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Moulding BJG, Kon Kam King G, Shenton M, Bray JP, Nichols SJ, Kefford BJ. Assessing the Relative Toxicity of Different Road Salts and Effect of Temperature on Salinity Toxicity: LC x Values versus No-Effect Concentration (NEC) Values. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:281-293. [PMID: 35091822 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-580126/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater biota are at risk globally from increasing salinity, including increases from deicing salts in cold regions. A variety of metrics of toxicity are used when estimating the toxicity of substances and comparing the toxicity between substances. However, the implications of using different metrics are not widely appreciated. Using the mayfly Colobruscoides giganteus (Ephemeroptera: Colobruscoidea), we compare the toxicity of seven different salts where toxicity was estimated using two metrics: (1) the no-effect concentrations (NEC) and (2) the lethal concentrations for 10, 25 and 50% of the test populations (LCx). The LCx values were estimated using two different models, the classic log-logistic model and the newer toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) model. The NEC and both types of LCx values were estimated using Bayesian statistics. We also compared the toxicity of two salts (NaCl and CaCl2) for C. giganteus at water temperatures of 4 °C, 7 °C and 15 °C using the same metrics of toxicity. Our motivation for using a mayfly to assess salinity toxicity was because mayflies are generally salt sensitive, are ecologically important and are common in Australian (sub-)alpine streams. The temperature ranges were chosen to mimic winter, spring and summer water temperatures for Australian (sub-)alpine streams. Considering 144-h classical LCx values, we found toxicity differed between various salts, i.e., the lowest 144-h LC50 (8 mS/cm) for a salt used by a ski resort was half that of the highest 144-h LC50 from artificial marine salts and CaCl2 applied to roads (16 mS/cm). The analytical grade NaCl (as shown by 144-h LC50 value at 7 °C) was substantially more toxic (7.3 mS/cm) compared to analytical grade CaCl2 (12.5 mS/cm). Yet for NEC values, there were comparably fewer differences in toxicity between salts and none between the same salts at different temperatures. We conclude that LCx values are better suited to compare the difference in toxicity between substances or between the same substance at different test temperatures, while NEC values are better suited to estimating concentrations of substances that have no effect to the test species and endpoint measured under laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J G Moulding
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | | | - Mark Shenton
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jon P Bray
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Gisborne District Council, PO Box 747, Gisborne, 4010, New Zealand
| | - Susan J Nichols
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ben J Kefford
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Moulding BJG, Kon Kam King G, Shenton M, Bray JP, Nichols SJ, Kefford BJ. Assessing the Relative Toxicity of Different Road Salts and Effect of Temperature on Salinity Toxicity: LC x Values versus No-Effect Concentration (NEC) Values. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:281-293. [PMID: 35091822 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00908-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater biota are at risk globally from increasing salinity, including increases from deicing salts in cold regions. A variety of metrics of toxicity are used when estimating the toxicity of substances and comparing the toxicity between substances. However, the implications of using different metrics are not widely appreciated. Using the mayfly Colobruscoides giganteus (Ephemeroptera: Colobruscoidea), we compare the toxicity of seven different salts where toxicity was estimated using two metrics: (1) the no-effect concentrations (NEC) and (2) the lethal concentrations for 10, 25 and 50% of the test populations (LCx). The LCx values were estimated using two different models, the classic log-logistic model and the newer toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) model. The NEC and both types of LCx values were estimated using Bayesian statistics. We also compared the toxicity of two salts (NaCl and CaCl2) for C. giganteus at water temperatures of 4 °C, 7 °C and 15 °C using the same metrics of toxicity. Our motivation for using a mayfly to assess salinity toxicity was because mayflies are generally salt sensitive, are ecologically important and are common in Australian (sub-)alpine streams. The temperature ranges were chosen to mimic winter, spring and summer water temperatures for Australian (sub-)alpine streams. Considering 144-h classical LCx values, we found toxicity differed between various salts, i.e., the lowest 144-h LC50 (8 mS/cm) for a salt used by a ski resort was half that of the highest 144-h LC50 from artificial marine salts and CaCl2 applied to roads (16 mS/cm). The analytical grade NaCl (as shown by 144-h LC50 value at 7 °C) was substantially more toxic (7.3 mS/cm) compared to analytical grade CaCl2 (12.5 mS/cm). Yet for NEC values, there were comparably fewer differences in toxicity between salts and none between the same salts at different temperatures. We conclude that LCx values are better suited to compare the difference in toxicity between substances or between the same substance at different test temperatures, while NEC values are better suited to estimating concentrations of substances that have no effect to the test species and endpoint measured under laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J G Moulding
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | | | - Mark Shenton
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jon P Bray
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Gisborne District Council, PO Box 747, Gisborne, 4010, New Zealand
| | - Susan J Nichols
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ben J Kefford
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Li X, Wang M, Jiang R, Zheng L, Chen W. Evaluation of joint toxicity of heavy metals and herbicide mixtures in soils to earthworms (Eisenia fetida). J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 94:137-146. [PMID: 32563477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that a simplified and robust approach to evaluating thecombined effects of chemical mixtures is critical for ecological risk assessment (ERA) of contaminated soil. The earthworm (Eisenia fetida) was used as a model to study the combined effects of polymetallic contamination and the herbicide siduron in field soil using a microcosm experiment. The responses of multiple biomarkers, including the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and acetylcholine esterase (AChE), the concentrations of glycogen, soluble protein (SP), malonaldehyde (MDA), and metallothionein (MT), and the neutral red uptake test (NRU), were investigated. Multivariate analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Spearman's Rank Correlations analysis (BVSTEP) revealed that the activities of AChE and CAT and the NRU content were the prognostic biomarkers capturing the minimum data set of all the variables. Internal Cd (tissue Cd) in earthworms was closely related to the health status of worms under combined contamination of heavy metals and siduron. The integrated effect (Emix) calculated based on the activities of AChE and CAT and NRU content using the stress index method had significantly linear regression with internal Cd (p<0.01). Emix(10), Emix(20), and Emix(50) were then calculated, at 1.27, 1.63 and 2.71 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. It could be concluded that a bioassay-based approach incorporating multivariate analysis and internal dose was pragmatic and applicable to evaluating combined effects of chemical mixtures in soils under the guidance of the top-down evaluation concept of combined toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Meie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Rong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liping Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Weiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Holan JR, King CK, Proctor AH, Davis AR. Increased sensitivity of subantarctic marine invertebrates to copper under a changing climate - Effects of salinity and temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:54-62. [PMID: 30878862 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stressors associated with climate change and contaminants, resulting from the activities of humans, are affecting organisms and ecosystems globally. Previous studies suggest that the unique characteristics of polar biota, such as slower metabolisms and growth, and the generally stable conditions in their natural environment, cause higher susceptibility to contamination and climate change than those in temperate and tropical areas. We investigated the effects of increased temperature and decreased salinity on copper toxicity in four subantarctic marine invertebrates using realistic projected conditions under a future climatic change scenario for this region. We hypothesised that these relatively subtle shifts in environmental stressors would impact the sensitivity of cold-adapted species to copper. The four test species were: a copepod Harpacticus sp.; isopod Limnoria stephenseni; flatworm Obrimoposthia ohlini; and bivalve Gaimardia trapesina. These species occupy a range of ecological niches, spanning intertidal and subtidal nearshore zones. We predicted that species would differ in their tolerance to stressors, depending on where they occurred within this ecological gradient. Organisms were exposed to the multiple stressors in a factorial design in laboratory based toxicity tests. Sensitivity estimates for copper (LC50) were calculated using a novel statistical approach which directly assessed the impacts of the multiple stressors. In three of the four species tested, sensitivity to copper was amplified by small increases in temperature (2-4 °C). The effects of salinity were more variable but a decrease of as little as 2 ppt caused a significant effect in one species. This study provides some of the first evidence that high latitude species may be at increased risk from contaminants under projected future climate conditions. This interaction, between contaminants and the abiotic environment, highlights a potential pathway to biodiversity loss under a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Holan
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions and School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia.
| | | | - Abigael H Proctor
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Andrew R Davis
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Australia
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Mevenkamp L, Brown A, Hauton C, Kordas A, Thatje S, Vanreusel A. Hydrostatic pressure and temperature affect the tolerance of the free-living marine nematode Halomonhystera disjuncta to acute copper exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 192:178-183. [PMID: 28963926 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Potential deep-sea mineral extraction poses new challenges for ecotoxicological research since little is known about effects of abiotic conditions present in the deep sea on the toxicity of heavy metals. Due to the difficulty of collecting and maintaining deep-sea organisms alive, a first step would be to understand the effects of high hydrostatic pressure and low temperatures on heavy metal toxicity using shallow-water relatives of deep-sea species. Here, we present the results of acute copper toxicity tests on the free-living shallow-water marine nematode Halomonhystera disjuncta, which has close phylogenetic and ecological links to the bathyal species Halomonhystera hermesi. Copper toxicity was assessed using a semi-liquid gellan gum medium at two levels of hydrostatic pressure (0.1MPa and 10MPa) and temperature (10°C and 20°C) in a fully crossed design. Mortality of nematodes in each treatment was assessed at 4 time intervals (24 and 48h for all experiments and additionally 72 and 96h for experiments run at 10°C). LC50 values ranged between 0.561 and 1.864mg Cu2+L-1 and showed a decreasing trend with incubation time. Exposure to high hydrostatic pressure significantly increased sensitivity of nematodes to copper, whereas lower temperature resulted in an apparently increased copper tolerance, possibly as a result of a slower metabolism under low temperatures. These results indicate that hydrostatic pressure and temperature significantly affect metal toxicity and therefore need to be considered in toxicity assessments for deep-sea species. Any application of pollution limits derived from studies of shallow-water species to the deep-sea mining context must be done cautiously, with consideration of the effects of both stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mevenkamp
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 - S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Alastair Brown
- University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Chris Hauton
- University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Anna Kordas
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 - S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Thatje
- University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Ann Vanreusel
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 - S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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