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Kim MK, Kim T, Choi J, Joo YE, Park H, Lee H, Lee C, Jang S, Vasseghian Y, Joo SW, Lee JI, Zoh KD. Analysis of semi-volatile organic compounds in indoor dust and organic thin films by house type in South Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113782. [PMID: 35810805 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in samples of indoor dust and organic thin films obtained from 100 residential houses in South Korea, were examined, based on both target analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and non-target analysis by gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF-MS) screening. In the targeted approach, phthalates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in dust and organic film samples, to find that both these classes of SVOCs were detected in dust and organic film samples, with the median concentrations of eight phthalates (Σ8 phthalate) and 16 PAHs (Σ16 PAH) being 1015.93 μg/g and 1824.97 ng/g in the dust samples, and 75.79 μg/m2 and 2252.78 ng/m2 in the organic film samples, respectively. Among the phthalates, in all house types. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was detected at the highest concentration, followed by dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diisobuthyl phthalate (DiBP), with DEHP levels found to be highest in dwelling houses. DEHP levels were found to be significantly associated with building age and renovation status. Lower levels of DEHP were detected in houses less than 10 years old or that had undergone renovation in the previous 10 years. Among the assessed PAHs, a significant correlation was detected between benzo(a)pyrene in dust and building age (p < 0.05). These findings imply that the inhabitants of older houses are at a greater risk of exposure to SVOCs originating from indoor dust and organic films. Non-target screening of selected dust and organic film samples using GC-QTOF-MS data revealed the presence of numerous SVOC compounds, including triphenylphosphine oxide, (Z)-9-octadecenamide, and cyclosiloxanes, along with certain organophosphate flame retardants including tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP), and plasticizers. These compounds identified in the non-target screening are of emerging concern, and their presence in dust and organic films needs to be estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Kyung Kim
- Institute of Health & Environment, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- Institute of Health & Environment, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseon Choi
- Korea Testing & Research Institute, Gwacheon, 13810, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Eun Joo
- Korea Testing & Research Institute, Gwacheon, 13810, Republic of Korea
| | - Heungjoo Park
- Institute of Health & Environment, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, 02713, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, 02713, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonmin Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Joo
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Il Lee
- Korea Testing & Research Institute, Gwacheon, 13810, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Institute of Health & Environment, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Cao J, Xie S, Cheng Z, Li R, Xu Y, Huang H. Impacts of sampling-tube loss on quantitative analysis of gaseous semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) using an SPME-based active sampler. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134780. [PMID: 35500633 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Active samplers are widely used in the quantification of gaseous semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). A sampling tube is often assembled upstream of the sampler, especially in the active samplers used for separating the particle-phase and gas-phase SVOCs and in the newly-designed active sampler based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME). However, gaseous SVOCs can be easily adsorbed by the sampling tube, which may induce significant errors to the quantitative results. Taking the SPME-based active sampler as an example, a mass-transfer model was developed to characterize the sampling-tube loss of gaseous SVOCs. Experiments involving six SVOCs were conducted. The model predictions (with a best-fit surface/air partition coefficient of SVOCs) were found to be consistent with the measurements. Both model predictions and experimental data indicated that the measured concentrations were significantly lower than the actual concentration (around 60% lower) due to the sampling-tube loss. The duration of sampling-tube loss (τe, minutes to days) varied with the volatility of SVOCs (vapor pressure, Vp), i.e., log τe linearly increased as increasing log Vp. The relationship could be helpful for determining the sampling strategies to eliminate (reduce) the effects of sampling-tube loss according to the volatility of SVOCs. The above conclusions may be also applicable for other active samplers of gaseous SVOCs. However, further studies are required to quantify the effects of sampling-tube loss for other active samplers due to the difference in the size and shape of the sampling tube between them and the SPME-based active sampler. The corresponding mass-transfer model and experimental procedure may require adjustment as appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Siqi Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhibin Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Runze Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Haibao Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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3
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Gilliam MA, van Cura D, Garner G, Seeley A, Sekol R. Empirical correlations for diffusivity and the partition coefficient for phthalates in PVC materials and modelling emissions of automotive sealants. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133638. [PMID: 35085611 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) based sealants commonly contain phthalate plasticizers that are emitted into the air over time. The low volatility classifies them as Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs). Empirical relationships are determined for estimation of the diffusion and solid/air partition coefficients for phthalates in PVC materials using data compiled from studies of phthalates in other PVC materials, such as vinyl flooring. The relationships are functions of vapor pressure of the compounds, which are determined from a Clausius-Clapeyron equation. A test chamber was constructed to continuously sample the air and measure the air concentration based on a Solid Phase MicroExtraction (SPME) method. The partition coefficient was tested with dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP) in a PVC-based sealant, in which the results fell within the reasonable error of the value predicted from the empirical relationship. The model is applied to outdoor and manufacturing scenarios to evaluate the effect of temperature and mass transfer coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Gilliam
- Kettering University, Flint, MI, USA; General Motors Research & Development, Warren, MI, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Ryan Sekol
- General Motors Research & Development, Warren, MI, USA
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4
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Quantitative Analysis of Indoor Gaseous Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds Using Solid-Phase Microextraction: Active Sampling and Calibration. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are important pollutants in indoor environments. Quantification of gaseous SVOC concentrations is essential to assess the pollution levels. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is considered to be an attractive sampling technique with merits, including simplicity of use, rapid sampling, and solvent free. However, the applications of SPME for sampling gaseous SVOCs are often limited by the fluctuating velocity of indoor air (leading to an unstable sampling rate) and the uncertainties associated with the traditional calibration of SPME. Therefore, we established an SPME-based active sampler to ensure the stable sampling of SVOCs in fluctuating air and developed a two-step calibration method based on the sampling principle of SPME. The presented method and a traditional method (sorbent tubes packed with Tenax TA) were simultaneously used to measure SVOC concentrations in an airstream generated in experiments. Three typical indoor SVOCs, diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP) were chosen as the analytes. Mean concentrations measured by SPME agreed well with the sorbent tubes (relative deviations < 12%), supporting the feasibility of the presented method. Further studies are expected to facilitate the application of the presented method (especially the problem associated with the sampling-tube loss of low volatile SVOCs).
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Maddela NR, Venkateswarlu K, Megharaj M. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, a pervasive flame retardant: critical perspective on its emissions into the environment and human toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1809-1827. [PMID: 32760963 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00222d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Regulations and the voluntary activities of manufacturers have led to a market shift in the use of flame retardants (FRs). Accordingly, organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs) have emerged as a replacement for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). One of the widely used OPFRs is tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), the considerable usage of which has reached 1.0 Mt globally. High concentrations of TCEP in indoor dust (∼2.0 × 105 ng g-1), its detection in nearly all foodstuffs (max. concentration of ∼30-300 ng g-1 or ng L-1), human body burden, and toxicological properties as revealed by meta-analysis make TCEP hard to distinguish from traditional FRs, and this situation requires researchers to rethink whether or not TCEP is an appropriate choice as a new FR. However, there are many unresolved issues, which may impede global health agencies in framing stringent regulations and manufacturers considering the meticulous use of TCEP. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to highlight the factors that influence TCEP emissions from its sources, its bioaccessibility, threat of trophic transfer, and toxicogenomics in order to provide better insight into its emergence as an FR. Finally, remediation strategies for dealing with TCEP emissions, and future research directions are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Raju Maddela
- Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, 130105, Ecuador and Facultad la Ciencias la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, 130105, Ecuador
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu 515003, India
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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6
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Li H, Bi C, Li X, Xu Y. A needle trap device method for sampling and analysis of semi-volatile organic compounds in air. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 250:126284. [PMID: 32234620 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), such as phthalates, organophosphates, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, are emerging as an important class of pollutants that are of serious health concerns. Determining concentrations of these pollutants is of great importance for environmental and exposure studies. In this work, a needle trap device (NTD) method was developed to measure the concentration of SVOCs in air samples. Sorbents were packed in the NTD to capture SVOCs with the aid of a sampling pump. NTD operational parameters, such as desorption temperature, desorption time, and sampling flow rate, were optimized for the target SVOCs. The limit of detection for air sampling by the NTD method ranged between 5 pg and 1 ng, depending on the SVOC compound. The variations in terms of NTD repeatability and reproducibility were lower than 14% for all cases. In addition, the influence of other experimental parameters, such as sampling temperature and humidity, breakthrough volume, NTD storage time, as well as carryover effect were examined. Finally, NTDs were used to determine emissions of gas-phase SVOCs from various consumer products in an emission cell and to collect total airborne SVOC samples (gas and particle phases) in an office. The results of NTD method were in an agreement with data obtained by conventional active sampling methods using Tenax® sorbent tubes and polyurethane foam samplers, but with improvements of relative standard deviation, sensitivity, and sampling time. The results demonstrated that the NTD method is a simple, sensitive, effective, reusable, and inexpensive technique for sampling and analyzing SVOCs in the concentration range from 2 ng m-3 to 100 μg m-3 in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwan Li
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Chenyang Bi
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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7
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Liang Y, Liu X, Allen MR. The influence of temperature on the emissions of organophosphate ester flame retardants from polyisocyanurate foam: Measurement and modeling. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:347-354. [PMID: 31176897 PMCID: PMC7869924 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The material-phase diffusion coefficient (Dm) and material/air partition coefficient (Kma) are the key parameters controlling the emissions of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from source materials. In indoor environments, air temperature is subject to change and can significantly affect the emission rates of SVOCs from building materials and consumer products. In this study, the emissions of organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPEFRs) from customized polyisocyanurate foam materials were measured in 44-mL microchambers at 23, 35, and 55 °C. The values of Dm and Kma at different temperatures were determined. The results showed that the increase of temperature can significantly enhance the emissions of OPEFRs from the foam materials, and the emissions of OPEFRs were found to transfer from SVOC-type to volatile organic compound (VOC)-type with the increase of temperature. A correlation for OPEFRs between the steady-state emission rate and temperature and correlations between Dm, Kma, and temperature were obtained. The research results shed light on the effect of temperature on the mechanisms governing emissions of SVOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirui Liang
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Participant at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Jacobs Technology Inc., 600 William Northern Boulevard, Tullahoma, TN, 37388, USA
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8
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Yang T, He Z, Zhang S, Tong L, Cao J, Xiong J. Emissions of DEHP from vehicle cabin materials: parameter determination, impact factors and exposure analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1323-1333. [PMID: 31289797 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00200f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are widely used in materials employed in vehicle interiors, causing poor in-cabin air quality. The emission characteristics of SVOCs from vehicle cabin materials can be characterized by two key parameters: the gas-phase SVOC concentration adjacent to the material surface (y0) and the convective mass transfer coefficient across the material surface (hm). Accurate determination of y0 and hm is fundamental in investigating SVOC emission principles and health risks. Considering that the steady state SVOC concentration (y) in a ventilated chamber changes with the ventilation rate (Q), we developed a varied ventilation rate (VVR) method to simultaneously measure y0 and hm for typical vehicle cabin materials. Experimental results for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) emissions from test materials indicated that the VVR method has the merits of simple operation, short testing time, and high accuracy. We also examined the influence of temperature (T) on y0 and hm, and found that both y0 and hm increase with increasing temperature. A theoretical correlation between y0 and T was then derived, indicating that the logarithm of y0T is linearly related to 1/T. Analysis based on the data from this study and from the literature validates the effectiveness of the derived correlation. Moreover, preliminary exposure analysis was performed to assess the health risk of DEHP in a vehicular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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9
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Salthammer T, Zhang Y, Mo J, Koch HM, Weschler CJ. Erfassung der Humanexposition mit organischen Verbindungen in Innenraumumgebungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Fachbereich Materialanalytik und Innenluftchemie; Fraunhofer WKI; 38108 Braunschweig Bienroder Weg 54E Deutschland
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IPA); Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44789 Bochum Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1 Deutschland
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI); Rutgers University; 170 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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Salthammer T, Zhang Y, Mo J, Koch HM, Weschler CJ. Assessing Human Exposure to Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry; Fraunhofer WKI; 38108 Braunschweig Bienroder Weg 54E Germany
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA); Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum; 44789 Bochum Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1 Germany
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI); Rutgers University; 170 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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11
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Wei W, Mandin C, Ramalho O. Influence of indoor environmental factors on mass transfer parameters and concentrations of semi-volatile organic compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 195:223-235. [PMID: 29268180 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in indoor environments can partition among the gas phase, airborne particles, settled dust, and available surfaces. The mass transfer parameters of SVOCs, such as the mass transfer coefficient and the partition coefficient, are influenced by indoor environmental factors. Subsequently, indoor SVOC concentrations and thus occupant exposure can vary depending on environmental factors. In this review, the influence of six environmental factors, i.e., indoor temperature, humidity, ventilation, airborne particle concentration, source loading factor, and reactive chemistry, on the mass transfer parameters and indoor concentrations of SVOCs was analyzed and tentatively quantified. The results show that all mass transfer parameters vary depending on environmental factors. These variations are mostly characterized by empirical equations, particularly for humidity. Theoretical calculations of these parameters based on mass transfer mechanisms are available only for the emission of SVOCs from source surfaces when airborne particles are not present. All mass transfer parameters depend on the temperature. Humidity influences the partition of SVOCs among different phases and is associated with phthalate hydrolysis. Ventilation has a combined effect with the airborne particle concentration on SVOC emission and their mass transfer among different phases. Indoor chemical reactions can produce or eliminate SVOCs slowly. To better model the dynamic SVOC concentration indoors, the present review suggests studying the combined effect of environmental factors in real indoor environments. Moreover, interactions between indoor environmental factors and human activities and their influence on SVOC mass transfer processes should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France.
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
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12
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Wang F, Wang Z, Wang Z, Zhang R, Du J, Du X. Facile in situ fabrication of oriented titania submicrorods embedded into a superelastic nickel–titanium alloy fiber substrate and their application in solid-phase microextraction. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02234h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel NiTi@TiO2SR fiber was fabricated on a NiTi fiber substrate after annealing for the determination of PAHs in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Rong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Junliang Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Xinzhen Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
- Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu
- Lanzhou 730070
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13
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Cao J, Liu N, Zhang Y. SPME-Based C a-History Method for Measuring SVOC Diffusion Coefficients in Clothing Material. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9137-9145. [PMID: 28714305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Clothes play an important role in dermal exposure to indoor semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). The diffusion coefficient of SVOCs in clothing material (Dm) is essential for estimating SVOC sorption by clothing material and subsequent dermal exposure to SVOCs. However, few studies have reported the measured Dm for clothing materials. In this paper, we present the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) based Ca-history method. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first try to measure Dm with known relative standard deviation (RSD). A thin sealed chamber is formed by a circular ring and two pieces of flat SVOC source materials that are tightly covered by the targeted clothing materials. Dm is obtained by applying an SVOC mass transfer model in the chamber to the history of gas-phase SVOC concentrations (Ca) in the chamber measured by SPME. Dm's of three SVOCs, di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), in a cotton T-shirt can be obtained within 16 days, with RSD less than 3%. This study should prove useful for measuring SVOC Dm in various sink materials. Further studies are expected to facilitate application of this method and investigate the effects of temperature, relative humidity, and clothing material on Dm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Cao
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ningrui Liu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
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14
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Cao J, Du Z, Mo J, Li X, Xu Q, Zhang Y. Inverse Problem Optimization Method to Design Passive Samplers for Volatile Organic Compounds: Principle and Application. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13477-13485. [PMID: 27993075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling is an alternative to active sampling for measuring concentrations of gas-phase volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, the uncertainty or relative error of the measurements have not been minimized due to the limitations of existing design methods. In this paper, we have developed a novel method, the inverse problem optimization method, to address the problems associated with designing accurate passive samplers. The principle is to determine the most appropriate physical properties of the materials, and the optimal geometry of a passive sampler, by minimizing the relative sampling error based on the mass transfer model of VOCs for a passive sampler. As an example application, we used our proposed method to optimize radial passive samplers for the sampling of benzene and formaldehyde in a normal indoor environment. A new passive sampler, which we have called the Tsinghua Passive Diffusive Sampler (THPDS), for indoor benzene measurement was developed according to the optimized results. Silica zeolite was selected as the sorbent for the THPDS. The measured overall uncertainty of THPDS (22% for benzene) is lower than that of most commercially available passive samplers but is quite a bit larger than the modeled uncertainty (4.8% for benzene, the optimized result), suggesting that further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Cao
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhengjian Du
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinxiao Li
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiujian Xu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
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