to polluted sediment affect sub-cellular to population-level responses to contaminant exposure in a sentinel species? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122882. [PMID: 37951527 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how key-species respond to anthropogenic stress such as chemical pollution is critical for predicting ecosystem changes. Little is however known about the intra-specific variability in the physiological and biochemical traits involved in contaminant exposure responses. Here, we explored this idea by exposing the Baltic amphipod Monoporeia affinis from two sites, one moderately polluted and one more pristine, to a sediment spiked with PAHs and PCBs. We evaluated the amphipods responses related to feeding, growth, a stress biomarker (acetylcholinesterase [AChE] inhibition) and stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) composition including isotope niche analyses. More adverse responses were expected in animals from the low-pollution site than those from the high-pollution site due to tolerance development in the latter. Amphipods from both populations showed a ∼30% AChE inhibition when exposed to the contaminant spiked sediment. However, both controls and exposed amphipods from the high-pollution site had higher survival, nutrient uptake and condition status than the amphipods from the low-pollution site, which did not feed on the added diatoms as indicated by their isotope values. We found no signs of population-specific responses in physiological adjustments to contaminants with regard to classic ecotoxicological biomarkers such as AChE inhibition and growth status. Instead, isotope niche analyses proved useful in assessing contaminant stress responses at the population level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matias Ledesma
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Elena Gorokhova
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inna Nybom
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Sobek
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Ahlström
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrius Garbaras
- Department of Nuclear Research, Centre for Physical Science and Technology, Savanorių Ave. 231, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Agnes Ml Karlson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20, Stockholm, Sweden; Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tian W, Yang J, Xu WQ, Lian L, Qiu XW, Liang X, Wu CC, Gong X, Zhang G, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. Fluorescent Visualization of Chemical Profiles across the Air-Water Interface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20107-20117. [PMID: 37990860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Chemical transfer across the air-water interface is one of the most important geochemical processes of global significance. Quantifying such a process has remained extremely challenging due to the lack of suitable technologies to measure chemical diffusion across the air-water microlayer. Herein, we present a fluorescence optical system capable of visualizing the formation of the air-water microlayer with a spatial resolution of 10 μm and quantifying air-water diffusion fluxes using pyrene as a target chemical. We show for the first time that the air-water microlayer is composed of the surface microlayer in water (∼290 ± 40 μm) and a diffusion layer in air (∼350 ± 40 μm) with 1 μg L-1 of pyrene. The diffusion flux of pyrene across the air-water interface is derived from its high-resolution concentration profile without any pre-emptive assumption, which is 2 orders of magnitude lower than those from the conventional method. This system can be expanded to visualize diffusion dynamics of other fluorescent chemicals across the air-water interface and provides a powerful tool for furthering our understanding of air-water mass transfer of organic chemicals related to their global cycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhang Tian
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Wen-Qing Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lin Lian
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xia-Wen Qiu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xiangjun Gong
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lohmann R, Vrana B, Muir D, Smedes F, Sobotka J, Zeng EY, Bao LJ, Allan IJ, Astrahan P, Barra RO, Bidleman T, Dykyi E, Estoppey N, Fillmann G, Greenwood N, Helm PA, Jantunen L, Kaserzon S, Macías JV, Maruya KA, Molina F, Newman B, Prats RM, Tsapakis M, Tysklind M, van Drooge BL, Veal CJ, Wong CS. Passive-Sampler-Derived PCB and OCP Concentrations in the Waters of the World─First Results from the AQUA-GAPS/MONET Network. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37294896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are recognized as pollutants of global concern, but so far, information on the trends of legacy POPs in the waters of the world has been missing due to logistical, analytical, and financial reasons. Passive samplers have emerged as an attractive alternative to active water sampling methods as they accumulate POPs, represent time-weighted average concentrations, and can easily be shipped and deployed. As part of the AQUA-GAPS/MONET, passive samplers were deployed at 40 globally distributed sites between 2016 and 2020, for a total of 21 freshwater and 40 marine deployments. Results from silicone passive samplers showed α-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and γ-HCH displaying the greatest concentrations in the northern latitudes/Arctic Ocean, in stark contrast to the more persistent penta (PeCB)- and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which approached equilibrium across sampling sites. Geospatial patterns of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) aqueous concentrations closely matched original estimates of production and use, implying limited global transport. Positive correlations between log-transformed concentrations of Σ7PCB, ΣDDTs, Σendosulfan, and Σchlordane, but not ΣHCH, and the log of population density (p < 0.05) within 5 and 10 km of the sampling sites also supported limited transport from used sites. These results help to understand the extent of global distribution, and eventually time-trends, of organic pollutants in aquatic systems, such as across freshwaters and oceans. Future deployments will aim to establish time-trends at selected sites while adding to the geographical coverage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, United States
| | - Branislav Vrana
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Derek Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, L7S 1A1 Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Foppe Smedes
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Sobotka
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, 511443 Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, 511443 Guangzhou, China
| | - Ian J Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Peleg Astrahan
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Kinneret Lake Laboratory, 3109701 Haifa, Israel
| | - Ricardo O Barra
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and EULA Chile Centre, University of Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile
| | - Terry Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Evgen Dykyi
- National Antarctic Scientific Center, Taras Shevchenko Boulevard 16, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nicolas Estoppey
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Batochime Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box. 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Naomi Greenwood
- Centre of Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, NR33 0HT Lowestoft, U.K
| | - Paul A Helm
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, M9P 3V6 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liisa Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 6248 Eighth Line, Egbert, Ontario L0L1N0, Canada
| | - Sarit Kaserzon
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - J Vinicio Macías
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Fracc. Playitas, 22860 Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Keith A Maruya
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, 3535 Harbor Blvd., Suite 110, Costa Mesa, California 92626, United States
| | - Francisco Molina
- Environmental School, Faculty of Engineering, University of Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, 050010 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Brent Newman
- Coastal Systems Research Group, CSIR, P.O. Box 59081, Umbilo, 4075 Durban, South Africa
- Nelson Mandela University, P.O. Box 77000, 6031 Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Raimon M Prats
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manolis Tsapakis
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, PO Box 2214, GR-71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cameron J Veal
- Seqwater, 117 Brisbane Road, 4305 Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charles S Wong
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, 3535 Harbor Blvd., Suite 110, Costa Mesa, California 92626, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xiao Y, Lin X, Wang H, Xia X. Dermal Uptake is an Important Pathway for the Bioconcentration of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds by Zebrafish (Danio rerio). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 110:9. [PMID: 36512124 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
For bioconcentration of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs), most of studies assumed that fish absorb HOCs mainly through gills but often ignored the dermal uptake. In this study, deuterated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs-d10, phenanthrene-d10, and pyrene-d10) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB-153) were selected to study whether zebrafish can absorb freely dissolved and dissolved organic matter (DOM)-associated HOCs through dermal uptake. The results showed that the freely dissolved PAHs and PCBs could directly enter the body of zebrafish through its skin. However, PAHs and PCB-153 associated with DOM (~ 10 kDa) could not enter zebrafish through the skin. When gill and dermal exposure coexisted, dermal uptake contributed 2.9 ~ 7.6% and 31.9 ~ 38.4% of PAHs and PCB-153 bioconcentration after exposure for 6 h, respectively. The present study demonstrates that dermal uptake is an important pathway for the bioconcentration of HOCs by fish, which should be considered when studying the toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics of HOCs in organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|