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Sun C, Zhao L, Chen X, Nie L, Shi A, Bai H, Li G. A comprehensive study of volatile organic compounds from the actual emission of Chinese cooking. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:53821-53830. [PMID: 35292894 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
China's current perspective for big cities was filled with great population, great number of restaurants, growing gaseous pollutants, and great pollution. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were the main components of catering industry gaseous pollutants. In this study, we collected and analyzed VOCs from home cooking (HC), Sichuan and Hunan cuisine (S&H), Shandong cuisine (SD), Anhui cuisine (AH), Beijing cuisine (BJ), and barbecue (BBQ). The result showed that BBQ gave the highest VOC concentration (6287.61 μg m-3), followed by HC (1806.11 ± 2401.85 μg m-3), SD (2238.55 ± 2413.53 μg m-3), AH (1745.89 μg m-3), S&H (1373.58 ± 1457.45 μg m-3), and BJ (288.81 μg m-3). The abundance of alkane was higher among BBQ, Anhui cuisine, and HC with the proportion from 33 to 71%. SD contained higher halohydrocarbons proportion (33%). BJ was characterized by high-oxygenated volatile organic compounds proportion (50%). The ozone formation potential (OFP) of BBQ was much greater than other cuisines. The degree of stench pollution from cooking VOCs of HC was 17.51 ± 16.95, followed by S&H (15.77 ± 16.85), SD (15.12 ± 14.17), AH (16.29), BBQ (2.58), and BJ (1.81). Benzene had the highest life cancer risk (LCR) in SD (2.11×10-5 ± 3.12×10-5), following HC (4.50×10-6 ± 3.83×10-6) and S&H (4.08×10-6 ± 4.49×10-6). Acrolein had a high hazard index (HI) in HC (789.81 ± 768.77), following AH (728.78), S&H (689.89 ± 776.07), SD (664.29 ± 648.77), BBQ (65.93), and BJ (62.84).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyun Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Nie
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Aijun Shi
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Huahua Bai
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoao Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China.
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Rastogi N, Satish R, Singh A, Kumar V, Thamban N, Lalchandani V, Shukla A, Vats P, Tripathi SN, Ganguly D, Slowik J, Prevot ASH. Diurnal variability in the spectral characteristics and sources of water-soluble brown carbon aerosols over Delhi. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148589. [PMID: 34214816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that light-absorbing organic aerosols (commonly known as brown carbon, BrC) impact climate. However, uncertainties remain as their contributions to absorption at different wavelengths are often ignored in climate models. Further, BrC exhibits differences in absorption at different wavelengths due to the variable composition including varying sources and meteorological conditions. However, diurnal variability in the spectral characteristics of water-soluble BrC (hereafter BrC) is not yet reported. This study presents unique measurement hitherto lacking in the literature. Online measurements of BrC were performed using an assembled system including a particle-into-liquid sampler, portable UV-Visible spectrophotometer with liquid waveguid capillary cell, and total carbon analyzer (PILS-LWCC-TOC). This system measured the absorption of ambient aerosol extracts at the wavelengths ranging from 300 to 600 nm with 2 min integration time and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) with 4 min integration time over a polluted megacity, New Delhi. Black carbon, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and the chemical composition of non-refractory submicron aerosols were also measured in parallel. Diurnal variability in absorption coefficient (0.05 to 65 Mm-1), mass absorption efficiency (0.01 to 3.4 m-2 gC-1) at 365 nm, and absorption angstrom exponent (AAE) of BrC for different wavelength range (AAE300-400: 4.2-5.8; AAE400-600: 5.5-8.0; and AAE300-600: 5.3-7.3) is discussed. BrC chromophores absorbing at any wavelength showed minimum absorption during afternoon hours, suggesting the effects of boundary layer expansion and their photo-sensitive/volatile nature. On certain days, a considerable presence of BrC absorbing at 490 nm was observed during nighttime that disappears during the daytime. It appeared to be associated with secondary BrC. Observations also infer that BrC species emitted from the biomass and coal burning are more absorbing among all sources. A fraction of BrC is likely associated with trash burning, as inferred from the spectral characteristics of Factor-3 from the PMF analysis of BrC spectra. Such studies are essential in understanding the BrC characteristics and their further utilization in climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India.
| | - Rangu Satish
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Atinderpal Singh
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Varun Kumar
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Navaneeth Thamban
- Department of Civil Engineering and Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Vipul Lalchandani
- Department of Civil Engineering and Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Ashutosh Shukla
- Department of Civil Engineering and Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Pawan Vats
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - S N Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Dilip Ganguly
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Jay Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Andre S H Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
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Huang DD, Zhu S, An J, Wang Q, Qiao L, Zhou M, He X, Ma Y, Sun Y, Huang C, Yu JZ, Zhang Q. Comparative Assessment of Cooking Emission Contributions to Urban Organic Aerosol Using Online Molecular Tracers and Aerosol Mass Spectrometry Measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14526-14535. [PMID: 34672547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cooking organic aerosol (COA) is an important source of particulate pollutants in urbanized regions. Yet, the diversity and complexity of COA components make direct identification and quantification of COA difficult. In this study, we conducted collocated OA measurements with an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and a thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (TAG) in Shanghai. Cooking molecular tracers (e.g., C18 fatty acids, azelaic acid) measured by TAG provide unambiguous source information for evaluating the tracer ion (C6H10O+, m/z 98) used for identification and apportionment of COA in AMS analysis. Based on the collocated AMS and TAG measurements, two COA factors, namely, a primary COA (PCOA) and an oxygenated COA (OCOA) produced from rapid oxygenation of freshly emitted PCOA, were identified. Criteria for identifying COA factors from AMS analysis with different oxygenation levels are proposed, i.e., characteristic mass spectra, temporal variations, etc. Furthermore, two positive matrix factorization approaches, namely, AMS-PMF and the molecular marker (MM)-PMF, were compared for COA quantification, where high consistency was found with the contribution of COA to total PM2.5 mass estimated to be 9 ± 7% by AMS-PMF and 6 ± 5% by the MM-PMF. Our study highlights the important impacts of cooking activities on air quality in urban areas. We also demonstrate the advantage of conducting collocated measurements using multiple high time resolution mass spectrometric techniques in advancing our understanding of atmospheric OA chemistry and improving the accuracy of source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shuhui Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingyu An
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qiongqiong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liping Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiao He
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 154100, China
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Vicente AMP, Rocha S, Duarte M, Moreira R, Nunes T, Alves CA. Fingerprinting and emission rates of particulate organic compounds from typical restaurants in Portugal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146090. [PMID: 34030360 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was a detailed chemical characterisation of the particles released during the preparation of popular Portuguese dishes. PM2.5 samples were collected from the exhaust stacks on the roofs of a university canteen, a charcoal-grilled chicken restaurant and a wood-oven roasted piglet restaurant. The speciation of organic compounds was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The canteen was responsible for the lowest emissions of PM2.5, while emissions from the roasted piglet restaurant were the highest. Naphthalene was quantified as the most abundant aromatic compound in particle emissions from the canteen, while phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene were the dominant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in samples from the other establishments. Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentrations obtained for the charcoal-grilled chicken and piglet restaurant indicate a dangerous carcinogenic potential to human health. Cholesterol was the prevalent sterol. Its highest values were obtained in particles from the charcoal-grilled chicken restaurant (621 ± 233 μg g-1 PM2.5). Oleic and palmitoleic were the unsaturated fatty acids identified at highest concentrations (from trace levels to 34.4 and to 6.89 mg g-1 PM2.5, respectively). Resin acids, such as dehydroabietic and abietic, were detected in all samples from the wood-oven roasted piglet restaurant. Nicotinamide was the amide detected at highest amount in emissions from the university canteen during the preparation of stews (7.67 mg g-1 PM2.5). Levoglucosan and its isomers were identified in all samples from the roasted piglet restaurant, but only the first monosaccharide anhydride was present in emissions from the university canteen and the charcoal-grilled chicken restaurant. Additionally, emission rates were estimated for the most representative compounds, taking into account the specific activity of each restaurant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M P Vicente
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Sónia Rocha
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Márcio Duarte
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Moreira
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Teresa Nunes
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Célia A Alves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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5
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Overview of the French Operational Network for In Situ Observation of PM Chemical Composition and Sources in Urban Environments (CARA Program). ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The CARA program has been running since 2008 by the French reference laboratory for air quality monitoring (LCSQA) and the regional monitoring networks, to gain better knowledge—at a national level—on particulate matter (PM) chemistry and its diverse origins in urban environments. It results in strong collaborations with international-level academic partners for state-of-the-art, straightforward, and robust results and methodologies within operational air quality stakeholders (and subsequently, decision makers). Here, we illustrate some of the main outputs obtained over the last decade, thanks to this program, regarding methodological aspects (both in terms of measurement techniques and data treatment procedures) as well as acquired knowledge on the predominant PM sources. Offline and online methods are used following well-suited quality assurance and quality control procedures, notably including inter-laboratory comparison exercises. Source apportionment studies are conducted using various receptor modeling approaches. Overall, the results presented herewith underline the major influences of residential wood burning (during the cold period) and road transport emissions (exhaust and non-exhaust ones, all throughout the year), as well as substantial contributions of mineral dust and primary biogenic particles (mostly during the warm period). Long-range transport phenomena, e.g., advection of secondary inorganic aerosols from the European continental sector and of Saharan dust into the French West Indies, are also discussed in this paper. Finally, we briefly address the use of stable isotope measurements (δ15N) and of various organic molecular markers for a better understanding of the origins of ammonium and of the different organic aerosol fractions, respectively.
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Wu X, Chen C, Vu TV, Liu D, Baldo C, Shen X, Zhang Q, Cen K, Zheng M, He K, Shi Z, Harrison RM. Source apportionment of fine organic carbon (OC) using receptor modelling at a rural site of Beijing: Insight into seasonal and diurnal variation of source contributions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115078. [PMID: 32707353 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the seasonal characteristics and apportion the sources of organic carbon during non-haze days (<75 μg m-3) and haze (≥75 μg m-3) events at Pinggu, a rural Beijing site. Time-resolved concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols and organic molecular tracers were measured during the winter of 2016 and summer 2017, and a Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) model was applied to estimate the average source contributions. The concentration of OC in winter is comparable with previous studies, but relatively low during the summer. The CMB model apportioned seven separate primary sources, which explained on average 73.8% on haze days and 81.2% on non-haze days of the organic carbon in winter, including vegetative detritus, biomass burning, gasoline vehicles, diesel vehicles, industrial coal combustion, residential coal combustion and cooking. A slightly lower percentage of OC was apportioned in the summer campaign with 64.5% and 78.7% accounted for. The other unapportioned OC is considered to consist of secondary organic carbon (SOC). During haze episodes in winter, coal combustion and SOC were the dominant sources of organic carbon with 23.3% and 26.2%, respectively, followed by biomass burning emissions (20%), whereas in summer, industrial coal combustion and SOC were important contributors. Diurnal contribution cycles for coal combustion and biomass burning OC showed a peak at 6-9 pm, suggesting domestic heating and cooking were the main sources of organic aerosols in this rural area. Backward trajectory analysis showed that high OC concentrations were measured when the air mass was from the south, suggesting that the organic aerosols in Pinggu were affected by both local emissions and regional transport from central Beijing and Hebei province during haze episodes. The source apportionment by CMB is compared with the results of a Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis of ACSM data for non-refractory PM1, showing generally good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Wu
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Xueyuan Road 29, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Chunrong Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tuan V Vu
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - D Liu
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Clarissa Baldo
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaobao Shen
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kuang Cen
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Xueyuan Road 29, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment, Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zongbo Shi
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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Omelekhina Y, Eriksson A, Canonaco F, Prevot ASH, Nilsson P, Isaxon C, Pagels J, Wierzbicka A. Cooking and electronic cigarettes leading to large differences between indoor and outdoor particle composition and concentration measured by aerosol mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1382-1396. [PMID: 32412028 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00061b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We spend about two thirds of our time in private homes where airborne particles of indoor and outdoor origins are present. The negative health effects of exposure to outdoor particles are known. The characteristics of indoor airborne particles, though, are not well understood. This study assesses the differences in chemical composition of PM1 (<1 μm) inside and outside of an occupied Swedish residence in real time with a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and an Aethalometer. The chemical composition and concentration of particles indoors showed large differences compared to outdoors. The average indoor concentration was 15 μg m-3 and was higher than the outdoor 7 μg m-3. Organics dominated indoor particle composition (86% of the total mass) and originated from indoor sources (cooking, e-cigarette vaping). The average indoor to outdoor ratios were 5.5 for organic matter, 1.0 for black carbon, 0.6 for sulphate, 0.1 for nitrate, 0.2 for ammonium and 0.2 for chloride. The occupancy time accounted for 97% of the total measured period. Four factors were identified in the source apportionment of organic particle fraction by applying positive matrix factorization (PMF): two cooking factors, one e-cigarette factor and one outdoor contribution (OOA) organic factor penetrated from outside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Omelekhina
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Axel Eriksson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden. and Nuclear Physics Department, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Francesco Canonaco
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Andre S H Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Nilsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Christina Isaxon
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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Klein F, Baltensperger U, Prévôt ASH, El Haddad I. Quantification of the impact of cooking processes on indoor concentrations of volatile organic species and primary and secondary organic aerosols. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:926-942. [PMID: 31449696 PMCID: PMC6856830 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cooking is recognized as an important source of particulate pollution in indoor and outdoor environments. We conducted more than 100 individual experiments to characterize the particulate and non-methane organic gas emissions from various cooking processes, their reaction rates, and their secondary organic aerosol yields. We used this emission data to develop a box model, for simulating the cooking emission concentrations in a typical European home and the indoor gas-phase reactions leading to secondary organic aerosol production. Our results suggest that about half of the indoor primary organic aerosol emission rates can be explained by cooking. Emission rates of larger and unsaturated aldehydes likely are dominated by cooking while the emission rates of terpenes are negligible. We found that cooking dominates the particulate and gas-phase air pollution in non-smoking European households exceeding 1000 μg m-3 . While frying processes are the main driver of aldehyde emissions, terpenes are mostly emitted due to the use of condiments. The secondary aerosol production is negligible with around 2 μg m-3 . Our results further show that ambient cooking organic aerosol concentrations can only be explained by super-polluters like restaurants. The model offers a comprehensive framework for identifying the main parameters controlling indoor gas- and particle-phase concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Klein
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
- Present address:
Meteorologisches Observatorium HohenpeissenbergDeutscher Wetterdienst (DWD)HohenpeissenbergGermany
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - André S. H. Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
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9
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A Review of Aerosol Chemical Composition and Sources in Representative Regions of China during Wintertime. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10050277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Comparisons of aerosol composition and sources in different cities or regions are rather limited, yet important for an in-depth understanding of the spatial diversity of aerosol pollution in China. In this study, the data originating from 25 different winter aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS)/aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) studies were used to provide spatial coverage of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), Guanzhong (GZ), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and Pearl River Delta (PRD) regions. The spatial distribution and diurnal variations in aerosol composition and organic sources were analyzed to investigate the aerosol characteristics in the four regions. It was found that there were differences in the compositions of non-refractory particulate matter across the regions, e.g., more sulfate in the PRD versus more nitrate in the YRD, as well as in the organic sources, e.g., more coal combustion in BTH versus more biomass burning in GZ. The characteristics of the composition of NR-PM are similar when the campaigns were classified according to the winter of different years or the cities of different regions. The diurnal variation of the PRD-sulfate indicated its regional nature, whereas the organics from burning sources in two regions of northern China exhibited local characteristics. Based on these findings, we suggest that strict control policies for coal combustion and biomass burning emissions should be enforced in the BTH and GZ regions, respectively.
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Reyes-Villegas E, Bannan T, Le Breton M, Mehra A, Priestley M, Percival C, Coe H, Allan JD. Online Chemical Characterization of Food-Cooking Organic Aerosols: Implications for Source Apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5308-5318. [PMID: 29619820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Food-cooking organic aerosols (COA) are one of the primary sources of submicron particulate matter in urban environments. However, there are still many questions surrounding source apportionment related to instrumentation as well as semivolatile partitioning because COA evolve rapidly in the ambient air, making source apportionment more complex. Online measurements of emissions from cooking different types of food were performed in a laboratory to characterize particles and gases. Aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements showed that the relative ionization efficiency for OA was higher (1.56-3.06) relative to a typical value of 1.4, concluding that AMS is over-estimating COA and suggesting that previous studies likely over-estimated COA concentrations. Food-cooking mass spectra were generated using AMS, and gas and particle food markers were identified with filter inlets for gases and aerosols-chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) measurements to be used in future food cooking-source apportionment studies. However, there is a considerable variability in both gas and particle markers, and dilution plays an important role in the particle mass budget, showing the importance of using these markers with caution during receptor modeling. These findings can be used to better understand the chemical composition of COA, and they provides useful information to be used in future source-apportionment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carl Percival
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory , 4800 Oak Grove Drive , Pasadena , California 91109 , United States
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Li H, Zhang Q, Duan F, Zheng B, He K. The "Parade Blue": effects of short-term emission control on aerosol chemistry. Faraday Discuss 2017; 189:317-35. [PMID: 27123764 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00004e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The strict control on emissions implemented in Beijing, China, during the 2015 China Victory Day Parade (V-day Parade) to commemorate the 70(th) Anniversary of Victory in World War II, provided a good opportunity to investigate the relationship between emission sources and aerosol chemistry in a heavily polluted megacity. From August 11 to September 3, 2015, an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor was deployed in urban Beijing, together with other collocated instruments, for the real-time measurement of submicron aerosol characteristics. The average PM1 mass concentration was 11.3 (±6.7) μg m(-3) during the V-day Parade, 63.5% lower than that before the V-day Parade. Differently to the relatively smaller decrease of organics (53%), secondary inorganic aerosols (sulfate, nitrate and ammonium) showed significant reductions of 65-78% during the V-day Parade. According to the positive matrix factorization results, primary organic aerosol (POA) from traffic and cooking emissions decreased by 41.5% during the parade, whereas secondary organic aerosol (SOA) presented a much greater reduction (59%). The net effectiveness of emission control measures was investigated further under comparable weather conditions before and during the parade. By excluding the effects of meteorological parameters, the total PM1 mass was reduced by 52-57% because of the emission controls. Although the mass concentrations of aerosol species were reduced substantially, the PM1 bulk composition was similar before and during the control period as a consequence of synergetic control of various precursors. The emission restrictions also suppressed the secondary formation processes of sulfate and nitrate, indicated by the substantially reduced SOR and NOR (molar ratios of sulfate or nitrate to the sums of the sulfate and SO2 or nitrate and NO2) during the event. The study also explored the influence of emission controls on the evolution of organic aerosol using the mass ratios of SOA/POA and oxygen-to-carbon ratios. The results showed that for northwesterly airflows, emission restrictions during the V-day Parade also reduced the oxidation degree of organic aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. and Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Beijing 100084, China and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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