1
|
Li Z, Zhao B, Yin D, Wang S, Qiao X, Jiang J, Li Y, Shen J, He Y, Chang X, Li X, Liu Y, Li Y, Liu C, Qi X, Chen L, Chi X, Jiang Y, Li Y, Wu J, Nie W, Ding A. Modeling the Formation of Organic Compounds across Full Volatility Ranges and Their Contribution to Nanoparticle Growth in a Polluted Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1223-1235. [PMID: 38117938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle growth influences atmospheric particles' climatic effects, and it is largely driven by low-volatility organic vapors. However, the magnitude and mechanism of organics' contribution to nanoparticle growth in polluted environments remain unclear because current observations and models cannot capture organics across full volatility ranges or track their formation chemistry. Here, we develop a mechanistic model that characterizes the full volatility spectrum of organic vapors and their contributions to nanoparticle growth by coupling advanced organic oxidation modeling and kinetic gas-particle partitioning. The model is applied to Nanjing, a typical polluted city, and it effectively captures the volatility distribution of low-volatility organics (with saturation vapor concentrations <0.3 μg/m3), thus accurately reproducing growth rates (GRs), with a 4.91% normalized mean bias. Simulations indicate that as particles grow from 4 to 40 nm, the relative fractions of GRs attributable to organics increase from 59 to 86%, with the remaining contribution from H2SO4 and its clusters. Aromatics contribute much to condensable organic vapors (∼37%), especially low-volatility vapors (∼61%), thus contributing the most to GRs (32-46%) as 4-40 nm particles grow. Alkanes also contribute 19-35% of GRs, while biogenic volatile organic compounds contribute minimally (<13%). Our model helps assess the climatic impacts of particles and predict future changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeqi Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dejia Yin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohui Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiran Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiewen Shen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yicong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xing Chang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
- Laboratory of Transport Pollution Control and Monitoring Technology, Transport Planning and Research Institute, Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100028, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuliang Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ximeng Qi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Liangduo Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xuguang Chi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yueqi Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuyang Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jiang H, Cai J, Feng X, Chen Y, Wang L, Jiang B, Liao Y, Li J, Zhang G, Mu Y, Chen J. Aqueous-Phase Reactions of Anthropogenic Emissions Lead to the High Chemodiversity of Atmospheric Nitrogen-Containing Compounds during the Haze Event. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:16500-16511. [PMID: 37844026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs), a type of important reactive-nitrogen species, are abundant in organic aerosols in haze events observed in Northern China. However, due to the complex nature of NOCs, the sources, formation, and influencing factors are still ambiguous. Here, the molecular composition of organic matters (OMs) in hourly PM2.5 samples collected during a haze event in Northern China was characterized using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). We found that CHON compounds (formulas containing C, H, O, and N atoms) dominated the OM fractions during the haze and showed high chemodiversity and transformability. Relying on the newly developed revised-workflow and oxidation-hydrolyzation knowledge for CHON compounds, 64% of the major aromatic CHON compounds (>80%) could be derived from the oxidization or hydrolyzation processes. Results from FT-ICR MS data analysis further showed that the aerosol liquid water (ALW)-involved aqueous-phase reactions are important for the molecular distribution of aromatic-CHON compounds besides the coal combustion, and the ALW-involved aromatic-CHON compound formation during daytime and nighttime was different. Our results improve the understanding of molecular composition, sources, and potential formation of CHON compounds, which can help to advance the understanding for the formation, evolution, and control of haze.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junjie Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinxin Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuhong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang C, Yao N, Xu L, Chen G, Wang Y, Fan X, Zhou P, Clusius P, Tham YJ, Lin Z, Chen Y, Li M, Hong Y, Chen J. Molecular Composition of Anthropogenic Oxygenated Organic Molecules and Their Contribution to Organic Aerosol in a Coastal City. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15956-15967. [PMID: 37842878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosols (OA) have gained attention as a substantial component of atmospheric aerosols owing to their impact on atmospheric visibility, climate, and human health. Although oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs) are essential contributors to OA formation, the sources, transformations, and fates of the OOMs are not fully understood. Herein, anthropogenic OOMs (AOOMs), anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (AVOCs), and OA were concurrently measured in Xiamen, a coastal city in southeastern China. Our results show that the AOOMs exhibited a high nitrogen content (76%) and a low oxidation degree. Strong photochemical processes of aromatic VOCs were the predominant sources of AOOMs. Also, NOx concentrations and the occurrence of multigeneration OH radical oxidations were the critical factors that might influence the formation of AOOMs. Finally, the newly developed aerosol dynamic model's results show that more than 35% of the OA mass growth rate is attributed to the gas-particle partitioning of AOOMs. Further sensitivity testing demonstrates that the contribution of AOOMs to OA growth is significantly enhanced during high-particulate-concentration periods, especially under low-temperature conditions. This study emphasizes the vital role of photochemically produced AOOMs derived from AVOCs in OA growth in a coastal urban atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nianci Yao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Gaojie Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Putian Zhou
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Petri Clusius
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yee Jun Tham
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Ziyi Lin
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuping Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengren Li
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Youwei Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ye C, Liu Y, Yuan B, Wang Z, Lin Y, Hu W, Chen W, Li T, Song W, Wang X, Lv D, Gu D, Shao M. Low-NO-like Oxidation Pathway Makes a Significant Contribution to Secondary Organic Aerosol in Polluted Urban Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13912-13924. [PMID: 37669221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic pollutants can greatly mediate formation pathways and chemical compositions of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in urban atmospheres. We investigated the molecular tracers for different types of SOA in PM2.5 under varying NO/NO2 conditions in Guangzhou using source analysis of particle-phase speciated organics obtained from an iodide chemical ionization mass spectrometer with a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO-I-CIMS). Results show that low-NO-like pathways (when NO/NO2 < 0.2) explained ∼75% of the total measured FIGAERO-OA during regional transport periods, which was enriched in more-oxidized C4-C6 non-nitrogenous compounds over ozone accumulation. Daytime high-NO chemistry played larger roles (38%) in local pollution episodes, with organic nitrates (ONs) and nitrophenols increasing with enhanced aerosol water content and nitrate fraction. Nighttime NO3-initiated oxidation, characterized by monoterpene-derived ONs, accounted for comparable percentages (10-12%) of FIGAERO-OA for both two periods. Furthermore, the presence of organosulfates (OSs) improves the understanding of the roles of aqueous-phase processes in SOA production. Carbonyl-derived OSs exhibited a preferential formation under conditions of high aerosol acidity and/or abundant sulfate, which correlated well with low-NO-like SOA. Our results demonstrate the importance of NO/NO2 ratios in controlling SOA compositions, as well as interactions between water content, aerosol acidity, and inorganic salts in gas-to-particle partitioning of condensable organics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenshuo Ye
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKL-ESPC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKL-ESPC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zelong Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Tiange Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Daqi Lv
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKL-ESPC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dasa Gu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Min Shao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zheng P, Chen Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, Pu W, Yu C, Xia M, Xu Y, Guo J, Guo Y, Tian L, Qiao X, Huang DD, Yan C, Nie W, Worsnop DR, Lee S, Wang T. Molecular Characterization of Oxygenated Organic Molecules and Their Dominating Roles in Particle Growth in Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7764-7776. [PMID: 37155674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs) are critical intermediates linking volatile organic compound oxidation and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Yet, the understanding of OOM components, formation mechanism, and impacts are still limited, especially for urbanized regions with a cocktail of anthropogenic emissions. Herein, ambient measurements of OOMs were conducted at a regional background site in South China in 2018. The molecular characteristics of OOMs revealed dominant nitrogen-containing products, and the influences of different factors on OOM composition and oxidation state were elucidated. Positive matrix factorization analysis resolved the complex OOM species to factors featured with fingerprint species from different oxidation pathways. A new method was developed to identify the key functional groups of OOMs, which successfully classified the majority species into carbonyls (8%), hydroperoxides (7%), nitrates (17%), peroxyl nitrates (10%), dinitrates (13%), aromatic ring-retaining species (6%), and terpenes (7%). The volatility estimation of OOMs was improved based on their identified functional groups and was used to simulate the aerosol growth process contributed by the condensation of those low-volatile OOMs. The results demonstrate the predominant role of OOMs in contributing sub-100 nm particle growth and SOA formation and highlight the importance of dinitrates and anthropogenic products from multistep oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penggang Zheng
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yuliang Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Pu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Chuan Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Environmental Central Facility, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yishuo Guo
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Linhui Tian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Xiaohui Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dan Dan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Shuncheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| |
Collapse
|