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Yang J, Duan L, Peng S, Heijungs R, Geng X, Wang P, Chen WQ, Yang Y. Toward More Realistic Estimates of Product Displacement in Life Cycle Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39241234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c04006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2024]
Abstract
Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the most widely applied methods for sustainability assessment. A main application of LCA is to compare alternative products to identify and promote those that are more environmentally friendly. Such comparative LCA studies often rest on, explicitly or implicitly, an idealized assumption, namely, 1:1 displacement between functionally equivalent products. However, product displacement in the real world is much more complicated, affected by various factors such as the rebound effect and policy schemes. Here, we quantitatively review studies that have considered these aspects to evaluate the magnitude and distribution of realistic displacement estimates across several major product categories (biofuels, electricity, electric vehicles, and recycled products). Results show that displacement ratios concentrate around 40-60%, suggesting considerable overestimation of the benefits of alternative products if the 1:1 displacement assumption was used. Overall, there have been a small number of modeling studies on realistic product displacement and their scopes were limited. Additional research is needed to cover more product categories and geographies and improve the modeling of market and policy complexities. As such research accumulates, their displacement estimates can form a database that can be drawn upon by comparative LCA studies to more accurately determine the environmental impacts of alternative products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Linlin Duan
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shitong Peng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Reinout Heijungs
- Department of Operations Analytics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Xinyi Geng
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Chen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- The National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon & Green Buildings (Ministry of Science & Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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Fishman T, Mastrucci A, Peled Y, Saxe S, van Ruijven B. RASMI: Global ranges of building material intensities differentiated by region, structure, and function. Sci Data 2024; 11:418. [PMID: 38653964 PMCID: PMC11039455 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The construction materials used in buildings have large and growing implications for global material flows and emissions. Material Intensity (MI) is a metric that measures the mass of construction materials per unit of a building's floor area. MIs are used to model buildings' materials and assess their resource use and environmental performance, critical to global climate commitments. However, MI data availability and quality are inconsistent, incomparable, and limited, especially for regions in the Global South. To address these challenges, we present the Regional Assessment of buildings' Material Intensities (RASMI), a new dataset and accompanying method of comprehensive and consistent representative MI value ranges that embody the variability inherent in buildings. RASMI consists of 3072 MI ranges for 8 construction materials in 12 building structure and function types across 32 regions covering the entire world. The dataset is reproducible, traceable, and updatable, using synthetic data when required. It can be used for estimating historical and future material flows and emissions, assessing demolition waste and at-risk stocks, and evaluating urban mining potentials.
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Grants
- 2706/19 Israel Science Foundation (ISF)
- 2706/19 Israel Science Foundation (ISF)
- 232970 Canada Research Chairs (Chaires de recherche du Canada)
- IIASA-Israel program, Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 101056868 (CIRCOMOD)
- IIASA-Israel program, Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 101056810 (CircEUlar), Energy Demand changes Induced by Technological and Social innovations (EDITS) project, which is an initiative coordinated by the Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE) and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), and funded by the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI), Japan
- IIASA-Israel program, Energy Demand changes Induced by Technological and Social innovations (EDITS) project, which is an initiative coordinated by the Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE) and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), and funded by the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI), Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Fishman
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Faculty of Science, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, Netherlands.
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361, Laxenburg, Austria.
| | - Alessio Mastrucci
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Yoav Peled
- School of Sustainability, Reichman University, Herzliya, 4610101, Israel
| | - Shoshanna Saxe
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Bas van Ruijven
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361, Laxenburg, Austria
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3
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Charpentier-Alfaro C, Benavides-Hernández J, Poggerini M, Crisci A, Mele G, Della Rocca G, Emiliani G, Frascella A, Torrigiani T, Palanti S. Wood-Decaying Fungi: From Timber Degradation to Sustainable Insulating Biomaterials Production. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093547. [PMID: 37176430 PMCID: PMC10179824 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Addressing the impacts of climate change and global warming has become an urgent priority for the planet's well-being. In recent decades the great potential of fungal-based products with characteristics equal to, or even outperforming, classic petroleum-derived products has been acknowledged. These new materials present the added advantage of having a reduced carbon footprint, less environmental impact and contributing to the shift away from a fossil-based economy. This study focused on the production of insulation panels using fungal mycelium and lignocellulosic materials as substrates. The process was optimized, starting with the selection of Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, Ganoderma carnosum and Fomitopsis pinicola isolates, followed by the evaluation of three grain spawn substrates (millet, wheat and a 1:1 mix of millet and wheat grains) for mycelium propagation, and finishing with the production of various mycelium-based composites using five wood by-products and waste materials (pine sawdust, oak shavings, tree of heaven wood chips, wheat straw and shredded beech wood). The obtained biomaterials were characterized for internal structure by X-ray micro-CT, thermal transmittance using a thermoflowmeter and moisture absorption. The results showed that using a wheat and millet 1:1 (w/w) mix is the best option for spawn production regardless of the fungal isolate. In addition, the performance of the final composites was influenced both by the fungal isolate and the substrate used, with the latter having a stronger effect on the measured properties. The study shows that the most promising sustainable insulating biomaterial was created using T. versicolor grown on wheat straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Charpentier-Alfaro
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia (IBE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
- Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), CeNAT-CONARE, San José 1174-1200, Costa Rica
| | - Jorge Benavides-Hernández
- Département Chimie, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Marco Poggerini
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia (IBE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Alfonso Crisci
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia (IBE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giacomo Mele
- Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (ISAFOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.Le Enrico Fermi, Portici, 80055 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianni Della Rocca
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giovanni Emiliani
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Angela Frascella
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Tommaso Torrigiani
- Laboratorio di Meteorologia Modellistica Ambientale (LaMMA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Sabrina Palanti
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia (IBE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
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Xing J, Song J, Liu C, Yang W, Duan H, Yabar H, Ren J. Integrated crop-livestock-bioenergy system brings co-benefits and trade-offs in mitigating the environmental impacts of Chinese agriculture. NATURE FOOD 2022; 3:1052-1064. [PMID: 37118306 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00649-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural bioenergy utilization relies on crop and livestock production, favouring an integrated crop-livestock-bioenergy production model. Yet the integrated system's exact contribution to mitigating various environmental burdens from the crop production system and livestock production system remains unclear. Here we inventory the environmental impacts of each process in three subsystems at both national and regional scales in China, ultimately identifying key processes and impact categories. The co-benefits and trade-offs in nine impact categories are investigated by comparing the life cycle impacts in the background scenario (crop production system + livestock production system) and foreground scenario (integrated system). Freshwater eutrophication is the most serious impact category in both scenarios. Except terrestrial acidification, the mitigation effects on the other eight impact categories vary from 1.8% to 94.8%, attributed to fossil energy and chemical fertilizer offsets. Environmental trade-offs should be deliberated when expanding bioenergy utilization in the identified critical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Xing
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junnian Song
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Chaoshuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Haiyan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Helmut Yabar
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jingzheng Ren
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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5
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Zhong X, Hu M, Deetman S, Steubing B, Lin HX, Hernandez GA, Harpprecht C, Zhang C, Tukker A, Behrens P. Global greenhouse gas emissions from residential and commercial building materials and mitigation strategies to 2060. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6126. [PMID: 34675192 PMCID: PMC8531392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Building stock growth around the world drives extensive material consumption and environmental impacts. Future impacts will be dependent on the level and rate of socioeconomic development, along with material use and supply strategies. Here we evaluate material-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for residential and commercial buildings along with their reduction potentials in 26 global regions by 2060. For a middle-of-the-road baseline scenario, building material-related emissions see an increase of 3.5 to 4.6 Gt CO2eq yr-1 between 2020-2060. Low- and lower-middle-income regions see rapid emission increase from 750 Mt (22% globally) in 2020 and 2.4 Gt (51%) in 2060, while higher-income regions shrink in both absolute and relative terms. Implementing several material efficiency strategies together in a High Efficiency (HE) scenario could almost half the baseline emissions. Yet, even in this scenario, the building material sector would require double its current proportional share of emissions to meet a 1.5 °C-compatible target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhong
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Mingming Hu
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- School of Management Science and Real Estate, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 40045, China
| | - Sebastiaan Deetman
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, 3584 CB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Steubing
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hai Xiang Lin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Glenn Aguilar Hernandez
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carina Harpprecht
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Networked Energy Systems, Curiestreet 4, 70563, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Chunbo Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold Tukker
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO, 2595 DA, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Behrens
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Leiden University College The Hague, Leiden University, 2595 DG, The Hague, The Netherlands.
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6
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Abstract
Sand is considered one of the most consumed natural resource, being essential to many industries, including building construction, electronics, plastics, and water filtration. This paper assesses the environmental impact of sand extraction and the problems associated with its illegal exploitation. The analysis indicates that extracting sand at a greater rate than that at which it is naturally replenished has adverse consequences for fauna and flora. Further, illicit mining activities compound environmental damages and result in conflict, the loss of taxes/royalties, illegal work, and losses in the tourism industry. As sea-level rise associated with climate change threatens coastal areas, sand in coastal areas will play an increasingly greater role in determining the amount of damage from floods and erosion. The present analysis points to the need for swift action to regulate sand mining, monitoring, law enforcement, and international cooperation.
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7
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He H, Myers RJ. Log Mean Divisia Index Decomposition Analysis of the Demand for Building Materials: Application to Concrete, Dwellings, and the U.K. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2767-2778. [PMID: 33615791 PMCID: PMC8023668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dwellings are material intensive products. To date, material use in dwellings has been investigated mainly using economic (exogenous) or dwelling (endogenous) drivers, with few studies comprehensively combining both. For the first time, we identify a comprehensive set of such drivers of demand for building materials and analyze them using the logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) method. We combine the LMDI method, the concept of dynamic material flow analysis, and physical and monetary flows to decompose the demand for building materials into the following six effects: material intensity, floor area shape, dwelling type, dwelling intensity, economic output, and population. We analyze these six effects on demand for concrete in new dwellings in the U.K. from 1951 to 2014, classified into six dwelling types and four subregions. Of these six effects, the material intensity effect is the most important, overall contributing to increasing concrete demand by +79 Mt from 1950 to 2014, while the dwelling intensity effect plays an opposite role, overall reducing concrete demand from 1950 to 2014 by -56 Mt. The economic output effect is also significant (+38 Mt from 1950 to 2014). A comparative analysis of the six effects in the four U.K. nations reveals that most of the effects arise from England, while the other nations have minor effects due to their smaller populations. Our results show that changes to the demand for concrete in the U.K. fluctuate and have mainly remained between ±30 Mt year-2 from 1950 to 2014, and thus the inflows of concrete into the in-use stock of dwellings have experienced neither entirely increasing or decreasing trends during this period. This study contributes to understanding changes in resource demand due to social, economic, and technological factors and thus improves the capability to reliably and quantitatively model the use of materials in the built environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- He He
- Current address: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, Skempton Building, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- School
of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Sanderson
Building, Edinburgh, EH9
3FB, United Kingdom
| | - Rupert J. Myers
- Current address: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, Skempton Building, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- School
of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Sanderson
Building, Edinburgh, EH9
3FB, United Kingdom
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8
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Fu K, Zou W, Liu Z, He H. A REPORT OF RADIATION RISKS DURING AND AFTER PROCESSING MINERAL PLACER FROM SOUTHEAST AFRICA. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2020; 188:129-133. [PMID: 32318715 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, high levels of radioactivity were found in products from Chinese mineral processing industries that handle mineral placer from Southeast Africa. The findings led to public panic. The aim of this work is to provide radiological data for the government, workers and the public. In this work, activity concentrations of 238U,232Th,226Ra and40 K in raw ore from Southeast Africa were analysed in the laboratory. Products like monazite and building material were analysed. High concentrations of 238U,232 Th and 226Ra in products were found to be at a level of 104 Bq/kg. Around the South China Mineral Processing Industry, radioactivity in soil and groundwater was analysed. Absorbed dose rates in air and indoor radon concentrations at workplaces were monitored. Annual effective dose to workers and the public was calculated and found to exceed Chinese dose criterion. This report might be an alert for mining and mineral processing in Southeast Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Fu
- Hainan Radiation Environmental Monitoring Station, 106 Baiju Road, Haikou 571126, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zou
- Hainan Radiation Environmental Monitoring Station, 106 Baiju Road, Haikou 571126, P. R. China
- Hainan Province Environmental Monitoring Centre, 98 Baiju Road, Haikou 571126, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhou Liu
- Hainan Radiation Environmental Monitoring Station, 106 Baiju Road, Haikou 571126, P. R. China
- Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 98 Baiju Road, Haikou 571126, P. R. China
| | - Haiming He
- Guangdong Province Nuclear Industry Geological Bureau, 291 Brigade, Foshan 528133, P. R. China
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9
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Mao R, Bao Y, Huang Z, Liu Q, Liu G. High-Resolution Mapping of the Urban Built Environment Stocks in Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5345-5355. [PMID: 32275823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Improving our comprehension of the weight and spatial distribution of urban built environment stocks is essential for informing urban resource, waste, and environmental management, but this is often hampered by inaccuracy and inconsistency of the typology and material composition data of buildings and infrastructure. Here, we have integrated big data mining and analytics techniques and compiled a local material composition database to address these gaps, for a detailed characterization of the quantity, quality, and spatial distribution (in 500 m × 500 m grids) of the urban built environment stocks in Beijing in 2018. We found that 3621 megatons (140 ton/cap) of construction materials were accumulated in Beijing's buildings and infrastructure, equaling to 1141 Mt of embodied greenhouse gas emissions. Buildings contribute the most (63% of total, roughly half in residential and half in nonresidential) to the total stock and the subsurface stocks account for almost half. Spatially, the belts between 3 and 7 km from city center (approximately 5 t/m2) and commercial grids (approximately 8 t/m2) became the densest. Correlation analyses between material stocks and socioeconomic factors at a high resolution reveal an inverse relationship between building and road stock densities and suggest that Beijing is sacrificing skylines for space in urban expansion. Our results demonstrate that harnessing emerging big data and analytics (e.g., point of interest data and web crawling) could help realize more spatially refined characterization of built environment stocks and highlight the role of such information and urban planning in urban resource, waste, and environmental strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichang Mao
- SDU Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Yi Bao
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Spatial Information Integration & Its Applications, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Huang
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Spatial Information Integration & Its Applications, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiance Liu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- SDU Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
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10
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Temporal and Spatial Variability of Carbon Emission Intensity of Urban Residential Buildings: Testing the Effect of Economics and Geographic Location in China. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12072695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of urban residential buildings (URBs) in the carbon reduction goal of China is becoming increasingly important because of the rising energy consumption and carbon emission of such buildings in the region. Considering the increasing spatial interaction of the carbon emission of URBs (URBCE) in the region, this study investigates the influence of climate and economic factors on the URBCE in North and South China. First, the URBCE is calculated by using a decomposition energy balance table based on the carbon emission coefficient of electric and thermal power, thereby improving the estimation of the basic data of URBCE. Second, the influence of economic and climatic factors on the URBCE intensity in 30 provinces of China is explored by using a spatial econometric model. Results show that the URBCE intensity in China had a spatial autocorrelation from 2000 to 2016. Climatic and economic factors have great differences in the degree and direction of influencing the URBCE intensity in the country. Formulating emission reduction policies for climate or economic zones is more scientific and effective than developing national policies. Among these factors, urbanization rate, climate, and GDP per capita have a significant positive impact on the URBCE intensity in the region, whereas other factors have varying degrees of negative impact. In addition, climate, consumption level, and building area have significant spatial spillover effects on URBCE intensity, whereas other factors do not pass the significance test. Relevant conclusions should be given special attention by policymakers.
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11
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Goodwin Robbins LJ, Rodgers KM, Walsh B, Ain R, Dodson RE. Pruning chemicals from the green building landscape. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:236-246. [PMID: 31591494 PMCID: PMC8075986 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Green building design has substantially minimized environmental impacts by reducing energy consumption compared with traditional buildings. Yet, it is not uncommon for a green building to meet the highest criteria for energy efficiency and be built with materials that contain chemicals hazardous to occupant health. Because of this discrepancy in achieving holistic sustainability, the architecture/engineering/construction (AEC) industry has never been more interested in occupant health and well-being than it is today. At the same time, numerous scientific studies have documented exposures to and associated health effects of chemicals used in building materials. Opportunities to translate environmental health research so that it is useful to the AEC community exist across the landscape of healthier buildings. For example, research can be conducted to prioritize building material and chemical combinations to demonstrate how green building certification systems, government building codes, and the building products marketplace can increase energy performance while also addressing the greatest chemical exposures and health impacts. In order for scientific research to be used to create and support healthier environments, researchers should design and translate their research with this landscape in mind and should consider experts in the AEC industry as ambassadors for change. We provide key examples of how scientists have promoted healthy building practices and highlight additional research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bill Walsh
- Healthy Building Network, 1710 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rachelle Ain
- Bruner/Cott Architects, 225 Friend Street, Suite 701, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robin E Dodson
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Newton, MA, USA
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12
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Abstract
High-income countries often outsource material demands to poorer countries along with the associated environmental damage. This phenomenon can also occur within (large) countries, such as China, which was responsible for 24 to 30% of the global material footprint (MF) between 2007 and 2010. Understanding the distribution and development of China's MF is hence critical for resource efficiency and circular economy ambitions globally. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of China's MF at the provincial and sectoral levels. We combine provincial-level input-output data with sector- and province-specific trade data, detailed material extraction data, and the global input-output database EXIOBASE. We find that some provinces have MFs equivalent to medium-sized, high-income countries and limited evidence of material decoupling. Lower-income regions with high levels of material extraction can have an MF per capita as large as developed provinces due to much higher material intensities. The higher-income south-coastal provinces have lower MF per capita than equally developed provinces. This finding relates partly to differences in economic structure but indicates the potential for improvement across provinces. Investment via capital formation is up to 4 times more resource-intensive than consumption and drives 49 to 86% of provincial-level MFs (the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development average is 37%). Resource-efficient production, efficient use of capital goods/infrastructure, and circular design are essential for reductions in China's MF. Policy efforts to shift to a high-quality development model may reduce material intensities, preferably while avoiding the further outsourcing of high-intensity activities to other provinces or lower-income countries.
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