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Zheng H, Zhang Z, Dietzenbacher E, Zhou Y, Többen J, Feng K, Moran D, Jiang M, Shan Y, Wang D, Liu X, Li L, Zhao D, Meng J, Ou J, Guan D. Leveraging opportunity of low carbon transition by super-emitter cities in China. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:2456-2466. [PMID: 37620230 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Chinese cities are core in the national carbon mitigation and largely affect global decarbonisation initiatives, yet disparities between cities challenge country-wide progress. Low-carbon transition should preferably lead to a convergence of both equity and mitigation targets among cities. Inter-city supply chains that link the production and consumption of cities are a factor in shaping inequality and mitigation but less considered aggregately. Here, we modelled supply chains of 309 Chinese cities for 2012 to quantify carbon footprint inequality, as well as explored a leverage opportunity to achieve an inclusive low-carbon transition. We revealed significant carbon inequalities: the 10 richest cities in China have per capita carbon footprints comparable to the US level, while half of the Chinese cities sit below the global average. Inter-city supply chains in China, which are associated with 80% of carbon emissions, imply substantial carbon leakage risks and also contribute to socioeconomic disparities. However, the significant carbon inequality implies a leveraging opportunity that substantial mitigation can be achieved by 32 super-emitting cities. If the super-emitting cities adopt their differentiated mitigation pathway based on affluence, industrial structure, and role of supply chains, up to 1.4 Gt carbon quota can be created, raising 30% of the projected carbon quota to carbon peak. The additional carbon quota allows the average living standard of the other 60% of Chinese people to reach an upper-middle-income level, highlighting collaborative mechanism at the city level has a great potential to lead to a convergence of both equity and mitigation targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heran Zheng
- The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London WC1H 0QB, UK
| | - Zengkai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Erik Dietzenbacher
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, Netherlands
| | - Ya Zhou
- Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Johannes Többen
- Gesellschaft für Wirtschaftliche Strukturforschung mbH, Osnabrck 49080, Germany; Social Metabolism and Impacts, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam 14412, Germany
| | - Kuishuang Feng
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park MD 20742, USA
| | - Daniel Moran
- The Climate and Environmental Research Institute NILU, Lillestrøm 2007, Norway; Industrial Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7010, Norway
| | - Meng Jiang
- Industrial Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7010, Norway
| | - Yuli Shan
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Daoping Wang
- Department of Geography, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK; Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FD, UK
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Research and Promotion Center for Green and Low-carbon Development, Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Jing Meng
- The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London WC1H 0QB, UK.
| | - Jiamin Ou
- Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CS, Netherlands
| | - Dabo Guan
- The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London WC1H 0QB, UK; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Charpentier-Alfaro C, Benavides-Hernández J, Poggerini M, Crisci A, Mele G, Della Rocca G, Emiliani G, Frascella A, Torrigiani T, Palanti S. Wood-Decaying Fungi: From Timber Degradation to Sustainable Insulating Biomaterials Production. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093547. [PMID: 37176430 PMCID: PMC10179824 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Addressing the impacts of climate change and global warming has become an urgent priority for the planet's well-being. In recent decades the great potential of fungal-based products with characteristics equal to, or even outperforming, classic petroleum-derived products has been acknowledged. These new materials present the added advantage of having a reduced carbon footprint, less environmental impact and contributing to the shift away from a fossil-based economy. This study focused on the production of insulation panels using fungal mycelium and lignocellulosic materials as substrates. The process was optimized, starting with the selection of Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, Ganoderma carnosum and Fomitopsis pinicola isolates, followed by the evaluation of three grain spawn substrates (millet, wheat and a 1:1 mix of millet and wheat grains) for mycelium propagation, and finishing with the production of various mycelium-based composites using five wood by-products and waste materials (pine sawdust, oak shavings, tree of heaven wood chips, wheat straw and shredded beech wood). The obtained biomaterials were characterized for internal structure by X-ray micro-CT, thermal transmittance using a thermoflowmeter and moisture absorption. The results showed that using a wheat and millet 1:1 (w/w) mix is the best option for spawn production regardless of the fungal isolate. In addition, the performance of the final composites was influenced both by the fungal isolate and the substrate used, with the latter having a stronger effect on the measured properties. The study shows that the most promising sustainable insulating biomaterial was created using T. versicolor grown on wheat straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Charpentier-Alfaro
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia (IBE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
- Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), CeNAT-CONARE, San José 1174-1200, Costa Rica
| | - Jorge Benavides-Hernández
- Département Chimie, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Marco Poggerini
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia (IBE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Alfonso Crisci
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia (IBE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giacomo Mele
- Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (ISAFOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.Le Enrico Fermi, Portici, 80055 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianni Della Rocca
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giovanni Emiliani
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Angela Frascella
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Tommaso Torrigiani
- Laboratorio di Meteorologia Modellistica Ambientale (LaMMA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Sabrina Palanti
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia (IBE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
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The Built Environment Assessment of Residential Areas in Wuhan during the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137814. [PMID: 35805475 PMCID: PMC9266129 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 epidemic has emerged as one of the biggest challenges, and the world is focused on preventing and controlling COVID-19. Although there is still insufficient understanding of how environmental conditions may impact the COVID-19 pandemic, airborne transmission is regarded as an important environmental factor that influences the spread of COVID-19. The natural ventilation potential (NVP) is critical for airborne infection control in the micro-built environment, where infectious and susceptible people share air spaces. Taking Wuhan as the research area, we evaluated the NVP in residential areas to combat COVID-19 during the outbreak. We determined four fundamental residential area layouts (point layout, parallel layout, center-around layout, and mixed layout) based on the semantic similarity model for point of interest (POI) picking. Our analyses indicated that the center-around and point layout had a higher NVP, while the mixed and parallel layouts had a lower NVP in winter and spring. Further analysis showed that the proportion of the worst NVP has been rising, while the proportion of the poor NVP remains very high in Wuhan. This study suggested the need to efficiently improve the residential area layout in Wuhan for better urban ventilation to combat COVID-19 without losing other benefits.
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Thomsen MR, Tamke M. Towards a transformational eco-metabolistic bio-based design framework in architecture. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2022; 17:045005. [PMID: 35358951 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac62e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses the foundations of a bio-based material paradigm for architecture. It argues that moving from a current reliance on the non-renewable materials of the geosphere, to the renewable and fundamentally cyclical materials of the biosphere can establish alternate foundations for thinking alternative sustainable building practices. By positioning architecture and the built environment as a particular case for bio-based materials, where the longer life spans of buildings support better carbon storage, this paper identifies the bottlenecks that limit their adaptation into the way architecture is thought, designed and built. If architectural ideation and design is traditionally understood through the durable and the permanent, our aim here is to challenge this foundation and bring forth the fundamental differences that bio-based materials engender. With focus on the embedded lifespans of living materials, the fundamental circularity and degradability of biomass and resulting transformative life cycles of the artefacts that they embody, this paper asks how a new representational framework for bio-based material paradigm can be conceptualised, instrumentalised and in turn materialised. The paper supports this positioning through a presentation of a series of methodological probes. The probes outline strategies for new methodologies by which we can capture, predict and steer the transformations of living materials and functionalise them as part of an architectural performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen
- CITA, Centre for IT and Architecture, Royal Danish Academy Architecture, Design, Conservation, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Tamke
- CITA, Centre for IT and Architecture, Royal Danish Academy Architecture, Design, Conservation, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Carcassi OB, Habert G, Malighetti LE, Pittau F. Material Diets for Climate-Neutral Construction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5213-5223. [PMID: 35377619 PMCID: PMC9022436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The climate crisis is urging us to act fast. Buildings are a key leverage point in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but the embodied emissions related to their construction often remain the hidden challenge of any ambitious policy. Therefore, in this paper, we explored material GHG neutralization where herbaceous biobased insulation materials with negative net-global warming potentials (GWPs) were used to compensate for building elements that necessarily release GHGs. Different material diets, as well as different building typologies, were modeled to assess the consequences in terms of biobased insulation requirements to reach climate neutrality. Our results show that climate-neutral construction can be built with sufficient energy performance to fulfill current standards and with building component thicknesses within a range of 1.05-0.58 m when timber- and bamboo-based construction is chosen. Concrete-based ones require insulation sizes that are too large and heavy to be supported by the dimensioned structures or accepted by urban regulations. Moreover, a time horizon of 20 years is more appropriate for assessing the contribution of material shifts to biobased materials in the transition period before 2050. This paper demonstrates that this is technically feasible and that climate neutrality in the construction sector just depends on the future that we choose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Beatrice Carcassi
- Department
of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering (ABC), Politecnico di Milano, Via G. Ponzio 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Guillaume Habert
- Department
of Civil, Environmental, and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz
5, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Elisabetta Malighetti
- Department
of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering (ABC), Politecnico di Milano, Via G. Ponzio 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Pittau
- Department
of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering (ABC), Politecnico di Milano, Via G. Ponzio 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department
of Civil, Environmental, and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz
5, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Zhong X, Hu M, Deetman S, Steubing B, Lin HX, Hernandez GA, Harpprecht C, Zhang C, Tukker A, Behrens P. Global greenhouse gas emissions from residential and commercial building materials and mitigation strategies to 2060. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6126. [PMID: 34675192 PMCID: PMC8531392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Building stock growth around the world drives extensive material consumption and environmental impacts. Future impacts will be dependent on the level and rate of socioeconomic development, along with material use and supply strategies. Here we evaluate material-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for residential and commercial buildings along with their reduction potentials in 26 global regions by 2060. For a middle-of-the-road baseline scenario, building material-related emissions see an increase of 3.5 to 4.6 Gt CO2eq yr-1 between 2020-2060. Low- and lower-middle-income regions see rapid emission increase from 750 Mt (22% globally) in 2020 and 2.4 Gt (51%) in 2060, while higher-income regions shrink in both absolute and relative terms. Implementing several material efficiency strategies together in a High Efficiency (HE) scenario could almost half the baseline emissions. Yet, even in this scenario, the building material sector would require double its current proportional share of emissions to meet a 1.5 °C-compatible target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhong
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Mingming Hu
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- School of Management Science and Real Estate, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 40045, China
| | - Sebastiaan Deetman
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, 3584 CB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Steubing
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hai Xiang Lin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Glenn Aguilar Hernandez
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carina Harpprecht
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Networked Energy Systems, Curiestreet 4, 70563, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Chunbo Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold Tukker
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO, 2595 DA, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Behrens
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Leiden University College The Hague, Leiden University, 2595 DG, The Hague, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
In Switzerland, the advantages of timber buildings for the climate are broadly discussed. In the following paper, a comparative sustainability assessment of four building alternatives is presented. Especially the contribution of implementing Swiss timber versus the implementation of imported timber is highlighted. Additionally, the timber-hybrid building structures are compared to a pure reinforced concrete structure. The timber-hybrid structure, with Swiss timber, has clear ecological advantages with only half the greenhouse gas emissions and half the non-renewable energy consumption compared to the reinforced concrete alternative. Comparing the Swiss timber alternative to the imported timber alternative, there are clear ecological advantages, as well. In terms of economic and social sustainability assessment criteria, the reinforced concrete alternative has the lowest production costs and the lowest labor intensity (measured in terms of full-time equivalents). Additionally, the paper includes an analysis of biogenic CO2 emissions and CO2 storage within the timber building alternatives. Finally, an up-scaling to the national level is attempted, showcasing the ecological and economic advantages of promoting the use of locally produced timber.
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The Activity Browser — An open source LCA software building on top of the brightway framework. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.simpa.2019.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Golzar F, Heeren N, Hellweg S, Roshandel R. A comparative study on the environmental impact of greenhouses: A probabilistic approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 675:560-569. [PMID: 31030161 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the most important drivers of environmental impacts and identify the influence of parameters on the uncertainty of the environmental impacts in various climate zones and future climate scenarios. We couple a combined greenhouse energy demand-yield simulation tool with a life cycle assessment to identify the drivers for greenhouse energy, water and CO2 demand as well as yield production. Environmental impacts are evaluated using the methods of IPPC for assessing climate change and available water remaining (AWARE) for water scarcity impacts. Furthermore, we compare the results for all five main climate world regions. With a global sensitivity analysis, we identify the parameters with the highest influence on life-cycle impact for each region. Crop growth features (e.g. node development rate and plant density), energy systems (e.g. heating and cooling supply systems), cover materials and inside temperature are the most influential input parameters for climate change impacts, but the ranking between these parameters depends on the location and climatic conditions of the greenhouse. In cold climates and higher latitudes, heating and electricity (mostly for lighting) processes are on average responsible for 85 to 90% of total climate change impacts. In hot climates, active cooling, in addition to natural ventilation, as well as electricity processes rank the highest (in the range of 60 to 75%) and in moderate climates, heating and cooling systems account for 60 to 70% of climate change impacts. Also for the AWARE results, crop growth related parameters are most influential. Among different processes in greenhouse, irrigation is responsible for 90% of water impacts in all regions, but the absolute magnitude of impact varies greatly among the different greenhouse locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Golzar
- Department of Energy Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niko Heeren
- School of Forestry & Environment, Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale University, USA.
| | - Stefanie Hellweg
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Chair of Ecological System Design, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ramin Roshandel
- Department of Energy Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Huang B, Zhao F, Fishman T, Chen WQ, Heeren N, Hertwich EG. Building Material Use and Associated Environmental Impacts in China 2000-2015. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:14006-14014. [PMID: 30411613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A rapidly increasing use of building materials poses threats to resources and the environment. Using novel, localized life cycle inventories and building material intensity data, this study quantifies the resource use of building materials in mainland China and evaluates their embodied environmental impacts. Newly built floor area and related material consumption grew 11% per annum from 2000 to 2015, leveling off at the end of this period. Concrete, sand, gravel, brick, and cement were the main materials used. Spatially, construction activities expanded from east China into the central part of the country. Cement, steel, and concrete production are the key contributors to associated environmental impacts, e.g., cement and steel each account for around 25% of the global warming potential from building materials. Building materials contribute considerably to the impact categories of human toxicity, fossil depletion, and global warming, emphasizing that greenhouse gas emissions should not be the sole focus of research on environmental impacts of building materials. These findings quantitatively shed light on the urgent need to reduce environmental impacts and to conserve energy in the manufacturing processes of building materials on the national scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beijia Huang
- College of Environment and Architecture , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai 200093 , China
- Center for Industrial Ecology, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - Feng Zhao
- College of Environment and Architecture , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai 200093 , China
| | - Tomer Fishman
- Center for Industrial Ecology, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
- IDC Herzliya School of Sustainability , Herzliya 46150 , Israel
| | - Wei-Qiang Chen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment , Chinese Academy of Science , Xiamen 361021 , China
- Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism , Xiamen 46150 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Niko Heeren
- Center for Industrial Ecology, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - Edgar G Hertwich
- Center for Industrial Ecology, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
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Performance of Wood-Based Panels Integrated with a Bio-Based Phase Change Material: A Full-Scale Experiment in a Cold Climate with Timber-Frame Huts. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11113093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The relatively low thermal mass of timber frame buildings is a limiting factor for their energy efficiency and for the thermal comfort. The aim of this study is to assess the performance of wood-based wallboards integrated with PCM (Phase Change Materials) in a cold climate (Québec, Canada), from the heating season to the summer. Two timber-frame test huts, of 2 × 2.5 × 3 m, were built following the National Building Code of Canada and placed in the LAVAL University Campus. The first hut was equipped with wood-based panels integrated with the commercial bio-based PCM Puretemp®23 with a 23 °C melting point. The second hut was equipped with standard interior wood panels. Large double glaze windows were installed facing south. Dry indoor air temperatures were recorded for both huts and for the heating season, heating consumptions were monitored. The behaviour of the two huts was compared and PCM panels efficiency was evaluated over several seasons. A reduction of heating consumption was observed for cold months. For the heating season, panels were found to be more efficient as the months were getting milder. By gathering solar energy during the day, they allowed to reduce the test-hut heating consumption, by a maximum of 41% in May. In summer, the PCM panels had a positive impact in order to reduce the hut overheating. However their efficiency was found limited by a poor ability of discharge during the night. The solidification of the PCM was often impossible to achieve due to unsuitable night conditions. The results presented in this study will improve the knowledge concerning wood/PCM composites performance and concerning PCMs issues in cold climates. This study exposes the potential of wood-based panels integrated with PCM to achieve winter energy savings and enhance the summer thermal comfort of a timber-frame building, for a cold Canadian climate.
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12
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How Building with Wood Can Be Linked to Sales of Building Plots: Results from an Exemplary Site Development in Munich, Germany. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9060947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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