1
|
García-López N, Bargués-Tobella A, Goodman RC, Uwingabire S, Sundberg C, Boman C, Nyberg G. An integrated agroforestry-bioenergy system for enhanced energy and food security in rural sub-Saharan Africa. AMBIO 2024:10.1007/s13280-024-02037-0. [PMID: 38822967 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-024-02037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Most people in rural sub-Saharan Africa lack access to electricity and rely on traditional, inefficient, and polluting cooking solutions that have adverse impacts on both human health and the environment. Here, we propose a novel integrated agroforestry-bioenergy system that combines sustainable biomass production in sequential agroforestry systems with biomass-based cleaner cooking solutions and rural electricity production in small-scale combined heat and power plants and estimate the biophysical system outcomes. Despite conservative assumptions, we demonstrate that on-farm biomass production can cover the household's fuelwood demand for cooking and still generate a surplus of woody biomass for electricity production via gasification. Agroforestry and biochar soil amendments should increase agricultural productivity and food security. In addition to enhanced energy security, the proposed system should also contribute to improving cooking conditions and health, enhancing soil fertility and food security, climate change mitigation, gender equality, and rural poverty reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natxo García-López
- Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Aida Bargués-Tobella
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rosa C Goodman
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Solange Uwingabire
- Regional Research School in Forest Sciences (REFOREST), College of Forestry, Wildlife and Tourism, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Cecilia Sundberg
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Boman
- Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gert Nyberg
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wagner DN, Odhiambo SR, Ayikukwei RM, Boor BE. High time-resolution measurements of ultrafine and fine woodsmoke aerosol number and surface area concentrations in biomass burning kitchens: A case study in Western Kenya. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13132. [PMID: 36305061 PMCID: PMC9828051 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air pollution associated with biomass combustion for cooking remains a significant environmental health challenge in rural regions of sub-Saharan Africa; however, routine monitoring of woodsmoke aerosol concentrations continues to remain sparse. There is a paucity of field data on concentrations of combustion-generated ultrafine particles, which efficiently deposit in the human respiratory system, in such environments. Field measurements of ultrafine and fine woodsmoke aerosol (diameter range: 10-2500 nm) with field-portable diffusion chargers were conducted across nine wood-burning kitchens in Nandi County, Kenya. High time-resolution measurements (1 Hz) revealed that indoor particle number (PN) and particle surface area (PSA) concentrations of ultrafine and fine woodsmoke aerosol are strongly temporally variant, reach exceedingly high levels (PN > 106 /cm3 ; PSA > 104 μm2 /cm3 ) that are seldom observed in non-biomass burning environments, are influenced by kitchen architectural features, and are moderately to poorly correlated with carbon monoxide concentrations. In five kitchens, PN concentrations remained above 105 /cm3 for more than half of the day due to frequent cooking episodes. Indoor/outdoor ratios of PN and PSA concentrations were greater than 10 in most kitchens and exceeded 100 in several kitchens. Notably, the use of metal chimneys significantly reduced indoor PN and PSA concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N. Wagner
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance BuildingsPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | | | | | - Brandon E. Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance BuildingsPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ranzani OT, Bhogadi S, Milà C, Kulkarni B, Balakrishnan K, Sambandam S, Garcia-Aymerich J, Marshall JD, Kinra S, Tonne C. Association of ambient and household air pollution with lung function in young adults in an peri-urban area of South-India: A cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 165:107290. [PMID: 35594814 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although there is evidence for the association between air pollution and decreased lung function in children, evidence for adolescents and young adults is scarce. For a peri-urban area in India, we evaluated the association of ambient PM2.5 and household air pollution with lung function for young adults who had recently attained their expected maximum lung function. METHODS We measured, using a standardized protocol, forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) in participants aged 20-26 years from the third follow-up of the population-based APCAPCS cohort (2010-2012) in 28 Indian villages. We estimated annual average PM2.5outdoors at residence using land-use regression. Biomass cooking fuel (a proxy for levels of household air pollution) was self-reported. We fitted a within-between linear-mixed model with random intercepts by village, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS We evaluated 1,044 participants with mean age of 22.8 (SD = 1) years (range 20-26 years); 327 participants (31%) were female. Only males reported use of tobacco smoking (9% of all participants, 13% of males). The mean ambient PM2.5 exposure was 32.9 (SD = 2.8) µg/m3; 76% reported use of biomass as cooking fuel. The adjusted association between 1 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was -27 ml (95% CI, -89 to 34) for FEV1 and -5 ml (95% CI, -93 to 76) for FVC. The adjusted association between use of biomass was -112 ml (95% CI, -211 to -13) for FEV1 and -142 ml (95% CI, -285 to 0) for FVC. The adjusted association was of greater magnitude for those with unvented stove (-158 ml, 95% CI, -279 to -36 for FEV1 and -211 ml, 95% CI, -386 to -36 for FVC). CONCLUSIONS We observed negative associations between ambient PM2.5 and household air pollution and lung function in young adults who had recently attained their maximum lung function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Otavio T Ranzani
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carles Milà
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bharati Kulkarni
- National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University (SRU), Chennai, India
| | - Sankar Sambandam
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University (SRU), Chennai, India
| | - Judith Garcia-Aymerich
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian D Marshall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sanjay Kinra
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathryn Tonne
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Islam MM, Wathore R, Zerriffi H, Marshall JD, Bailis R, Grieshop AP. Assessing the Effects of Stove Use Patterns and Kitchen Chimneys on Indoor Air Quality during a Multiyear Cookstove Randomized Control Trial in Rural India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8326-8337. [PMID: 35561333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We conducted indoor air quality (IAQ) measurements during a multiyear cookstove randomized control trial in two rural areas in northern and southern India. A total of 1205 days of kitchen PM2.5 were measured in control and intervention households during six ∼3 month long measurement periods across two study locations. Stoves used included traditional solid fuel (TSF), improved biomass, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) models. Intent-to-treat analysis indicates that the intervention reduced average 24 h PM2.5 and black carbon in only one of the two follow-up measurement periods in both areas, suggesting mixed effectiveness. Average PM2.5 levels were ∼50% lower in households with LPG (for exclusive LPG use: >75% lower) than in those without LPG. PM2.5 was 66% lower in households making exclusive use of an improved chimney stove versus a traditional chimney stove and TSF-exclusive kitchens with a built-in chimney had ∼60% lower PM2.5 than those without a chimney, indicating that kitchen ventilation can be as important as the stove technology in improving IAQ. Diurnal trends in real-time PM2.5 indicate that kitchen chimneys were especially effective at reducing peak concentrations, which leads to decreases in daily PM2.5 in these households. Our data demonstrate a clear hierarchy of IAQ improvement in real world, "stove-stacking" households, driven by different stove technologies and kitchen characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Maksimul Islam
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7908, United States
| | - Roshan Wathore
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7908, United States
| | - Hisham Zerriffi
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Julian D Marshall
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2700, United States
| | - Rob Bailis
- Stockholm Environmental Institute─US Centre, Somerville, Massachusetts 02144-1224, United States
| | - Andrew P Grieshop
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7908, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Young BN, Good N, Peel JL, Benka-Coker ML, Keller JP, Rajkumar S, Walker ES, Volckens J, L’Orange C, Quinn C, Africano S, Osorto Pinel AB, Clark ML. Reduced Black Carbon Concentrations following a Three-Year Stepped-Wedge Randomized Trial of the Wood-Burning Justa Cookstove in Rural Honduras. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2022; 9:538-542. [PMID: 38037640 PMCID: PMC10688445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Household air pollution from cooking-related biomass combustion remains a leading risk factor for global health. Black carbon (BC) is an important component of particulate matter (PM) in household air pollution. We evaluated the impact of the engineered, wood-burning Justa stove intervention on BC concentrations. Methods We conducted a 3-year stepped-wedge randomized controlled trial with 6 repeated visits among 230 female primary cooks in rural Honduras. Participants used traditional stoves at baseline and were randomized to receive the Justa after visit 2 or after visit 4. At each visit, we measured 24-hour gravimetric personal and kitchen fine PM (PM2.5) concentrations and estimated BC mass concentrations (Sootscan Transmissometer). We conducted intent-to-treat analyses using linear mixed models with natural log-transformed 24-hour personal and kitchen BC. Results BC concentrations were reduced for households assigned to the Justa vs. traditional stoves: e.g., personal BC geometric mean (GSD), 3.6 μg/m3 (6.4) vs. 11.5 μg/m3 (4.6), respectively. Following the intervention, we observed 53% (95% CI: 35-65%) lower geometric mean personal BC concentrations and 76% (95% CI: 66-83%) lower geometric mean kitchen BC concentrations. Conclusions The Justa stove intervention substantially reduced BC concentrations, mitigating household air pollution and potentially benefitting human and climate health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie N. Young
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Nicholas Good
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Peel
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | | | - Joshua P. Keller
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Sarah Rajkumar
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Ethan S. Walker
- School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Christian L’Orange
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Casey Quinn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | | | - Anibal B. Osorto Pinel
- Trees, Water & People, Fort Collins, CO, 80524, USA
- Asociación Hondureña para el Desarrollo, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Maggie L. Clark
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen T, Zou C, Yuan Y, Pan J, Zhang B, Qiao L, Li Y, Qian JY, Guo Q, Yuan Y, Ding C. Indoor air pollution from solid fuel on children pneumonia in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:24574-24588. [PMID: 35066845 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An updated systematic review was conducted to assessing on the association between indoor air pollution caused by household energy consumption and childhood pneumonia in low- and middle-income countries. We performed a meta-analysis from the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane library, Web of Science, EMBASE. Studies were selected when they reported childhood pneumonia or ALRI in relation to indoor air pollution resulted from solid fuel. Studies must provide results on exposure prevalence of children aged below 5 years from Asia or Africa. We devoted ourselves to identifying randomized controlled experiments and observational epidemiological researches, which revealed the relation between household usage of solid fuel and childhood pneumonia. Among 1954 articles, 276 were reviewed thoroughly and 16 conduced to such a meta-analysis. It was found that there is a significant relationship between the solid fuel combustion and increasing risk of childhood pneumonia (OR = 1.66, 95%CI 1.36-2.02). The summary odds ratios from biomass use and mixed fuel use were, respectively, 1.86 (95%CI 1.15-3.02) and 1.58 (95%CI 1.38-1.81), with substantial between study heterogeneity (I2 = 87.2% and 29.2%, respectively). According to the subgroup analysis along with the meta-regression analysis, the risk of using solid fuel in Asian regions is higher than that in African regions. Studies based on non-hospital participates (I2 = 49.5%) may also a source of heterogeneity. We found that indoor air pollution generated by the usage of solid fuel might be a significant risk factor for pneumonia in children and suggested improving the indoor air quality by promoting cleaner fuel will be important in undeveloped countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, P.O.Box NO.211 Jianjun Road, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao Zou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, P.O.Box NO.211 Jianjun Road, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, 224001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, P.O.Box NO.211 Jianjun Road, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Baoping Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, P.O.Box NO.211 Jianjun Road, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, P.O.Box NO.211 Jianjun Road, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Jiangsu, 224005, China
| | - Jia-Yan Qian
- Nantong Production Quality Supervising & Inspection Institute, Jiangsu, 226005, China
| | - Qingyuan Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, P.O.Box NO.211 Jianjun Road, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, P.O.Box NO.211 Jianjun Road, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Cheng Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, P.O.Box NO.211 Jianjun Road, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Afrane S, Ampah JD, Mensah EA. Visualization and analysis of mapping knowledge domains for the global transition towards clean cooking: a bibliometric review of research output from 1990 to 2020. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:23041-23068. [PMID: 34797544 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Current statistics report that 2.6 billion households across the globe rely on polluting and inefficient cooking fuels and technologies, posing death-threatening health risks to people mainly from developing countries/regions. Several studies on clean cooking have been conducted with the emergence of international organizations such as the Clean Cooking Alliance to raise awareness. In the current study, a bibliometric tool, CiteSpace, was employed to analyze the 877 documents retrieved from the SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, and A&HCI databases on clean cooking research from 1990 to 2020. The results reveal that interest in clean cooking research took a sharp rise in the last decade, especially after 2016. The research field has become increasingly interdisciplinary but has mostly centered on environment, energy, and health. The most productive countries/regions in this field are the USA, India, England, and China. The keyword and citation analyses indicate that research in this field mostly focuses on adverse impacts of household air pollution from unclean cooking fuels and technologies on the environment and public health particularly, in developing countries/regions. Also, the drivers and barriers to the large-scale adoption of clean cooking fuels and technologies have become a topic of interest in recent years. The three most studied clean cooking fuels among various regions are LPG, biogas, and electricity. This study synthesizes global research on clean cooking and may be beneficial to other researchers in understanding current trends in this field and serve as a guide for concentrating on the most important topics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandylove Afrane
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jeffrey Dankwa Ampah
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kumar N, Phillip E, Cooper H, Davis M, Langevin J, Clifford M, Stanistreet D. Do improved biomass cookstove interventions improve indoor air quality and blood pressure? A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:117997. [PMID: 34450490 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the most recent evidence to examine whether use of improved biomass cookstoves in households in low-middle income countries results in reduction in mean concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter of size 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in the cooking area, as well as reduction in mean systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of adults using the cookstoves when compared to adults who use traditional three stone fire or traditional biomass cookstoves. METHODS We searched databases of scientific and grey literature. We included studies if published between January 2012 and June 2021, reported impact of ICS interventions in non-pregnant adults in low/middle-income countries, and reported post-intervention results along with baseline of traditional cookstoves. Outcomes included 24- or 48-h averages of kitchen area PM2.5, CO, mean SBP and DBP. Meta-analyses estimated weighted mean differences between baseline and post-intervention values for all outcome measures. RESULTS Eleven studies were included; ten contributed estimates for HAP and four for BP. Interventions lead to significant reductions in PM2.5 (-0.73 mg/m3, 95% CI: -1.33, -0.13), CO (-8.37 ppm, 95%CI: -13.20, -3.54) and SBP (-2.82 mmHg, 95% CI: -5.53, -0.11); and a non-significant reduction in DBP (-0.80 mmHg, 95%CI: -2.33, 0.73), when compared to baseline of traditional cookstoves. Except for DBP, greatest reductions in all outcomes came from standard combustion ICS with a chimney, compared to ICS without a chimney and advanced combustion ICS. CONCLUSION Among the reviewed biomass stove types, ICS with a chimney feature resulted in greatest reductions in HAP and BP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Manama, Bahrain.
| | - Eunice Phillip
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen Cooper
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Megan Davis
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jessica Langevin
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mike Clifford
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Debbi Stanistreet
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shen H, Luo Z, Xiong R, Liu X, Zhang L, Li Y, Du W, Chen Y, Cheng H, Shen G, Tao S. A critical review of pollutant emission factors from fuel combustion in home stoves. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106841. [PMID: 34438232 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A large population does not have access to modern household energy and relies on solid fuels such as coal and biomass fuels. Burning of these solid fuels in low-efficiency home stoves produces high amounts of multiple air pollutants, causing severe air pollution and adverse health outcomes. In evaluating impacts on human health and climate, it is critical to understand the formation and emission processes of air pollutants from these combustion sources. Air pollutant emission factors (EFs) from indoor solid fuel combustion usually highly vary among different testing protocols, fuel-stove systems, sampling and analysis instruments, and environmental conditions. In this critical review, we focus on the latest developments in pollutant emission factor studies, with emphases on the difference between lab and field studies, fugitive emission quantification, and factors that contribute to variabilities in EFs. Field studies are expected to provide more realistic EFs for emission inventories since lab studies typically do not simulate real-world burning conditions well. However, the latter has considerable advantages in evaluating formation mechanisms and variational influencing factors in observed pollutant EFs. One main challenge in field emission measurement is the suitable emission sampling system. Reasons for the field and lab differences have yet to be fully elucidated, and operator behavior can have a significant impact on such differences. Fuel properties and stove designs affect emissions, and the variations are complexly affected by several factors. Stove classification is a challenge in the comparison of EF results from different studies. Lab- and field-based methods for quantifying fugitive emissions, as an important contributor to indoor air pollution, have been developed, and priority work is to develop a database covering different fuel-stove combinations. Studies on the dynamics of the combustion process and evolution of air pollutant formation and emissions are scarce, and these factors should be an important aspect of future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huizhong Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhihan Luo
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rui Xiong
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinlei Liu
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yaojie Li
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shu Tao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Islam MM, Wathore R, Zerriffi H, Marshall JD, Bailis R, Grieshop AP. In-use emissions from biomass and LPG stoves measured during a large, multi-year cookstove intervention study in rural India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143698. [PMID: 33321364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We conducted an emission measurement campaign as a part of a multiyear cookstove intervention trial in two rural locations in northern and southern India. 253 uncontrolled cooking tests measured emissions in control and intervention households during three ~3-month-long measurement periods in each location. We measured pollutants including fine particulate matter (PM2.5), organic and elemental carbon (OC, EC), black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) from stoves ranging from traditional solid fuel (TSF) to improved biomass stoves (rocket, gasifier) to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) models. TSF stoves showed substantial variability in pollutant emission factors (EFs; g kg-1 wood) and optical properties across measurement periods. Multilinear regression modeling found that measurement period, fuel properties, relative humidity, and cooking duration are significant predictors of TSF EFs. A rocket stove showed moderate reductions relative to TSF. LPG stoves had the lowest pollutant EFs, with mean PM2.5 and CO EFs (g MJdelivered-1) >90% lower than biomass stoves. However, in-home EFs of LPG were substantially higher than lab EFs, likely influenced by non-ideal combustion performance, emissions from food and possible influence from other combustion sources. In-home emission measurements may depict the actual exposure benefits associated with dissemination of LPG stoves in real world interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Maksimul Islam
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Roshan Wathore
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Hisham Zerriffi
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julian D Marshall
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rob Bailis
- Stockholm Environmental Institute - US Centre, Somerville, MA, USA
| | - Andrew P Grieshop
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shen G, Ainiwaer S, Zhu Y, Zheng S, Hou W, Shen H, Chen Y, Wang X, Cheng H, Tao S. Quantifying source contributions for indoor CO 2 and gas pollutants based on the highly resolved sensor data. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115493. [PMID: 33254594 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Household air pollution is the dominant contributor to population air pollutant exposure, but it is often of less concern compared with ambient air pollution. One of the major knowledge gaps in this field are detailed quantitative source contributions of indoor pollutants, especially for gaseous compounds. In this study, temporally, spatially, and vertically resolved monitoring for typical indoor gases including CO2, CO, formaldehyde, methane, and the total volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was conducted to address pollution dynamics and major sources in an urban apartment. The indoor concentrations were significantly higher than the simultaneously measured outdoor concentrations. A new statistic approach was proposed to quantitatively estimate contributions of different sources. It was estimated that outdoor CO2 contributed largely to the indoor CO2, while main indoor sources were human metabolism and cooking. Outdoor infiltration and cooking contributed almost equally to the indoor CO. The contribution of outdoor infiltration to methane was much higher than that to formaldehyde. Cooking contributed to 24%, 19%, and 25% of indoor formaldehyde, methane, and VOCs, whereas the other unresolved indoor sources contributed 61%, 19%, and 35% of these pollutants, respectively. Vertical measurements showed that the uplifting of hot air masses led to relatively high concentrations of the pollutants in the upper layer of the kitchen and in the other rooms to a lesser extent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Subinuer Ainiwaer
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yaqi Zhu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuxiu Zheng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Weiying Hou
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, USA
| | - Yilin Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, USA
| | - Xilong Wang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Clark LP, Sreekanth V, Bekbulat B, Baum M, Yang S, Baylon P, Gould TR, Larson TV, Seto EYW, Space CD, Marshall JD. Developing a Low-Cost Passive Method for Long-Term Average Levels of Light-Absorbing Carbon Air Pollution in Polluted Indoor Environments. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E3417. [PMID: 32560462 PMCID: PMC7348734 DOI: 10.3390/s20123417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We propose a low-cost passive method for monitoring long-term average levels of light-absorbing carbon air pollution in polluted indoor environments. Building on prior work, the method here estimates the change in reflectance of a passively exposed surface through analysis of digital images. To determine reproducibility and limits of detection, we tested low-cost passive samplers with exposure to kerosene smoke in the laboratory and to environmental pollution in 20 indoor locations. Preliminary results suggest robust reproducibility (r = 0.99) and limits of detection appropriate for longer-term (~1-3 months) monitoring in households that use solid fuels. The results here suggest high precision; further testing involving "gold standard" measurements is needed to investigate accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara P. Clark
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (L.P.C.); (V.S.); (B.B.); (S.Y.); (T.R.G.); (T.V.L.); (C.D.S.)
| | - V. Sreekanth
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (L.P.C.); (V.S.); (B.B.); (S.Y.); (T.R.G.); (T.V.L.); (C.D.S.)
- Center for Study of Science, Technology & Policy, Bengaluru 560094, India
| | - Bujin Bekbulat
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (L.P.C.); (V.S.); (B.B.); (S.Y.); (T.R.G.); (T.V.L.); (C.D.S.)
| | | | - Songlin Yang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (L.P.C.); (V.S.); (B.B.); (S.Y.); (T.R.G.); (T.V.L.); (C.D.S.)
- Astronaut Center of China, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Pao Baylon
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Timothy R. Gould
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (L.P.C.); (V.S.); (B.B.); (S.Y.); (T.R.G.); (T.V.L.); (C.D.S.)
| | - Timothy V. Larson
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (L.P.C.); (V.S.); (B.B.); (S.Y.); (T.R.G.); (T.V.L.); (C.D.S.)
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Edmund Y. W. Seto
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Chris D. Space
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (L.P.C.); (V.S.); (B.B.); (S.Y.); (T.R.G.); (T.V.L.); (C.D.S.)
| | - Julian D. Marshall
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (L.P.C.); (V.S.); (B.B.); (S.Y.); (T.R.G.); (T.V.L.); (C.D.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Adane MM, Alene GD, Mereta ST, Wanyonyi KL. Facilitators and barriers to improved cookstove adoption: a community-based cross-sectional study in Northwest Ethiopia. Environ Health Prev Med 2020; 25:14. [PMID: 32414323 PMCID: PMC7229589 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-020-00851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the environmental risk factors, household air pollution exposure from traditional cooking practices is one of the biggest killers globally, which mainly impacts developing countries where many families rely on traditional cooking practices. Although improved cookstove adoption is central to tackle this public health issue, the efforts to disseminate cookstove technologies have faced challenges, and the adoption rates are reported to be very low in many developing countries including Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the magnitude and identify potential factors that may act as facilitators or barriers to adoption from users' point of view. METHODS As part of the wider stove trial project, a cross-sectional study was conducted among a total of 5830 households under randomly selected clusters. The required data were collected through face-to-face interviews, and a backward stepwise logistic regression analysis technique was applied to evaluate the effect of potential predictor variables on adoption using adjusted odds ratio (AOR) as measures of effect. RESULTS The prevalence of adoption was found to be 12.3% (95% CI 11.5-13.2), and households headed by females (AOR 1.96; 95% CI 1.24-3.10), private house ownership (AOR 4.58; 95% CI 3.89-6.19), separate cooking location (AOR 1.84; 95% CI 1.49-2.78), fuel purchasing (AOR 2.13; 95% CI 1.64-2.76), health benefit (AOR 1.76; 95% CI 1.15-2.70), optimistic social interaction (AOR 1.81; 95% CI 1.46-2.26), traditional suitability (AOR 1.58; 95% CI 1.28-1.95), stove use demonstration experience (AOR 2.47; 95% CI 1.98-3.07), cheap price (AOR 2.48; 95% CI 1.91-3.21), availability (AOR 1.81; 95% CI 1.5-1, 2.17), fuel-saving benefit (AOR 1.63; 95% CI 1.18-2.24), and more durable stove (AOR 1.71; 95% CI 1.30-2.26) of cookstove played a significant role as facilitators to adoption. In addition, lower educational level of head (AOR 0.31; 95% CI 0.23-0.42) and fuel processing requirement (AOR 0.55; 95% CI 0.44-0.70) of cookstove were found to be barriers for adoption. CONCLUSIONS Extremely lower improved cookstove adoption was observed due to household- and setting-related, cookstove technology-related, user knowledge- and perception-related, and financial- and market development-related factors. Therefore, to gain successful adoption, implementers and policymakers should consider those important factors in the implementation of clean cooking solutions to the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mesafint Molla Adane
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Getu Degu Alene
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Seid Tiku Mereta
- Departments of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kristina Lutomya Wanyonyi
- Queen Mary University of London, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mocumbi AO, Stewart S, Patel S, Al-Delaimy WK. Cardiovascular Effects of Indoor Air Pollution from Solid Fuel: Relevance to Sub-Saharan Africa. Curr Environ Health Rep 2020; 6:116-126. [PMID: 31102183 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-019-00234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This research aims to summarize evidence on the cardiovascular effects of indoor air pollution (IAP) from solid fuel and identify areas for research and policy for low- and middle-income countries. RECENT FINDINGS IAP affects people from low socioeconomic status in Latin America, Asia, and Africa, who depend upon biomass as a fuel for cooking, heating, and lighting. In these settings, IAP disproportionately affects women, children, the elderly, and people with cardiopulmonary disease. The health effects of IAP include acute respiratory infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumoconiosis, cataract and blindness, pulmonary tuberculosis, adverse effects to pregnancy, cancer, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. New methods for assessing individual IAP exposure, exposing pathways of IAP-related cardiovascular disease, and performing qualitative research focusing on population preferences regarding strategies to reduce IAP exposure have been the most important developments in tackling the burden of IAP. Unfortunately, major disparities exist regarding research into the cardiovascular effects of IAP, with only few studies coming from sub-Saharan Africa, despite this region having the highest proportion of households using solid fuels. Premature cardiovascular deaths and disability can be averted in low-middle income countries by addressing biomass fuel usage by the most disadvantaged settings. While research is needed to uncover the mechanisms involved in cardiovascular outcomes linked to IAP, immediate action is needed to educate the most affected populations on IAP health hazards and to reduce their exposure to this environmental risk through promoting improved housing and better ventilation, as well as increasing access to affordable clean cooking energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Olga Mocumbi
- Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique.
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique.
| | - Simon Stewart
- Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sam Patel
- Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
- Hospital Central de Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jeronimo M, Stewart Q, Weakley AT, Giacomo J, Zhang X, Hyslop N, Dillner AM, Shupler M, Brauer M. Analysis of black carbon on filters by image-based reflectance. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2020; 223:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117300. [PMID: 32095102 PMCID: PMC7039653 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is an important contributor to global particulate matter emissions. BC is associated with adverse health effects, and an important short-lived climate pollutant. Here, we describe a low cost method of analysis that utilizes images of PTFE filters taken with a digital camera to estimate BC content on filters. This method is compared with two existing optical methods for analyzing BC (Smokestain Reflectance and Hybrid Integrating Plate and Sphere System) as well as the standard chemical analysis method for determining elemental carbon (Thermal-Optical Reflectance). In comparisons of aerosol generated under controlled conditions (using an inverted diffusion flame burner to cover a range of mass loading and reflectance levels) (N=12) and in field samples collected from residential solid fuel combustion in China and India (N=50), the image-based method was found to correlate well (normalized RMSE <10% for all comparisons) with existing methods. A correlational analysis of field samples between the optical methods and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the same functional groups were predominantly responsible for light attenuation in each optical method. This method offers reduced equipment cost, rapid analysis time, and is available at no cost, which may facilitate more measurement of BC where PM2.5 mass concentrations are already measured, especially in low income countries or other sampling efforts with limited resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Jeronimo
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Quinn Stewart
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Andrew T. Weakley
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California – Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jason Giacomo
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California – Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California – Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Nicole Hyslop
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California – Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ann M. Dillner
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California – Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Matthew Shupler
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Burns J, Boogaard H, Polus S, Pfadenhauer LM, Rohwer AC, van Erp AM, Turley R, Rehfuess EA. Interventions to reduce ambient air pollution and their effects on health: An abridged Cochrane systematic review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 135:105400. [PMID: 31855800 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A broad range of interventions have been implemented to improve ambient air quality, and many of these have been evaluated. Yet to date no systematic review has been conducted to identify and synthesize these studies. In this systematic review, we assess the effectiveness of interventions in reducing ambient particulate matter air pollution and improving adverse health outcomes. METHODS We searched a range of electronic databases across multiple disciplines, as well as grey literature databases, trial registries, reference lists of included studies and the contents of relevant journals, through August 2016. Eligible for inclusion were randomized and cluster randomized controlled trials, as well as several non-randomized study designs often used for evaluating air quality interventions. We included studies that evaluated interventions targeting industrial, residential, vehicular and multiple sources, with respect to their effect on mortality, morbidity and the concentrations of particulate matter (PM - including PM10, PM2.5, coarse particulate matter and combustion-related PM), as well as several criteria pollutants, including ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide and sulphur dioxide. We did not restrict studies based on the population, setting or comparison. Two authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We assessed risk of bias using the Graphic Appraisal Tool for Epidemiological studies (GATE) for correlation studies, as modified and employed by the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. We synthesized evidence narratively, as well as graphically using harvest plots. We assessed the certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. RESULTS We included 42 studies assessing 38 unique interventions. These comprised a heterogeneous mix of interventions, including those aiming to address industrial sources (n = 5; e.g. the closure of a factory), residential sources (n = 7; e.g. coal ban), vehicular sources (n = 22; e.g. low emission zones), and multiple sources (n = 4; e.g. tailored measures that target both local traffic and industrial polluters). Evidence for effectiveness was mixed. Most included studies observed either no significant association or an association favoring the intervention, with little evidence that the assessed interventions might be harmful. CONCLUSIONS Given the heterogeneity across interventions, outcomes, and methods, it was difficult to derive overall conclusions regarding the effectiveness of interventions in terms of improved air quality or health. Some evidence suggests that interventions are associated with improvements in air quality and human health, with very little evidence suggesting interventions were harmful. The evidence base highlights the challenges related to establishing the effectiveness of specific air pollution interventions on outcomes. It also points to the need for improved study design and analysis methods, as well as more uniform evaluations. The prospective planning of evaluations and an evaluation component built into the design and implementation of interventions may also be particularly beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Burns
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, LMU Munich, Germany; Pettenkofer School of Public Health, LMU Munich, Germany.
| | - H Boogaard
- Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Polus
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, LMU Munich, Germany; Pettenkofer School of Public Health, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - L M Pfadenhauer
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, LMU Munich, Germany; Pettenkofer School of Public Health, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - A C Rohwer
- Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Division Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - R Turley
- Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - E A Rehfuess
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, LMU Munich, Germany; Pettenkofer School of Public Health, LMU Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Puzzolo E, Zerriffi H, Carter E, Clemens H, Stokes H, Jagger P, Rosenthal J, Petach H. Supply Considerations for Scaling Up Clean Cooking Fuels for Household Energy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. GEOHEALTH 2019; 3:370-390. [PMID: 32159025 PMCID: PMC7038875 DOI: 10.1029/2019gh000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Promoting access to clean household cooking energy is an important subject for policy making in low- and middle-income countries, in light of urgent and global efforts to achieve universal energy access by 2030 (Sustainable Development Goal 7). In 2014, the World Health Organization issued "Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Household Fuel Combustion", which recommended a shift to cleaner fuels rather than promotion of technologies that more efficiently combust solid fuels. This study fills an important gap in the literature on transitions to household use of clean cooking energy by reviewing supply chain considerations for clean fuel options in low- and middle-income countries. For the purpose of this study, we consider electricity, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), alcohol fuels, biogas, and compressed biomass pellets burned in high performing gasifier stoves to be clean fuel options. Each of the clean fuels reviewed in this study, as well as the supply of electricity, presents both constraints and opportunities for enhanced production, supply, delivery, and long-term sustainability and scalability in resource-poor settings. These options are reviewed and discussed together with policy and regulatory considerations to help in making these fuel and energy choices available and affordable. Our hope is that researchers, government officials and policy makers, and development agencies and investors will be aided by our comparative analysis of these clean household energy choices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. Puzzolo
- Department of Public Health and PolicyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
- Global LPG PartnershipNew YorkUSA
| | - H. Zerriffi
- University of British Columbia, Forest Resources ManagementCanada
| | - E. Carter
- Colorado State University, Civil and Environmental EngineeringUSA
| | | | | | - P. Jagger
- University of Michigan, School for Environment and SustainabilityUSA
| | | | - H. Petach
- U.S. Agency for International DevelopmentWashingtonDCUSA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Carter E, Yan L, Fu Y, Robinson B, Kelly F, Elliott P, Wu Y, Zhao L, Ezzati M, Yang X, Chan Q, Baumgartner J. Household Transitions to Clean Energy in a Multi-Provincial Cohort Study in China. NATURE SUSTAINABILITY 2019; 3:42-50. [PMID: 37767329 PMCID: PMC7615133 DOI: 10.1038/s41893-019-0432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Household solid fuel (biomass, coal) burning contributes to climate change and is a leading health risk factor. How and why households stop using solid fuel stoves after adopting clean fuels has not been studied. We assessed trends in the uptake, use, and suspension of household stoves and fuels in a multi-provincial cohort study of 753 Chinese adults and evaluated determinants of clean fuel uptake and solid fuel suspension. Over one-third (35%) and one-fifth (17%) of participants suspended use of solid fuel for cooking and heating, respectively, during the past 20 years. Determinants of solid fuel suspension (younger age, widowed) and of earlier suspension (younger age, higher education, and poor self-reported health status) differed from the determinants of clean fuel uptake (younger age, higher income, smaller households, and retired) and of earlier adoption (higher income). Clean fuel adoption and solid fuel suspension warrant joint consideration as indicators of household energy transition. Household energy research and planning efforts that more closely examine solid fuel suspension may accelerate household energy transitions that benefit climate and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellison Carter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, 1372 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80524
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, 1954 Buford Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, USA, 55108
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place St. Mary's Campus, London, UK W2 1PG
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Kings College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, UK SE1 1UL
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, 1 QingHua Yuan Road, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Brian Robinson
- Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Canada H3A 0B9
| | - Frank Kelly
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Kings College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, UK SE1 1UL
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place St. Mary's Campus, London, UK W2 1PG
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place St. Mary's Campus, London, UK W2 1PG
| | - Yangfeng Wu
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, China 100191
| | - Liancheng Zhao
- National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China 100006
| | - Majid Ezzati
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place St. Mary's Campus, London, UK W2 1PG
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place St. Mary's Campus, London, UK W2 1PG
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, 1 QingHua Yuan Road, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Queenie Chan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place St. Mary's Campus, London, UK W2 1PG
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Canada H3A 1A3
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Baumgartner J, Clark S, Carter E, Lai A, Zhang Y, Shan M, Schauer JJ, Yang X. Effectiveness of a Household Energy Package in Improving Indoor Air Quality and Reducing Personal Exposures in Rural China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9306-9316. [PMID: 31294968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated whether an energy package comprising a low-polluting semigasifier cookstove with chimney, water heater, and pelletized biomass fuel would improve air pollution in China. We measured the stove use, 48-h air pollution exposures (PM2.5, black carbon), and kitchen concentrations (PM2.5, black carbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides) for 205 women, along with ambient PM2.5. Over half (n = 125) were offered the energy package after baseline assessment, forming "treated" and "untreated" groups, and we repeated the measurements up to 3 occasions over 18-months. Kitchen carbon monoxide did not change, and nitrogen oxides increased in summer but decreased in winter for both groups. Summer geometric mean exposures and kitchen concentrations of PM2.5 and black carbon decreased by 24-67% in women who received the energy package, but greater reductions (48-70%) were observed in untreated homes, likely due to increased use of gas stoves. After adjusting for differences in outdoor PM2.5, receiving the energy package was associated with decreased winter exposures to PM2.5 (-46%; 95% CI: -70, -2) and black carbon (-55%; -74, -25) and the summer increases were smaller (PM2.5: 8%; -22, 51 and black carbon: 37%; -12, 113). However, PM2.5 exposures remained 1.5-3 times higher than those of health-based international air pollution targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill Baumgartner
- Institute for Health and Social Policy , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 1A3 , Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, & Occupational Health , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 1A2 , Canada
- Institute on the Environment , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55108 , United States
| | - Sierra Clark
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, & Occupational Health , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 1A2 , Canada
| | - Ellison Carter
- Institute on the Environment , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55108 , United States
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80521 , United States
| | - Alexandra Lai
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Ming Shan
- Department of Building Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Building Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bailey J, Gerasopoulos E, Rojas-Rueda D, Benmarhnia T. Potential health and equity co-benefits related to the mitigation policies reducing air pollution from residential wood burning in Athens, Greece. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 54:1144-1151. [PMID: 31237472 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1629211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Athens, Greece has been in economic and social crises after the 2008 global recession, resulting in an increase in wood burning as a cheaper method of residential heating in the winter. Reducing wood burning emissions is a source-specific method to address air quality degradation, and indirectly climate change, through instituting policies aimed at human health co-benefits. In this work, we investigate and quantify the potential health co-benefits from policies reducing outdoor particulate matter (PM) pollution from residential wood burning by assessing the pollution conditions during the 2015 calendar year in Athens, Greece, emphasizing vulnerable populations. We conducted a systematic literature search to extract data regarding effective improvements to outdoor PM due to wood burning interventions, and get a range of potential ambient PM reduction estimates regarding realistic benefits from different interventions. We applied a health impact assessment methodology and used existing Athens specific data to calculate the preventable daily average non-accidental deaths associated with reducing PM, additionally considering low and high socioeconomic status (SES) groups. We found that the reduction in outdoor PM concentration showed the potential to benefit lower SES groups as much as 13.5 times more than the high SES group, representing an opportunity for policies to improve not only the health of the total population but also improve environmental equity and health disparities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bailey
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Evangelos Gerasopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens , Athens , Greece
- Navarino Environmental Observatory , Messenia , Greece
| | | | - Tarik Benmarhnia
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego , CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Champion WM, Grieshop AP. Pellet-Fed Gasifier Stoves Approach Gas-Stove Like Performance during in-Home Use in Rwanda. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6570-6579. [PMID: 31037940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all households in Rwanda burn solid fuels for cooking. A private firm in Rwanda is distributing forced-draft pellet-fed semigasifier cookstoves and fuel pellets. We measured in-use emissions of pollutants including fine particulate matter (PM2.5), organic and elemental carbon (OC, EC), black carbon (BC), and carbon monoxide (CO) in 91 uncontrolled cooking tests (UCTs) of both pellet and baseline (wood; charcoal) stoves. We observed >90% reductions in most pollutant emission factors/rates from pellet stoves compared to baseline stoves. Pellet stoves performed far better than gasifier stoves burning unprocessed wood, and consistent with ISO tiers 4 and 5 for PM2.5 and CO, respectively. Pellet stoves were generally clean, but performance varied; emissions from the dirtiest pellet tests matched those from the cleanest traditional stove tests. Our real-time data suggest that events occurring during ignition and the end of testing (e.g., refueling, char burnout) drive high emissions during pellet tests. We use our data to estimate potential health and climate cobenefits from stove adoption. This analysis suggests that pellet stoves have the potential to provide health benefits far above previously tested biomass stoves and approaching modern fuel stoves (e.g., LPG). Net climate impacts of pellet stoves range from similar to LPG to negligible, depending on biomass source and upstream emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt M Champion
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Andrew P Grieshop
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Burns J, Boogaard H, Polus S, Pfadenhauer LM, Rohwer AC, van Erp AM, Turley R, Rehfuess E. Interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution and their effect on health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 5:CD010919. [PMID: 31106396 PMCID: PMC6526394 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010919.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient air pollution is associated with a large burden of disease in both high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). To date, no systematic review has assessed the effectiveness of interventions aiming to reduce ambient air pollution. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution in reducing pollutant concentrations and improving associated health outcomes. SEARCH METHODS We searched a range of electronic databases with diverse focuses, including health and biomedical research (CENTRAL, Cochrane Public Health Group Specialised Register, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO), multidisciplinary research (Scopus, Science Citation Index), social sciences (Social Science Citation Index), urban planning and environment (Greenfile), and LMICs (Global Health Library regional indexes, WHOLIS). Additionally, we searched grey literature databases, multiple online trial registries, references of included studies and the contents of relevant journals in an attempt to identify unpublished and ongoing studies, and studies not identified by our search strategy. The final search date for all databases was 31 August 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA Eligible for inclusion were randomized and cluster randomized controlled trials, as well as several non-randomized study designs, including controlled interrupted time-series studies (cITS-EPOC), interrupted time-series studies adhering to EPOC standards (ITS-EPOC), interrupted time-series studies not adhering to EPOC standards (ITS), controlled before-after studies adhering to EPOC standards (CBA-EPOC), and controlled before-after studies not adhering to EPOC standards (CBA); these were classified as main studies. Additionally, we included uncontrolled before-after studies (UBA) as supporting studies. We included studies that evaluated interventions to reduce ambient air pollution from industrial, residential, vehicular and multiple sources, with respect to their effect on mortality, morbidity and several air pollutant concentrations. We did not restrict studies based on the population, setting or comparison. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS After a calibration exercise among the author team, two authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We conducted data extraction, risk of bias assessment and evidence synthesis only for main studies; we mapped supporting studies with regard to the types of intervention and setting. To assess risk of bias, we used the Graphic Appraisal Tool for Epidemiological studies (GATE) for correlation studies, as modified and employed by the Centre for Public Health Excellence at the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). For each intervention category, i.e. those targeting industrial, residential, vehicular and multiple sources, we synthesized evidence narratively, as well as graphically using harvest plots. MAIN RESULTS We included 42 main studies assessing 38 unique interventions. These were heterogeneous with respect to setting; interventions were implemented in countries across the world, but most (79%) were implemented in HICs, with the remaining scattered across LMICs. Most interventions (76%) were implemented in urban or community settings.We identified a heterogeneous mix of interventions, including those aiming to address industrial (n = 5), residential (n = 7), vehicular (n = 22), and multiple sources (n = 4). Some specific interventions, such as low emission zones and stove exchanges, were assessed by several studies, whereas others, such as a wood burning ban, were only assessed by a single study.Most studies assessing health and air quality outcomes used routine monitoring data. Studies assessing health outcomes mostly investigated effects in the general population, while few studies assessed specific subgroups such as infants, children and the elderly. No identified studies assessed unintended or adverse effects.The judgements regarding the risk of bias of studies were mixed. Regarding health outcomes, we appraised eight studies (47%) as having no substantial risk of bias concerns, five studies (29%) as having some risk of bias concerns, and four studies (24%) as having serious risk of bias concerns. Regarding air quality outcomes, we judged 11 studies (31%) as having no substantial risk of bias concerns, 16 studies (46%) as having some risk of bias concerns, and eight studies (23%) as having serious risk of bias concerns.The evidence base, comprising non-randomized studies only, was of low or very low certainty for all intervention categories and primary outcomes. The narrative and graphical synthesis showed that evidence for effectiveness was mixed across the four intervention categories. For interventions targeting industrial, residential and multiple sources, a similar pattern emerged for both health and air quality outcomes, with essentially all studies observing either no clear association in either direction or a significant association favouring the intervention. The evidence base for interventions targeting vehicular sources was more heterogeneous, as a small number of studies did observe a significant association favouring the control. Overall, however, the evidence suggests that the assessed interventions do not worsen air quality or health. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Given the heterogeneity across interventions, outcomes, and methods, it was difficult to derive overall conclusions regarding the effectiveness of interventions in terms of improved air quality or health. Most included studies observed either no significant association in either direction or an association favouring the intervention, with little evidence that the assessed interventions might be harmful. The evidence base highlights the challenges related to establishing a causal relationship between specific air pollution interventions and outcomes. In light of these challenges, the results on effectiveness should be interpreted with caution; it is important to emphasize that lack of evidence of an association is not equivalent to evidence of no association.We identified limited evidence for several world regions, notably Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Southeast Asia; decision-makers should prioritize the development and implementation of interventions in these settings. In the future, as new policies are introduced, decision-makers should consider a built-in evaluation component, which could facilitate more systematic and comprehensive evaluations. These could assess effectiveness, but also aspects of feasibility, fidelity and acceptability.The production of higher quality and more uniform evidence would be helpful in informing decisions. Researchers should strive to sufficiently account for confounding, assess the impact of methodological decisions through the conduct and communication of sensitivity analyses, and improve the reporting of methods, and other aspects of the study, most importantly the description of the intervention and the context in which it is implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Burns
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| | | | - Stephanie Polus
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| | - Lisa M Pfadenhauer
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| | - Anke C Rohwer
- Stellenbosch UniversityCentre for Evidence‐based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesFrancie van Zijl DriveCape TownSouth Africa7505
| | | | - Ruth Turley
- Cardiff UniversityCentre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer)1 Museum PlaceCardiffUKCF10 3BD
| | - Eva Rehfuess
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Deepthi Y, Shiva Nagendra SM, Gummadi SN. Characteristics of indoor air pollution and estimation of respiratory dosage under varied fuel-type and kitchen-type in the rural areas of Telangana state in India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:616-625. [PMID: 30208347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) is one of the top environmental risks in developing countries including India, with more than a million deaths annually, predominantly through Particulate Matter (PM) exposure. The current study deals with the measurement of PM concentrations in rural households under varied fuel and kitchen-types, evaluation of the indoor air pollution (IAP) characteristics and estimation of respiratory dosage for the different subjects (women, young children and the elderly). Monitoring of particulate matter (PM) was carried out during summer, monsoon and winter season with biomass, LPG and combine of biomass and LPG being used as fuel for cooking. Furthermore, different types of indoor kitchens (with partition and without partition) and outdoor kitchens (separate enclose kitchen and open kitchen) were also considered as kitchen type along with fuel are two crucial factors contributing to IAP. Deposition fractions were calculated using Multiple Particle Path Dosimetry (MPPD) to study the deposition patterns in different parts of the human respiratory tract (HRT) - head, tracheobronchial and pulmonary for women, young children and the elderly people. Dosage of particulate matter was calculated by inputting the recorded PM measurements, a comparison made for biomass-LPG and dosage intensification due to the kitchen-type presented. While the biomass households exhibited high levels of dosage (1181.4 to 5891.7 μg) against the LPG households (89.9 to 811.2 μg), the indoor kitchen types exhibited a maximum intensification of 10.6 times than outdoor kitchens with the same fuel. This study not only establishes the IAP characteristics but also quantifies the role of fuel-type and kitchen-type in IAP. The study also indicates various measures that could be deployed to reduce dosage and thus minimize the health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaparla Deepthi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - S M Shiva Nagendra
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Adaji EE, Ekezie W, Clifford M, Phalkey R. Understanding the effect of indoor air pollution on pneumonia in children under 5 in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of evidence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:3208-3225. [PMID: 30569352 PMCID: PMC6513791 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to indoor air pollution increases the risk of pneumonia in children, accounting for about a million deaths globally. This study investigates the individual effect of solid fuel, carbon monoxide (CO), black carbon (BC) and particulate matter (PM)2.5 on pneumonia in children under 5 in low- and middle-income countries. A systematic review was conducted to identify peer-reviewed and grey full-text documents without restrictions to study design, language or year of publication using nine databases (Embase, PubMed, EBSCO/CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, WHO Library Database (WHOLIS), Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)-WHO and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Exposure to solid fuel use showed a significant association to childhood pneumonia. Exposure to CO showed no association to childhood pneumonia. PM2.5 did not show any association when physically measured, whilst eight studies that used solid fuel as a proxy for PM2.5 all reported significant associations. This review highlights the need to standardise measurement of exposure and outcome variables when investigating the effect of air pollution on pneumonia in children under 5. Future studies should account for BC, PM1 and the interaction between indoor and outdoor pollution and its cumulative impact on childhood pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enemona Emmanuel Adaji
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Clinical Sciences Building, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.
| | - Winifred Ekezie
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Clinical Sciences Building, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Michael Clifford
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Revati Phalkey
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Clinical Sciences Building, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
- Climate Change and Human Health Group, Institute for Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Deng M, Zhang S, Shan M, Li J, Baumgartner J, Carter E, Yang X. The impact of cookstove operation on PM 2.5 and CO emissions: A comparison of laboratory and field measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1087-1095. [PMID: 30253299 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inefficient biomass combustion in traditional cookstoves generates high levels of household air pollution (HAP) that is associated with numerous adverse environmental and human health conditions. Many cookstoves have been evaluated using laboratory tests, but past studies revealed discrepancies between laboratory and field measurements. Fuel re-loading, a common operation in actual use but not required in the laboratory test, might be a contributing factor to this laboratory-field gap. In this study, we evaluated the pollutant emissions performance of a semi-gasifier cooking stove using both laboratory and field measurements. Emission factors and real-time properties of CO and PM2.5 were separately measured during the following 4 phases of a typical cooking event: lighting, stable combustion, fuel re-loading and post fuel re-loading. We quantified the CO and PM2.5 contributions to total cooking event emissions in each phase. We found over 70% lower PM2.5 emissions and 60% lower CO emissions during 3 no re-loading laboratory tests compared with all 16 field tests. Lighting generated 83.8% ± 15.6% of the total PM2.5 and 39.1% ± 7.8% of the total CO in laboratory tests without fuel re-loading, and 57.8% ± 33.5% and 37.9% ± 21.2% of the total PM2.5 and CO in field tests, respectively. On average, fuel re-loading led to 29.1% ± 30.8% of PM2.5 emissions and 24.9% ± 22.6% of CO emissions in 16 field tests, which also contributed to significant discrepancies between laboratory and field-based emissions. According to the ISO IWA tiered stove ratings for emissions, fuel re-loading led to at least one tier lower ranking in both laboratory and field cookstove tests. Fuel re-loading could be an important factor causing laboratory-field discrepancy of emissions, thus it could be considered in future cookstove selection and intervention projects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Deng
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuangqi Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ming Shan
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Jiarong Li
- Beijing Urban Construction Design & Development Group Co. Limited, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Institute for Health and Social Policy and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ellison Carter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hooper LG, Dieye Y, Ndiaye A, Diallo A, Sack CS, Fan VS, Neuzil KM, Ortiz JR. Traditional cooking practices and preferences for stove features among women in rural Senegal: Informing improved cookstove design and interventions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206822. [PMID: 30458001 PMCID: PMC6245512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly half the world’s population burns solid fuel for cooking, heating, and lighting. The incomplete combustion of these fuels is associated with detrimental health and environmental effects. The design and distribution of improved cookstoves that increase combustion efficiency and reduce indoor air pollution are a global priority. However, promoting exclusive and sustainable use of the improved stoves has proved challenging. In 2012, we conducted a survey in a community in rural Senegal to describe stove ownership and preferences for different stove technologies. This report aims to describe local stove and fuel use, to identify household preferences related to stove features and function, and to elicit the community perceptions of cleaner-burning stove alternatives with a focus on liquid propane gas. Similar to many resource-limited settings, biomass fuel use was ubiquitous and multiple stoves were used, even when cleaner burning alternatives were available; less than 1% of households that owned a liquid propane stove used it as the primary cooking device. Despite nearly universal use of the traditional open fire (92% of households), women did not prefer this stove when presented with other options. Propane gas, solar, and improved cookstoves were all viewed as more desirable when compared to the traditional open fire, however first-hand experience and knowledge of these stoves was limited. The stove features of greatest value were, in order: large cooking capacity, minimal smoke production, and rapid heating. Despite the low desirability and smoke emisions from the traditional open fire, its pervasive use, even in the presence of alternative stove options, may be related to its ability to satisfy the practical needs of the surveyed cooks, namely large cooking capacity and rapid, intense heat generation. Our data suggest women in this community want alternative stove options that reduce smoke exposure, however currently available stoves, including liquid propane gas, do not address all of the cooks’ preferences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura G. Hooper
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Assane Ndiaye
- Vitrome Institute de Recherche pour le Developpement, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Aldiouma Diallo
- Vitrome Institute de Recherche pour le Developpement, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Coralynn S. Sack
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Vincent S. Fan
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Justin R. Ortiz
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Carter E, Shan M, Zhong Y, Ding W, Zhang Y, Baumgartner J, Yang X. Development of Renewable, Densified Biomass for Household Energy in China. ENERGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INITIATIVE 2018; 46:42-52. [PMID: 32863650 PMCID: PMC7453936 DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent national strategic plans in China have set renewable energy targets for rural household energy programs, including those that advance the production of densified biomass fuels (e.g. pellets, briquettes) for use in household cooking and heating stoves. There is presently very little information on potential barriers to the successful development of densified biomass for household cooking and heating in China, but such knowledge may be informative in settings that aim to replace unprocessed coal and other polluting fuels with renewable, cleaner-burning energy sources. We designed a case study to coordinate data-gathering efforts at rural field sites in southwestern Sichuan province and northeastern Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, where production of densified biomass fuels is under development for household end-users. We conducted interviews with factory personnel, local administrative leaders, and sector experts involved in the production and distribution of densified fuel, including pellets and briquettes, for household use. Results from our qualitative textual data analysis yielded several recommendations for improving development of densified biomass fuels for household end-use. These included reducing heterogeneity of feedstocks, increasing financial support for operational costs (e.g. collection, transport, and storage of raw materials; storage and distribution of final products), improving household perceptions of and subsequent demand for densified biomass fuels, and increasing enforcement of national and provincial policies banning the use of coal and open-field biomass burning. Collection and storage of raw materials and the final densified fuel product were consistently noted as critical challenges to scaling up production at all three sites. Finally, the perspectives of factory managers and local village administrators that we present also indicated that production of densified biomass fuels would most likely be more successful and reproducible in places where national-level policies are viewed as obligatory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellison Carter
- Colorado State University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ming Shan
- Tsinghua University, Building Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- Shandong University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shandong, China
| | - Weimeng Ding
- McGill University, Epidemiology, Occupational Health, and Biostatistics, Montreal, Canada
- McGill University, Institute of Health and Social Policy, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Colorado State University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- McGill University, Epidemiology, Occupational Health, and Biostatistics, Montreal, Canada
- McGill University, Institute of Health and Social Policy, Montreal, Canada
| | - Xudong Yang
- Tsinghua University, Building Science, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Aung TW, Baumgartner J, Jain G, Sethuraman K, Reynolds C, Marshall JD, Brauer M. Effect on blood pressure and eye health symptoms in a climate-financed randomized cookstove intervention study in rural India. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 166:658-667. [PMID: 30015250 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution from cooking with solid fuels is a potentially modifiable risk factor for increased blood pressure and may lead to eye irritation. OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether a climate motivated cookstove intervention reduced blood pressure and eye irritation symptoms in Indian women. METHODS Households using traditional stoves were randomized to receive a rocket stove or continue using traditional stoves. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and self-reported eye symptoms were measured twice, pre-intervention and at least 124 days post-intervention in women > 25 years old in control (N = 111) and intervention (N = 111) groups in rural Karnataka, India. Daily (24-h) fine particle (PM2.5) mass and absorbance (Abs) were measured in cooking areas at each visit. Mixed-effect models were used to estimate before-and-after differences in SBP, DBP and eye symptoms. RESULTS We observed a lower SBP (-2.0 (-4.5, 0.5) mmHg) and DBP (-1.1 (-2.9, 0.6) mmHg) among exclusive users of intervention stove, although confidence intervals included zero. Stacking or mixed use of intervention and traditional stoves contributed to a small increase in SBP 2.6 (-0.4, 5.7) mmHg) and DBP (1.2 (-0.9, 3.3) mmHg). Exclusive and mixed stove users experienced higher post-intervention reductions, on average, in self-reported eye irritation symptoms for burning sensation in eyes, and eyes look red often compared to control. Median air pollutant concentrations increased post-intervention in all stove groups, with the lowest median PM2.5 increase in the exclusive intervention stove group. CONCLUSIONS Health benefits were limited due to stacking and lower-than-predicted efficiency of the intervention stove in the field. Stove adoption and use behavior, in addition to stove technology, affects achievement of health co-benefits. Carbon-financing schemes need to align with international guidelines that have been set based on health outcomes to maximize health co-benefits from cookstove interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ther W Aung
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 429-2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Institute for Health & Social Policy and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Charles Meredith House, Room B7, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Grishma Jain
- Resource Optimization Initiative, No. 66, 1st Cross, Domlur Layout, Bangalore 560071, Karnataka, India.
| | - Karthik Sethuraman
- Resource Optimization Initiative, No. 66, 1st Cross, Domlur Layout, Bangalore 560071, Karnataka, India.
| | - Conor Reynolds
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 429-2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
| | - Julian D Marshall
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Wilcox 268, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Michael Brauer
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 429-2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Snider G, Carter E, Clark S, Tseng JTW, Yang X, Ezzati M, Schauer JJ, Wiedinmyer C, Baumgartner J. Impacts of stove use patterns and outdoor air quality on household air pollution and cardiovascular mortality in southwestern China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 117:116-124. [PMID: 29734062 PMCID: PMC7615186 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decades of intervention programs that replaced traditional biomass stoves with cleaner-burning technologies have failed to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) interim indoor air quality target of 35-μg m-3 for PM2.5. Many attribute these results to continued use of biomass stoves and poor outdoor air quality, though the relative impacts of these factors have not been empirically quantified. METHODS We measured 496 days of real-time stove use concurrently with outdoor and indoor air pollution (PM2.5) in 150 rural households in Sichuan, China. The impacts of stove use patterns and outdoor air quality on indoor PM2.5 were quantified. We also estimated the potential avoided cardiovascular mortality in southwestern China associated with transition from traditional to clean fuel stoves using established exposure-response relationships. RESULTS Mean daily indoor PM2.5 was highest in homes using both wood and clean fuel stoves (122 μg m-3), followed by exclusive use of wood stoves (106 μg m-3) and clean fuel stoves (semi-gasifiers: 65 μg m-3; gas or electric: 55 μg m-3). Wood stoves emitted proportionally higher indoor PM2.5 during ignition, and longer stove use was not associated with higher indoor PM2.5. Only 24% of days with exclusive use of clean fuel stoves met the WHO indoor air quality target, though this fraction rose to 73% after subtracting the outdoor PM2.5 contribution. Reduced PM2.5 exposure through exclusive use of gas or electric stoves was estimated to prevent 48,000 yearly premature deaths in southwestern China, with greater reductions if local outdoor PM2.5 is also reduced. CONCLUSIONS Clean stove and fuel interventions are not likely to reduce indoor PM2.5 to the WHO target unless their use is exclusive and outdoor air pollution is sufficiently low, but may still offer some cardiovascular benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graydon Snider
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ellison Carter
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sierra Clark
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Joy Tzu Wei Tseng
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Majid Ezzati
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Jill Baumgartner
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kumar MK, Sreekanth V, Salmon M, Tonne C, Marshall JD. Use of spatiotemporal characteristics of ambient PM 2.5 in rural South India to infer local versus regional contributions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:803-811. [PMID: 29751338 PMCID: PMC5980999 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study uses spatiotemporal patterns in ambient concentrations to infer the contribution of regional versus local sources. We collected 12 months of monitoring data for outdoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in rural southern India. Rural India includes more than one-tenth of the global population and annually accounts for around half a million air pollution deaths, yet little is known about the relative contribution of local sources to outdoor air pollution. We measured 1-min averaged outdoor PM2.5 concentrations during June 2015-May 2016 in three villages, which varied in population size, socioeconomic status, and type and usage of domestic fuel. The daily geometric-mean PM2.5 concentration was ∼30 μg m-3 (geometric standard deviation: ∼1.5). Concentrations exceeded the Indian National Ambient Air Quality standards (60 μg m-3) during 2-5% of observation days. Average concentrations were ∼25 μg m-3 higher during winter than during monsoon and ∼8 μg m-3 higher during morning hours than the diurnal average. A moving average subtraction method based on 1-min average PM2.5 concentrations indicated that local contributions (e.g., nearby biomass combustion, brick kilns) were greater in the most populated village, and that overall the majority of ambient PM2.5 in our study was regional, implying that local air pollution control strategies alone may have limited influence on local ambient concentrations. We compared the relatively new moving average subtraction method against a more established approach. Both methods broadly agree on the relative contribution of local sources across the three sites. The moving average subtraction method has broad applicability across locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - V Sreekanth
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Maëlle Salmon
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain
| | - Cathryn Tonne
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain
| | - Julian D Marshall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Thakur M, Nuyts PAW, Boudewijns EA, Flores Kim J, Faber T, Babu GR, van Schayck OCP, Been JV. Impact of improved cookstoves on women's and child health in low and middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2018; 73:1026-1040. [PMID: 29925674 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Improved biomass cookstoves may help reduce the substantial global burden of morbidity and mortality due to household air pollution (HAP) that disproportionately affects women and children in low and middle income countries (LMICs). DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of (quasi-)experimental studies identified from 13 electronic databases (last update: 6 April 2018), reference and citation searches and via expert consultation. SETTING LMICs PARTICIPANTS: Women and children INTERVENTIONS: Improved biomass cookstoves MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth, perinatal mortality, paediatric acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and COPD among women. RESULTS We identified 53 eligible studies, including 24 that met prespecified design criteria. Improved cookstoves had no demonstrable impact on paediatric lower ARIs (three studies; 11 560 children; incidence rate ratio (IRR)=1.02 (95% CI 0.84 to 1.24)), severe pneumonia (two studies; 11 061 children; IRR=0.88 (95% CI 0.39 to 2.01)), LBW (one study; 174 babies; OR=0.74 (95% CI 0.33 to 1.66)) or miscarriages, stillbirths and infant mortality (one study; 1176 babies; risk ratio (RR) change=15% (95% CI -13 to 43)). No (quasi-)experimental studies assessed preterm birth or COPD. In observational studies, improved cookstoves were associated with a significant reduction in COPD among women: two studies, 9757 participants; RR=0.74 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.90). Reductions in cough (four studies, 1779 participants; RR=0.72 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.87)), phlegm (four studies, 1779 participants; RR=0.65 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.80)), wheezing/breathing difficulty (four studies; 1779 participants; RR=0.41 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.59)) and conjunctivitis (three studies, 892 participants; RR=0.58 (95% CI 0.43 to 0.78)) were observed among women. CONCLUSION Improved cookstoves provide respiratory and ocular symptom reduction and may reduce COPD risk among women, but had no demonstrable child health impact. REGISTRATION PROSPERO: CRD42016033075.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megha Thakur
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Public Health Foundation of India, Indian Institute of Public Health-Hyderabad, Bangalore, India
| | - Paulien A W Nuyts
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther A Boudewijns
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Javier Flores Kim
- Centre of Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Timor Faber
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giridhara R Babu
- Public Health Foundation of India, Indian Institute of Public Health-Hyderabad, Bangalore, India
| | - Onno C P van Schayck
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Centre of Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jasper V Been
- Centre of Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rosenthal J, Quinn A, Grieshop AP, Pillarisetti A, Glass RI. Clean cooking and the SDGs: Integrated analytical approaches to guide energy interventions for health and environment goals . ENERGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INITIATIVE 2018; 42:152-159. [PMID: 29861575 PMCID: PMC5975963 DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Development and implementation of clean cooking technology for households in low and middle income countries (LMICs) offer enormous promise to advance at least five Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): 3. Good health and well-being; 5. Gender equality; 7. Affordable and clean energy; 13. Climate action; 15. Life on land. Programs are being implemented around the world to introduce alternative cooking technologies, and we are well on the way to achieving the goal set by the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves to reach 100 million homes with cleaner and more efficient cooking methods by 2020. Despite evidence that household air pollution (HAP) from solid fuel combustion is responsible for 3-4 million early deaths per year, many cookstove programs are motivated and/or financed by climate change mitigation schemes and deploy alternative stoves that use solid fuels such as wood and charcoal. However, recent studies have demonstrated that improved biomass-burning stoves typically only incrementally improve air quality and yield modest or minimal health benefits. Likewise, their contributions to climate change mitigation and other SDGs may be limited. Evidence indicates that cleaner fuels, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), ethanol and biogas, offer greater potential benefits not only to health, but also greater progress towards climate goals and other relevant SDGs. We present a modeled estimate of these potential gains for a diverse group of 40 LMICs. Our model suggests that cookstove programs using LPG stoves and fuel will yield greater reductions in both Disability Adjusted Life Years and Global Warming Commitment in these countries than those using improved biomass stoves. Cost and infrastructure requirements for clean fuels such as LPG are widely recognized constraints. In view of these constraints we present an analytical method to simultaneously consider health and climate needs at the national level for the same 40 countries in the context of estimated LPG expansion potentials. Comparative analyses integrating priorities across SDGs at the national and regional levels may guide more practical and effective household energy development choices going forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Rosenthal
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Ashlinn Quinn
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Andrew P. Grieshop
- Dept. of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, USA
| | - Ajay Pillarisetti
- Dept. of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Roger I. Glass
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shen G, Hays MD, Smith KR, Williams C, Faircloth JW, Jetter JJ. Evaluating the Performance of Household Liquefied Petroleum Gas Cookstoves. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:904-915. [PMID: 29244944 PMCID: PMC7362386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cookstoves are considered to be an important solution for mitigating household air pollution; however, their performance has rarely been evaluated. To fill the data and knowledge gaps in this important area, 89 laboratory tests were conducted to quantify efficiencies and pollutant emissions from five commercially available household LPG stoves under different burning conditions. The mean thermal efficiency (±standard deviation) for the tested LPG cookstoves was 51 ± 6%, meeting guidelines for the highest tier level (Tier 4) under the International Organization for Standardization, International Workshop Agreement 11. Emission factors of CO2, CO, THC, CH4, and NOx on the basis of useful energy delivered (MJd) were 142 ± 17, 0.77 ± 0.55, 130 ± 196, 5.6 ± 8.2, and 46 ± 9 mg/MJd, respectively. Approximately 90% of the PM2.5 data were below the detection limit, corresponding to an emission rate below 0.11 mg/min. For those data above the detection limit, the average emission factor was 2.4 ± 1.6 mg/MJd, with a mean emission rate of 0.20 ± 0.16 mg/min. Under the specified gas pressure (2.8 kPa), but with the burner control set to minimum air flow rate, less complete combustion resulted in a visually yellow flame, and CO, PM2.5, EC, and BC emissions all increased. LPG cookstoves met guidelines for Tier 4 for both CO and PM2.5 emissions and mostly met the World Health Organization Emission Rate Targets set to protect human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Shen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development , 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Michael D Hays
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development , 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Kirk R Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Craig Williams
- CSS-Dynamac, Inc. , 1910 Sedwick Road, Durham, North Carolina 27713, United States
| | - Jerroll W Faircloth
- Jacobs Technology, Inc. , 600 William Northern Boulevard, Tullahoma, Tennessee 37388, United States
| | - James J Jetter
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development , 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jagger P, Pedit J, Bittner A, Hamrick L, Phwandapwhanda T, Jumbe C. Fuel Efficiency and Air Pollutant Concentrations of Wood-Burning Improved Cookstoves in Malawi: Implications for Scaling-up Cookstove Programs. ENERGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INITIATIVE 2017; 41:112-120. [PMID: 29731584 PMCID: PMC5930929 DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
National governments and other key stakeholders in developing countries are grappling with how to reduce household air pollution (HAP) resulting from cooking with solid fuels using traditional cooking technologies. Recent studies have shown that improved cookstoves may offer reductions in fuel use and harmful emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), yet there is little quantitative evidence collected in a "real-world" setting showing how improved stoves perform directly compared to traditional cooking technologies. Our simulated kitchen study takes place in a semi-controlled, "real-world" setting in Malawi and was designed to quantify the fuel efficiency improvements and air pollutant concentration reductions capabilities of two improved stoves currently marketed in the country. In this study, we perform a Water Boiling Test (WBT) to compare the air pollutant concentrations (CO and PM2.5) and fuel efficiency of the traditional three-stone fire stove and two improved cookstoves: a locally produced clay stove known as the Chitetezo Mbaula (CM) and a Philips gasifying stove. We find that the Chitetezo Mbaula uses 53% of the fuel used by the traditional three-stone fire, and produces 59% of CO, and 50% of PM2.5 of the three-stone fire. The Philips gasifying stove uses 31% of the fuel, and produces 38% of CO, and 22% of PM2.5 of the traditional three-stone fire. We consider the potential for the wide-scale adoption of each of these technologies given their relative costs and conclude that lower-cost, intermediate quality cookstoves are an important and realistic first step toward reducing household air pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Jagger
- Department of Public Policy and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#8120, 206 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 27516
- FUEL Lab, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#8120, 206 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516 USA
| | - Joseph Pedit
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#8120, 206 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516 USA
- FUEL Lab, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#8120, 206 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516 USA
| | - Ashley Bittner
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#8120, 206 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516 USA
- FUEL Lab, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#8120, 206 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516 USA
| | - Laura Hamrick
- FUEL Lab, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#8120, 206 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516 USA
| | - Tione Phwandapwhanda
- FUEL Lab, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#8120, 206 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516 USA
| | - Charles Jumbe
- Center for Agricultural Research and Development, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Bunda College Campus, P.O. Box 219 Lilongwe, Malawi
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Secrest MH, Schauer JJ, Carter EM, Baumgartner J. Particulate matter chemical component concentrations and sources in settings of household solid fuel use. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:1052-1066. [PMID: 28401994 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) air pollution derives from combustion and non-combustion sources and consists of various chemical species that may differentially impact human health and climate. Previous reviews of PM chemical component concentrations and sources focus on high-income urban settings, which likely differ from the low- and middle-income settings where solid fuel (ie, coal, biomass) is commonly burned for cooking and heating. We aimed to summarize the concentrations of PM chemical components and their contributing sources in settings where solid fuel is burned. We searched the literature for studies that reported PM component concentrations from homes, personal exposures, and direct stove emissions under uncontrolled, real-world conditions. We calculated weighted mean daily concentrations for select PM components and compared sources of PM determined by source apportionment. Our search criteria yielded 48 studies conducted in 12 countries. Weighted mean daily cooking area concentrations of elemental carbon, organic carbon, and benzo(a)pyrene were 18.8 μg m-3 , 74.0 μg m-3 , and 155 ng m-3 , respectively. Solid fuel combustion explained 29%-48% of principal component/factor analysis variance and 41%-87% of PM mass determined by positive matrix factorization. Multiple indoor and outdoor sources impacted PM concentrations and composition in these settings, including solid fuel burning, mobile emissions, dust, and solid waste burning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Secrest
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - J J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - E M Carter
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Grieshop AP, Jain G, Sethuraman K, Marshall JD. Emission factors of health- and climate-relevant pollutants measured in home during a carbon-finance-approved cookstove intervention in rural India. GEOHEALTH 2017; 1:222-236. [PMID: 32158989 PMCID: PMC7007132 DOI: 10.1002/2017gh000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We present results of an emission characterization effort, completed as part of a larger intervention trial, of a carbon-finance-approved program replacing traditional cookstoves with "rocket"-style natural draft stoves. The 100 emission tests were conducted across 31 households in control and intervention groups, with repeated tests in most households during preintervention and postintervention periods. While mean fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emission factor for intervention stoves was significantly lower than for traditional stoves in baseline measurements, they were only marginally lower than traditional stoves during follow-up. Intervention stove PM2.5 emissions had a larger contribution from light-absorbing (elemental) carbon than traditional stoves. Repeated measurements in control households provide evidence for strong seasonality, likely due to differences in fuel moisture/types, in traditional stove emissions, with important implications for study design. Seasonality observed in control household emission factors (baseline > follow-up) was in the opposite direction as that observed in indoor PM2.5 concentrations (baseline < follow-up), highlighting that seasonally varying conditions (e.g., ventilation rates) may modify the link between emissions and exposures. Emission factor differences in paired (pre/post) tests from the same households were similar to differences in the medians of entire groups, suggesting variability is dominated by test-to-test variation. Emission reductions from intervention stoves were significantly smaller than laboratory performance would suggest or that are required to strongly reduce exposures. Field emissions assessment like that presented here should be prioritized early in technology assessment and development to provide rigorous estimates of the benefits reasonably expected from interventions with the potential for substantial benefits to human health and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Grieshop
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental EngineeringNorth Carolina State University at RaleighRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | | | - Julian D. Marshall
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wathore R, Mortimer K, Grieshop AP. In-Use Emissions and Estimated Impacts of Traditional, Natural- and Forced-Draft Cookstoves in Rural Malawi. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1929-1938. [PMID: 28060518 PMCID: PMC5323018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from traditional cooking practices in low- and middle-income countries have detrimental health and climate effects; cleaner-burning cookstoves may provide "co-benefits". Here we assess this potential via in-home measurements of fuel-use and emissions and real-time optical properties of pollutants from traditional and alternative cookstoves in rural Malawi. Alternative cookstove models were distributed by existing initiatives and include a low-cost ceramic model, two forced-draft cookstoves (FDCS; Philips HD4012LS and ACE-1), and three institutional cookstoves. Among household cookstoves, emission factors (EF; g (kg wood)-1) were lowest for the Philips, with statistically significant reductions relative to baseline of 45% and 47% for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO), respectively. The Philips was the only cookstove tested that showed significant reductions in elemental carbon (EC) emission rate. Estimated health and climate cobenefits of alternative cookstoves were smaller than predicted from laboratory tests due to the effects of real-world conditions including fuel variability and nonideal operation. For example, estimated daily PM intake and field-measurement-based global warming commitment (GWC) for the Philips FDCS were a factor of 8.6 and 2.8 times higher, respectively, than those based on lab measurements. In-field measurements provide an assessment of alternative cookstoves under real-world conditions and as such likely provide more realistic estimates of their potential health and climate benefits than laboratory tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Wathore
- Department
of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7908, United States
| | - Kevin Mortimer
- Department
of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of
Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Grieshop
- Department
of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7908, United States
- Phone: +1 (919) 513-1181. Fax: +1 (919) 515-7908. E-mail: . Corresponding author
address: Department of Civil, Construction
and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, 431B
Mann Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, USA
| |
Collapse
|