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Blanc T, Peel M, Brennwald MS, Kipfer R, Brunner P. Efficient injection of gas tracers into rivers: A tool to study Surface water-Groundwater interactions. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 254:121375. [PMID: 38442605 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Surface water (SW) - groundwater (GW) interactions exhibit complex spatial and temporal patterns often studied using tracers. However, most natural and artificial tracers have limitations in studying SW-GW interactions, particularly if no significant contrasts in concentrations between SW and GW exist or can be maintained for long durations. In such context, (noble) gases have emerged as promising alternatives to add to the available tracer methods, especially with the recent development of portable mass spectrometers, which enable continuous monitoring of dissolved gas concentrations directly in the field. However, long-duration gas injection into river water presents logistical challenges. To overcome this limitation, we present an efficient and robust diffusion-injection apparatus for labeling large amounts of river water. Our setup allows fine, real-time control of the gas injection rate, and is suitable for extended injection durations and different gas species. To illustrate the effectiveness of our approach, we present a case study where helium (He) is used as an artificial tracer to study river water infiltration into an alluvial aquifer. Our injection of He as a tracer increased the dissolved He concentration of the river water by one order of magnitude compared to air-saturated water concentration for 35 days. This experiment yields valuable information on travel times from the river to a pumping well and on the mixing ratios between freshly infiltrated river water and regional groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Blanc
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics of University of Neuchâtel (CHYN), Hydrochemistry and Contaminants and Hydrogeological processes, Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Water Resources and Drinking Water, Ueberlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf, 8600, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Morgan Peel
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics of University of Neuchâtel (CHYN), Hydrochemistry and Contaminants and Hydrogeological processes, Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias S Brennwald
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Water Resources and Drinking Water, Ueberlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf, 8600, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Kipfer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Water Resources and Drinking Water, Ueberlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf, 8600, Zürich, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics and Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philip Brunner
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics of University of Neuchâtel (CHYN), Hydrochemistry and Contaminants and Hydrogeological processes, Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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2
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Wang C, Brennwald MS, Xie Y, McCallum JL, Kipfer R, Dai X, Wu J. Quantifying Carbon Cycling across the Groundwater-Stream-Atmosphere Continuum Using High-Resolution Time Series of Multiple Dissolved Gases. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13487-13495. [PMID: 37643154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of carbon cycling across the groundwater-stream-atmosphere continuum (GSAC) is crucial for understanding regional and global carbon cycling. However, this quantification remains challenging due to highly coupled carbon exchange and turnover in the GSAC. Here, we disentangled carbon cycling processes in a representative groundwater-stream-atmosphere transect by obtaining and numerically simulating high-resolution time series of dissolved He, Ar, Kr, O2, CO2, and CH4 concentrations. The results revealed that groundwater contributed ∼60% of CO2 and ∼30% of CH4 inputs to the stream, supporting stream CO2 and CH4 emissions to the atmosphere. Furthermore, diurnal variations in stream metabolism (-0.6 to 0.6 mol O2 m-2 day-1) induced pronounced carbonate precipitation during the day and dissolution at night. The significant diurnal variability of biogeochemical processes emphasizes the importance of high-resolution time series investigations of carbon dynamics. This study shows that dissolved gases are promising environmental tracers for discerning and quantifying carbon cycling across the GSAC with high spatiotemporal resolution. Our high-resolution carbon exchange and turnover quantification provides a process-oriented and mechanistic understanding of carbon cycling across the GSAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Matthias S Brennwald
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Yueqing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - James L McCallum
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rolf Kipfer
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental System Sciences, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
- Department of Earth Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Xin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jichun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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3
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Joun WT, Lee KK, Ha SW, Lee SS, Kim Y, Do HK, Jun SC, Kim Y, Ju Y. A modified and rapid method for the single-well push-pull (SWPP) test using SF 6, Kr, and uranine tracers. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 236:119955. [PMID: 37087918 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a single-well push-pull (SWPP) test was conducted with multi-component tracers, including inert gas (SF6 and Kr) and uranine (conservative), to understand the volatile/semi-volatile component transport characteristics in the groundwater system. In an SWPP test, it is essential to obtain an initial breakthrough curve (BTC) of the inert gas concentration at the beginning of the pulling stage to analyze the hydraulic properties of the groundwater system. As a result of the SWPP test using a proposed method in this study, physicochemical parameters of the groundwater and BTC of gas tracers and uranine were acquired simultaneously and successfully. In addition, on-site measurements of uranine, pCO2, and water quality data, such as electrical conductivity (EC), temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen, were undertaken. Modification of an existing pCO2 measuring system allowed the gas samples to be collected, transported, and analyzed for inert gas components within a few hours. As a result, reliable and interpretable data with a recovery ratio of 26%, 85%, and 95% for SF6, Kr, and uranine, respectively, were obtained. The differences in the recovery ratio were utilized to identify the environmental system, whether it contains gas inside the isolated system (closed) or not (open), and to understand plume behavior characteristics in the experimental zone. By applying a two-dimensional advection-dispersion model to the acquired tracer test data and comparing the observed and computed tracer concentrations, helpful information was obtained on the hydraulic and transport characteristics of the targeted zone. This method can be extended to the design of dissolved CO2 transport monitoring of an aquifer above a CCS site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Tak Joun
- College of Natural Science, The Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kang-Kun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Seung-Wook Ha
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seong-Sun Lee
- College of Natural Science, The Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yeji Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyun-Kwon Do
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Morwick G360 Groundwater Research Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | | | - YongCheol Kim
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, Korea
| | - YeoJin Ju
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
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4
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Klaus M, Labasque T, Botter G, Durighetto N, Schelker J. Unraveling the Contribution of Turbulence and Bubbles to Air-Water Gas Exchange in Running Waters. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. BIOGEOSCIENCES 2022; 127:e2021JG006520. [PMID: 35860336 PMCID: PMC9285787 DOI: 10.1029/2021jg006520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying air-water gas exchange is critical for estimating greenhouse gas fluxes and metabolism in aquatic ecosystems. In high-energy streams, the gas exchange rate k is poorly constrained, due to an incomplete understanding of turbulence and bubble contributions to k. We performed a flume experiment with air bubble additions to evaluate the combined effects of turbulence and bubbles on k for helium, argon, xenon, and methane. We created contrasting hydraulic conditions by varying channel slope, bed roughness, water discharge, and bubble flux. We found that k increased from 1-4 to 17-66 m d-1 with increases in turbulence and bubble flux metrics. Mechanistic models that explicitly account for these metrics, as well as gas diffusivity and solubility, agreed well with the data and indicated that bubble-mediated gas exchange accounted for 64-93% of k. Bubble contributions increased with bubble flux but were independent of gas type, as bubbles did not equilibrate with the water. This was evident through modeled bubble life and equilibration times inferred from bubble size distributions obtained from underwater sound spectra. Sound spectral properties correlated well with turbulence and bubble flux metrics. Our results demonstrate that (a) mechanistic models can be applied to separate free surface- and bubble-mediated gas exchange in running waters, (b) bubble life and equilibration times are critical for accurate scaling of k between different gases, and (c) ambient sound spectra can be used to approximate contributions of turbulence and bubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Klaus
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - T. Labasque
- Géosciences RennesUniversité RennesCNRSRennesFrance
| | - G. Botter
- Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - N. Durighetto
- Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - J. Schelker
- WasserCluster Lunz ‐ Biological StationLunz am SeeAustria
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary EcologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
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5
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High-Sensitivity Raman Gas Probe for In Situ Multi-Component Gas Detection. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21103539. [PMID: 34069644 PMCID: PMC8160845 DOI: 10.3390/s21103539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple reflection has been proven to be an effective method to enhance the gas detection sensitivity of Raman spectroscopy, while Raman gas probes based on the multiple reflection principle have been rarely reported on. In this paper, a multi-reflection, cavity enhanced Raman spectroscopy (CERS) probe was developed and used for in situ multi-component gas detection. Owing to signal transmission through optical fibers and the miniaturization of multi-reflection cavity, the CERS probe exhibited the advantages of in situ detection and higher detection sensitivity. Compared with the conventional, backscattering Raman layout, the CERS probe showed a better performance for the detection of weak signals with a relatively lower background. According to the 3σ criteria, the detection limits of this CERS probe for methane, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapor are calculated to be 44.5 ppm, 192.9 ppm, 317.5 ppm and 0.67%, respectively. The results presented the development of this CERS probe as having great potential to provide a new method for industrial, multi-component online gas detection.
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6
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Cheng Y, Liu M, Zhao B, Yang L, Guo C, Zhang L. A sandwich temperature control membrane inlet mass spectrometer for dissolved gases and volatile organic compounds in aqueous solution. Talanta 2021; 221:121464. [PMID: 33076084 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A sandwich temperature control membrane inlet system based on a miniature mass spectrometer is presented that demonstrates improved analytical performance for the measurement of dissolved gases and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in aqueous solution. Aqueous solution is directly brought to the monolayer flat membrane interface at a constant flow rate. A heating resistor and a thermocouple are fixed on the side of the membrane and aqueous solution respectively. This new strategy allows for a temperature compensation method, affording an improvement of sensitivity and a reduction of response time compared with the conventional heating solution temperature control strategy. Furthermore, a static heating mode is applied to effectively remove the memory effect. Automatic sampling and measurement are achieved by using the membrane inlet system with silicone sheeting of 50 μm thickness. The vacuum is below 3 × 10-5 Torr, which can make the instrument work normally. A good linear response is observed for benzene in the range of 0.1 ppm-10 ppm and the detection limit is 50 ppb. The analytical capacity of this system is demonstrated by the on-line analysis of VOCs in aqueous solution, in which the dominant ions are detected rapidly. The results indicate that the sandwich temperature control membrane inlet mass spectrometer (STC-MIMS) has a potential application for on-line analyzing organic pollution in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Cheng
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Qingdao Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Shandong University, China.
| | - Maoke Liu
- Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Key Laboratory of Ocean Environmental Monitoring Technology, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, 266001, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Key Laboratory of Ocean Environmental Monitoring Technology, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, 266001, China
| | - Li Yang
- Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Key Laboratory of Ocean Environmental Monitoring Technology, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, 266001, China
| | - Cuilian Guo
- Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Key Laboratory of Ocean Environmental Monitoring Technology, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, 266001, China.
| | - Linbo Zhang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Qingdao Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Shandong University, China
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7
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Burlacot A, Burlacot F, Li-Beisson Y, Peltier G. Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry: A Powerful Tool for Algal Research. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1302. [PMID: 33013952 PMCID: PMC7500362 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the first great oxygenation event, photosynthetic microorganisms have continuously shaped the Earth's atmosphere. Studying biological mechanisms involved in the interaction between microalgae and cyanobacteria with the Earth's atmosphere requires the monitoring of gas exchange. Membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) has been developed in the early 1960s to study gas exchange mechanisms of photosynthetic cells. It has since played an important role in investigating various cellular processes that involve gaseous compounds (O2, CO2, NO, or H2) and in characterizing enzymatic activities in vitro or in vivo. With the development of affordable mass spectrometers, MIMS is gaining wide popularity and is now used by an increasing number of laboratories. However, it still requires an important theory and practical considerations to be used. Here, we provide a practical guide describing the current technical basis of a MIMS setup and the general principles of data processing. We further review how MIMS can be used to study various aspects of algal research and discuss how MIMS will be useful in addressing future scientific challenges.
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Roques C, Weber UW, Brixel B, Krietsch H, Dutler N, Brennwald MS, Villiger L, Doetsch J, Jalali M, Gischig V, Amann F, Valley B, Klepikova M, Kipfer R. In situ observation of helium and argon release during fluid-pressure-triggered rock deformation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6949. [PMID: 32332786 PMCID: PMC7181768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal changes in groundwater chemistry can reveal information about the evolution of flow path connectivity during crustal deformation. Here, we report transient helium and argon concentration anomalies monitored during a series of hydraulic reservoir stimulation experiments measured with an in situ gas equilibrium membrane inlet mass spectrometer. Geodetic and seismic analyses revealed that the applied stimulation treatments led to the formation of new fractures (hydraulic fracturing) and the reactivation of natural fractures (hydraulic shearing), both of which remobilized (He, Ar)-enriched fluids trapped in the rock mass. Our results demonstrate that integrating geochemical information with geodetic and seismic data provides critical insights to understanding dynamic changes in fracture network connectivity during reservoir stimulation. The results of this study also shed light on the linkages between fluid migration, rock deformation and seismicity at the decameter scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Roques
- ETH Zürich, Department of Earth Sciences, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland. .,University Rennes 1, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, Av. du Général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes, France.
| | - Ulrich W Weber
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,University of Oslo, Department of Geosciences, Sem Sælands vei 1, 0371, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bernard Brixel
- ETH Zürich, Department of Earth Sciences, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hannes Krietsch
- ETH Zürich, Department of Earth Sciences, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Dutler
- University of Neuchâtel, Center for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias S Brennwald
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Linus Villiger
- ETH Zürich, Department of Earth Sciences, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Doetsch
- ETH Zürich, Department of Earth Sciences, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mohammadreza Jalali
- RWTH Aachen, Department of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, Lochnerstrasse 4-20, 52064, Aachen, Germany
| | - Valentin Gischig
- ETH Zürich, Department of Earth Sciences, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.,CSD INGENIEURE AG, Hessstrasse 27D, 3097, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Florian Amann
- RWTH Aachen, Department of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, Lochnerstrasse 4-20, 52064, Aachen, Germany
| | - Benoît Valley
- University of Neuchâtel, Center for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Klepikova
- University of Lausanne, Applied and Environmental Geophysics group, Institute of Earth Sciences, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Kipfer
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental System Science, Universtaetstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.,ETH Zürich, Department of Earth Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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9
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Dipole and Convergent Single-Well Thermal Tracer Tests for Characterizing the Effect of Flow Configuration on Thermal Recovery. GEOSCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences9100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Experimental characterization of thermal transport in fractured media through thermal tracer tests is crucial for environmental and industrial applications such as the prediction of geothermal system efficiency. However, such experiments have been poorly achieved in fractured rock due to the low permeability and complexity of these media. We have thus little knowledge about the effect of flow configuration on thermal recovery during thermal tracer tests in such systems. We present here the experimental set up and results of several single-well thermal tracer tests for different flow configurations, from fully convergent to perfect dipole, achieved in a fractured crystalline rock aquifer at the experimental site of Plœmeur (H+ observatory network). The monitoring of temperature using Fiber-Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing (FO-DTS) associated with appropriate data processing allowed to properly highlight the heat inflow in the borehole and to estimate temperature breakthroughs for the different tests. Results show that thermal recovery is mainly controlled by advection processes in convergent flow configuration while in perfect dipole flow field, thermal exchanges with the rock matrix are more important, inducing lower thermal recovery.
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10
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Weber UW, Cook PG, Brennwald MS, Kipfer R, Stieglitz TC. A Novel Approach To Quantify Air-Water Gas Exchange in Shallow Surface Waters Using High-Resolution Time Series of Dissolved Atmospheric Gases. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1463-1470. [PMID: 30576112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gas exchange across the air-water interface is a key process determining the release of greenhouse gases from surface waters and a fundamental component of gas dynamics in aquatic systems. To experimentally quantify the gas transfer velocity in a wide range of aquatic settings, a novel method based on recently developed techniques for the in situ, near-continuous measurement of dissolved (noble) gases with a field portable mass spectrometer is presented. Variations in observed dissolved gas concentrations are damped and lagged with respect to equilibrium concentrations, being the result of (a) temperature (and thus solubility) variations, (b) water depth, and (c) the specific gas transfer velocity ( ki). The method fits a model to the measured gas concentrations to derive the gas transfer velocity from the amplitude and the phase lag between observed and equilibrium concentrations. With the current experimental setup, the method is sensitive to gas transfer velocities of 0.05-9 m/day (for N2), at a water depth of 1 m, and a given daily water temperature variation of 10 °C. Experiments were performed (a) in a controlled experiment to prove the concept and to confirm the capability to determine low transfer velocities and (b) in a field study in a shallow coastal lagoon covering a range of transfer velocities, demonstrating the field applicability of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich W Weber
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water , Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Dübendorf 8600 , Switzerland
| | - Peter G Cook
- National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training (NCGRT), College of Science and Engineering , Flinders University , Adelaide , SA 5001 , Australia
- Aix-Marseille Université, IMéRA , Marseille 13004 , France
| | - Matthias S Brennwald
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water , Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Dübendorf 8600 , Switzerland
| | - Rolf Kipfer
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water , Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Dübendorf 8600 , Switzerland
- Institute for Geochemistry and Petrology , ETH Zurich , Zurich 8092 , Switzerland
| | - Thomas C Stieglitz
- Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement (CEREGE), CNRS, IRD, INRA , Coll France , Aix en Provence 13545 , France
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research , James Cook University , Townsville , QLD 4811 , Australia
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