Global and Local Impacts of Delayed Mercury Mitigation Efforts

Louis VL. Unexpected anthropogenic emission decreases explain recent atmospheric mercury concentration declines

Anthropogenic activities emit ~2,000 Mg y-1 of the toxic pollutant mercury (Hg) into the atmosphere, leading to long-range transport and deposition to remote ecosystems. Global anthropogenic emission inventories report increases in Northern Hemispheric (NH) Hg emissions during the last three decades, in contradiction with the observed decline in atmospheric Hg concentrations at NH measurement stations. Many factors can obscure the link between anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric Hg concentrations, including trends in the reemissions of previously released anthropogenic ("legacy") Hg, atmospheric sink variability, and spatial heterogeneity of monitoring data. Here, we assess the observed trends in gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0) in the NH and apply biogeochemical box modeling and chemical transport modeling to understand the trend drivers. Using linear mixed effects modeling of observational data from 51 stations, we find negative Hg0 trends in most NH regions, with an overall trend for 2005 to 2020 of -0.011 ± 0.006 ng m-3 y-1 (±2 SD). In contrast to existing emission inventories, our modeling analysis suggests that annual NH anthropogenic emissions must have declined by at least 140 Mg between the years 2005 and 2020 to be consistent with observed trends. Faster declines in 95th percentile Hg0 values than median values in Europe, North America, and East Asian measurement stations corroborate that the likely cause is a decline in nearby anthropogenic emissions rather than background legacy reemissions. Our results are relevant for evaluating the effectiveness of the Minamata Convention on Mercury, demonstrating that existing emission inventories are incompatible with the observed Hg0 declines.

Modelling the anthropogenic Hg pollution fingerprint on the marine fishery production worldwide: A preliminary exposure assessment for people living in countries having different income levels

Mercury is a toxic pollutant that poses risks for the human population, mainly by eating contaminated fish. Mercury is released into the atmosphere from a variety of anthropogenic activities, with levels of emissions and under policy controls that largely vary across the world, leading thus to different relative contributions to the environmental matrices. Establishing the exact sources of this contaminant in the environment is crucial to optimising the policies aimed at mitigating the exposure risks for specific populations or ecosystems. In this study, we modelled, for the first time, the fingerprint of mercury anthropogenic emissions, jointly released by source-sectors (11) and source-regions (13), on the deposition over (19) FAO fishery zones, and on the FAO official fishery productions worldwide over the 2012-2021 decade. Using mercury anthropogenic emissions for 2012 from EDGAR, East Asia and "Artisanal and Small scale Gold Mining" result the source-region and the source-sector, respectively, that contribute the most to the mercury deposition over all the FAO fishery zones. The only exception applies for the FAO fishery zone 37, the Mediterranean Sea, where the "Industrial Combustion" from the closest Europe is the pair region-sector whose joint contribution is the greatest. When normalised to the overall fishery production worldwide, representing the global fish consumption, the anthropogenic mercury fingerprint showed a similar general pattern, however with notable differences, amplifying the relative contributions of all source-sectors from East Asia and attenuating the relative contributions of the regions in the Southern Hemisphere. This fingerprint further changes when the fish consumption in countries, classified by the World Bank as having different incomes, is considered. These results demonstrate that the same anthropogenic mercury deposited on any fishery zone actually affects in a different way the different population segments worldwide. This study aims to urge the science community as well as the policy makers to use a measure that better represents the mercury hazard for human health. Further, we hope that this study, using nomenclatures that are largely used on final shelf-product, could increase the people's awareness regarding the products they consume.

Mercury abatement in the environment: Insights from industrial emissions and fates in the environment

Mercury's neurotoxic effects have prompted the development of advanced control and remediation methods to meet stringent measures for industries with high-mercury feedstocks. Industries with significant Hg emissions, including artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM)-789.2 Mg year-1, coal combustion-564.1 Mg year-1, waste combustion-316.1 Mg year-1, cement production-224.5 Mg year-1, and non-ferrous metals smelting-204.1 Mg year-1, use oxidants and adsorbents capture Hg from waste streams. Oxidizing agents such as O3, Cl2, HCl, CaBr2, CaCl2, and NH4Cl oxidize Hg0 to Hg2+ for easier adsorption. To functionalize adsorbents, carbonaceous ones use S, SO2, and Na2S, metal-based adsorbents use dimercaprol, and polymer-based adsorbents are grafted with acrylonitrile and hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Adsorption capacities span 0.2-85.6 mg g-1 for carbonaceous, 0.5-14.8 mg g-1 for metal-based, and 168.1-1216 mg g-1 for polymer-based adsorbents. Assessing Hg contamination in soils and sediments uses bioindicators and stable isotopes. Remediation approaches include heat treatment, chemical stabilization and immobilization, and phytoremediation techniques when contamination exceeds thresholds. Achieving a substantially Hg-free ecosystem remains a formidable challenge, chiefly due to the ASGM industry, policy gaps, and Hg persistence. Nevertheless, improvements in adsorbent technologies hold potential.

Can Mercury Influence Carbon Dioxide Levels? Implications for the Implementation of the Minamata Convention on Mercury

The Paris Agreement and the Minamata Convention on Mercury are two of the most important environmental conventions being implemented concurrently, with a focus on reducing carbon and mercury emissions, respectively. The relation between mercury and carbon influences the interactions and outcomes of these two conventions. This perspective investigates the link between mercury and CO2, assessing the consequences and exploring the policy implications of this link. We present scientific evidence showing that mercury and CO2 levels are negatively correlated under natural conditions. As a result of this negative correlation, the CO2 level under the current mercury reduction scenario is predicted to be 2.4-10.1 ppm higher than the no action scenario by 2050, equivalent to 1.0-4.8 years of CO2 increase due to human activity. The underlying causations of this negative correlation are complex and need further research. Economic analysis indicates that there is a trade-off between the benefits and costs of mercury reduction actions. As reducing mercury emission may inadvertently undermine efforts to achieve climate goals, we advocate for devising a coordinated implementation strategy for carbon and mercury conventions to maximize synergies and reduce trade-offs.

Over a decade of atmospheric mercury monitoring at Amsterdam Island in the French Southern and Antarctic Lands

The Minamata Convention, a global and legally binding treaty that entered into force in 2017, aims to protect human health and the environment from harmful mercury (Hg) effects by reducing anthropogenic Hg emissions and environmental levels. The Conference of the Parties is to periodically evaluate the Convention's effectiveness, starting in 2023, using existing monitoring data and observed trends. Monitoring atmospheric Hg levels has been proposed as a key indicator. However, data gaps exist, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. Here, we present over a decade of atmospheric Hg monitoring data at Amsterdam Island (37.80°S, 77.55°E), in the remote southern Indian Ocean. Datasets include gaseous elemental and oxidised Hg species ambient air concentrations from either active/continuous or passive/discrete acquisition methods, and annual total Hg wet deposition fluxes. These datasets are made available to the community to support policy-making and further scientific advancements.

Addressing Uncertainties in Potential Human Dietary Exposure to Mercury in the Watershed of the South River, Virginia, USA

Much has been published about the harmful effects to humans when they are exposed to mercury (Hg) in environmental media including their diet. Numerous health advisories around the world, including for the South River, Virginia, USA, warn against consumption of Hg-contaminated fish species. Fewer studies have focused on other dietary sources of Hg and how to advise humans potentially exposed by this route. In undertaking a human health risk assessment for the former DuPont facility in Waynesboro, Virginia, USA, and the nearby South River and surrounding watershed, the available published information on Hg exposure through dietary consumption of nonfish items proved unsuitable for extrapolation purposes. In response, an evaluation of potential Hg exposure to residents who might consume livestock, poultry, and wildlife raised or collected in the South River watershed was conducted to inform the risk-assessment process. The newly collected data on Hg in these dietary items filled an important data gap, suggesting that there was little concern about limiting dietary consumption for most items. These results were communicated to the public through print and electronic platforms, in the form of "fact sheets." We describe the studies and actions taken to better explain the potential for human exposures to Hg in nonfish dietary items from a portion of the watershed of the South River. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2237-2252. © 2023 SETAC.

Are tunas relevant bioindicators of mercury concentrations in the global ocean?

Humans are exposed to toxic methylmercury mainly by consuming marine fish. The Minamata Convention aims at reducing anthropogenic mercury releases to protect human and ecosystem health, employing monitoring programs to meet its objectives. Tunas are suspected to be sentinels of mercury exposure in the ocean, though not evidenced yet. Here, we conducted a literature review of mercury concentrations in tropical tunas (bigeye, yellowfin, and skipjack) and albacore, the four most exploited tunas worldwide. Strong spatial patterns of tuna mercury concentrations were shown, mainly explained by fish size, and methylmercury bioavailability in marine food web, suggesting that tunas reflect spatial trends of mercury exposure in their ecosystem. The few mercury long-term trends in tunas were contrasted and sometimes disconnected to estimated regional changes in atmospheric emissions and deposition, highlighting potential confounding effects of legacy mercury, and complex reactions governing the fate of mercury in the ocean. Inter-species differences of tuna mercury concentrations associated with their distinct ecology suggest that tropical tunas and albacore could be used complementarily to assess the vertical and horizontal variability of methylmercury in the ocean. Overall, this review elevates tunas as relevant bioindicators for the Minamata Convention, and calls for large-scale and continuous mercury measurements within the international community. We provide guidelines for tuna sample collection, preparation, analyses and data standardization with recommended transdisciplinary approaches to explore tuna mercury content in parallel with observation abiotic data, and biogeochemical model outputs. Such global and transdisciplinary biomonitoring is essential to explore the complex mechanisms of the marine methylmercury cycle.

What are the likely changes in mercury concentration in the Arctic atmosphere and ocean under future emissions scenarios?

Arctic mercury (Hg) concentrations respond to changes in anthropogenic Hg emissions and environmental change. This manuscript, prepared for the 2021 Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Mercury Assessment, explores the response of Arctic Ocean Hg concentrations to changing primary Hg emissions and to changing sea-ice cover, river inputs, and net primary production. To do this, we conduct a model analysis using a 2015 Hg inventory and future anthropogenic Hg emission scenarios. We model future atmospheric Hg deposition to the surface ocean as a flux to the surface water or sea ice using three scenarios: No Action, New Policy (NP), and Maximum Feasible Reduction (MFR). We then force a five-compartment box model of Hg cycling in the Arctic Ocean with these scenarios and literature-derived climate variables to simulate environmental change. No Action results in a 51% higher Hg deposition rate by 2050 while increasing Hg concentrations in the surface water by 22% and <9% at depth. Both "action" scenarios (NP and MFR), implemented in 2020 or 2035, result in lower Hg deposition ranging from 7% (NP delayed to 2035) to 30% (MFR implemented in 2020) by 2050. Under this last scenario, ocean Hg concentrations decline by 14% in the surface and 4% at depth. We find that the sea-ice cover decline exerts the strongest Hg reducing forcing on the Arctic Ocean while increasing river discharge increases Hg concentrations. When modified together the climate scenarios result in a ≤5% Hg decline by 2050 in the Arctic Ocean. Thus, we show that the magnitude of emissions-induced future changes in the Arctic Ocean is likely to be substantial compared to climate-induced effects. Furthermore, this study underscores the need for prompt and ambitious action for changing Hg concentrations in the Arctic, since delaying less ambitious reduction measures-like NP-until 2035 may become offset by Hg accumulated from pre-2035 emissions.

Atmospheric Modelling of Mercury in the Southern Hemisphere and Future Research Needs: A Review

Mercury is a toxic pollutant that can negatively impact the population’s health and the environment. The research on atmospheric mercury is of critical concern because of the diverse process that this pollutant suffers in the atmosphere as well as its deposition capacity, which can provoke diverse health issues. The Minamata Convention encourages the protection of the adverse effects of mercury, where research is a part of the strategies and atmospheric modelling plays a critical role in achieving the proposed aim. This paper reviews the study of modelling atmospheric mercury based on the southern hemisphere (SH). The article discusses diverse aspects focused on the SH such as the spatial distribution of mercury, its emissions projections, interhemispheric transport, and deposition. There has been a discrepancy between the observed and the simulated values, especially concerning the seasonality of gaseous elemental mercury and total gaseous mercury. Further, there is a lack of research about the emissions projections in the SH and mercury deposition, which generates uncertainty regarding future global scenarios. More studies on atmospheric mercury behaviour are imperative to better understand the SH’s mercury cycle.

Import, export, and speciation of mercury in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard: Influences of glacier melt and river discharge

The major sources and sinks of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in Kongsfjorden were estimated based on spreadsheet-based ecological risk assessment for the fate of mercury (SERAFM). SERAFM was parameterized and calibrated to fit Kongsfjorden using the physical properties of the fjord, runoff coefficients of Hg, transformation rate constants of Hg, partition coefficients of Hg, Hg loadings from freshwater, and solid balance parameters. The modeled Hg concentrations in the seawater matched with the measured concentrations, with a mean bias of 12% and a calibration error of 0.035. The mass budget showed that the major THg sources were tidal inflow and glacial runoff, while the major MeHg sources were tidal inflow and in situ methylation in shallow halocline water, which agreed with the distributions of THg and MeHg in seawater. The coupling of observation and fate modeling in Kongsfjorden provides a basic understanding of Hg cycles in the Arctic fjords.

Evidence that Pacific tuna mercury levels are driven by marine methylmercury production and anthropogenic inputs

Pacific Ocean tuna is among the most-consumed seafood products but contains relatively high levels of the neurotoxin methylmercury. Limited observations suggest tuna mercury levels vary in space and time, yet the drivers are not well understood. Here, we map mercury concentrations in skipjack tuna across the Pacific Ocean and build generalized additive models to quantify the anthropogenic, ecological, and biogeochemical drivers. Skipjack mercury levels display a fivefold spatial gradient, with maximum concentrations in the northwest near Asia, intermediate values in the east, and the lowest levels in the west, southwest, and central Pacific. Large spatial differences can be explained by the depth of the seawater methylmercury peak near low-oxygen zones, leading to enhanced tuna mercury concentrations in regions where oxygen depletion is shallow. Despite this natural biogeochemical control, the mercury hotspot in tuna caught near Asia is explained by elevated atmospheric mercury concentrations and/or mercury river inputs to the coastal shelf. While we cannot ignore the legacy mercury contribution from other regions to the Pacific Ocean (e.g., North America and Europe), our results suggest that recent anthropogenic mercury release, which is currently largest in Asia, contributes directly to present-day human mercury exposure.

Global health effects of future atmospheric mercury emissions

Mercury is a potent neurotoxin that poses health risks to the global population. Anthropogenic mercury emissions to the atmosphere are projected to decrease in the future due to enhanced policy efforts such as the Minamata Convention, a legally-binding international treaty entered into force in 2017. Here, we report the development of a comprehensive climate-atmosphere-land-ocean-ecosystem and exposure-risk model framework for mercury and its application to project the health effects of future atmospheric emissions. Our results show that the accumulated health effects associated with mercury exposure during 2010-2050 are $19 (95% confidence interval: 4.7-54) trillion (2020 USD) realized to 2050 (3% discount rate) for the current policy scenario. Our results suggest a substantial increase in global human health cost if emission reduction actions are delayed. This comprehensive modeling approach provides a much-needed tool to help parties to evaluate the effectiveness of Hg emission controls as required by the Minamata Convention.

Spatially Explicit Global Hotspots Driving China's Mercury Related Health Impacts

Over 100 nations signed the Minamata Convention on Mercury to control the adverse effects of mercury (Hg) emissions on human beings. A spatially explicit analysis is needed to identify the specific sources and distribution of Hg-related health impacts. This study maps China's Hg-related health impacts and global supply chain drivers (i.e., global final consumers and primary suppliers) at a high spatial resolution. Here we show significant spatial heterogeneity in hotspots of China's Hg-related health impacts. Approximately 1% of the land area holds only 40% of the Chinese population but nearly 70% of the fatal heart attack deaths in China. Moreover, approximately 3% of the land area holds nearly 60% of the population but 70% of the intelligence quotient (IQ) decrements. The distribution of hotspots of China's Hg-related health impacts and global supply chain drivers are influenced by various factors including population, economy, transportation, resources, and dietary intake habits. These spatially explicit hotspots can support more effective policies in various stages of the global supply chains and more effective international cooperation to reduce Hg-related health impacts. This can facilitate the successful implementation of the Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Are US adults with low-exposure to methylmercury at increased risk for depression? A study based on 2011-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES)

OBJECTIVE

Depression is a highly-prevalent disorder among US adults and despite advancements in treatment options, prevalence rates are increasing. With the emerging recommendations of dietary interventions such as high fish intake come potential risks, for example, exposure to methylmercury (MeHg). Case reports and animal models have suggested a possible association of high doses of MeHg with psychiatric symptoms; the impact of low-dose exposure on depression remains unknown.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, survey-weighted logistic regression models were built to assess the relationship between low-dose MeHg blood levels and depression in a sample of n = 3930 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2016.

RESULTS

9.1% (n = 1335) of the respondents screened positive for depression; all participants had MeHg blood levels below the US Environmental Protection Agency's reference dose. The adjusted multivariate logistic regression model showed no statistically significant association between MeHg blood levels and depression.

CONCLUSION

Low-dose MeHg does not seem to be associated with depression in this study. However, dietary recommendations with regards to fish intake should be made cautiously. Further studies are needed, especially considering predicted increasing environmental pollution of our food webs and the potentially higher vulnerability of subpopulations such as pregnant women.

Mercury Benefits of Climate Policy in China: Addressing the Paris Agreement and the Minamata Convention Simultaneously

National commitments under the Paris Agreement on climate change interact with other global environmental objectives, such as those of the Minamata Convention on Mercury. We assess how mercury emissions and deposition reductions from national climate policy in China under the Paris Agreement could contribute to the country's commitments under the Minamata Convention. We examine emissions under climate policy scenarios developed using a computable general equilibrium model of China's economy, end-of-pipe control scenarios that meet China's commitments under the Minamata Convention, and these policies in combination, and evaluate deposition using a global atmospheric transport model. We find climate policy in China can provide mercury benefits when implemented with Minamata policy, achieving in the year 2030 approximately 5% additional reduction in mercury emissions and deposition in China when climate policy achieves a 5% reduction per year in carbon intensity (CO₂ emissions 9.7 Gt in 2030). This corresponds to 63 Mg additional mercury emissions reductions in 2030 when implemented with Minamata Convention policy, compared to Minamata policy implemented alone. Climate policy provides emissions reductions in sectors not considered under the Minamata Convention, such as residential combustion. This changes the combination of sectors that contribute to emissions reductions.

CeO2-Decorated ?-MnO2 Nanotubes: A Highly Efficient and Regenerable Sorbent for Elemental Mercury Removal from Natural Gas

CeO₂ nanoparticle-decorated ?-MnO₂ nanotubes (NTs) were prepared and tested for elemental mercury (Hg⁰) vapor removal in simulated natural gas mixtures at ambient conditions. The composition which had the largest surface area and a relative Ce/Mn atomic weight ratio of around 35% exhibited a maximum Hg⁰ uptake capacity exceeding 20 mg?g^?1 (2 wt %), as determined from measurements of mercury breakthrough which corresponded to 99.5% Hg⁰ removal efficiency over 96 h of exposure. This represents a significant improvement in the activity of pure metal oxides. Most importantly, the composite nanosorbent was repeatedly regenerated at 350 ?C and retained the 0.5% Hg⁰ breakthrough threshold. It was projected to be able to sustain 20 regeneration cycles, with the presence of acid gases, CO₂, and H₂S, not affecting its performance. This result is particularly important, considering that pure CeO₂ manifests rather poor activity for Hg⁰ removal at ambient conditions, and hence, a synergistic effect in the composite nanomaterial was observed. This possibly results from the addition of facile oxygen vacancy formation at ?-MnO₂ NTs and the increased amount of surface-adsorbed oxygen species.