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Yang C, Zhuo Q, Chen J, Fang Z, Xu Y. Analysis of the spatio-temporal network of air pollution in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, China. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262444. [PMID: 35015793 PMCID: PMC8752018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex correlation between regions caused by the externality of air pollution increases the difficulty of its governance. Therefore, analysis of the spatio-temporal network of air pollution (STN-AP) holds great significance for the cross-regional coordinated governance of air pollution. Although the spatio-temporal distribution of air pollution has been analyzed, the structural characteristics of the STN-AP still need to be clarified. The STN-AP in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration (YRDUA) is constructed based on the improved gravity model and is visualized by UCINET with data from 2012 to 2019. Then, its overall-individual-clustering characteristics are analyzed through social network analysis (SNA) method. The results show that the STN-AP in the YRDUA was overall stable, and the correlation level gradually improved. The centrality of every individual city is different in the STN-AP, which reveals the different state of their interactive mechanism. The STN-AP could be subdivided into the receptive block, overflow block, bidirectional block and intermediary block. Shanghai, Suzhou, Hangzhou and Wuxi could be key cities with an all above degree centrality, betweenness centrality and closeness centrality and located in the overflow block of the STN-AP. This showed that these cities had a greater impact on the STN-AP and caused a more pronounced air pollution spillovers. The influencing factors of the spatial correlation of air pollution are further determined through the quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) method. Among all factors, geographical proximity has the strongest impact and deserves to be paid attention in order to prevent the cross-regional overflow of air pollution. Furthermore, several suggestions are proposed to promote coordinated governance of air pollution in the YRDUA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanming Yang
- School of Business, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qingqing Zhuo
- School of Business, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junyu Chen
- School of Business, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhou Fang
- Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yisong Xu
- School of Business, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Forsius M, Posch M, Holmberg M, Vuorenmaa J, Kleemola S, Augustaitis A, Beudert B, Bochenek W, Clarke N, de Wit HA, Dirnböck T, Frey J, Grandin U, Hakola H, Kobler J, Krám P, Lindroos AJ, Löfgren S, Pecka T, Rönnback P, Skotak K, Szpikowski J, Ukonmaanaho L, Valinia S, Váňa M. Assessing critical load exceedances and ecosystem impacts of anthropogenic nitrogen and sulphur deposition at unmanaged forested catchments in Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:141791. [PMID: 32890870 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) compounds and their long-range transport have caused widespread negative impacts on different ecosystems. Critical loads (CLs) are deposition thresholds used to describe the sensitivity of ecosystems to atmospheric deposition. The CL methodology has been a key science-based tool for assessing the environmental consequences of air pollution. We computed CLs for eutrophication and acidification using a European long-term dataset of intensively studied forested ecosystem sites (n = 17) in northern and central Europe. The sites belong to the ICP IM and eLTER networks. The link between the site-specific calculations and time-series of CL exceedances and measured site data was evaluated using long-term measurements (1990-2017) for bulk deposition, throughfall and runoff water chemistry. Novel techniques for presenting exceedances of CLs and their temporal development were also developed. Concentrations and fluxes of sulphate, total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and acidity in deposition substantially decreased at the sites. Decreases in S deposition resulted in statistically significant decreased concentrations and fluxes of sulphate in runoff and decreasing trends of TIN in runoff were more common than increasing trends. The temporal developments of the exceedance of the CLs indicated the more effective reductions of S deposition compared to N at the sites. There was a relation between calculated exceedance of the CLs and measured runoff water concentrations and fluxes, and most sites with higher CL exceedances showed larger decreases in both TIN and H+ concentrations and fluxes. Sites with higher cumulative exceedance of eutrophication CLs (averaged over 3 and 30 years) generally showed higher TIN concentrations in runoff. The results provided evidence on the link between CL exceedances and empirical impacts, increasing confidence in the methodology used for the European-scale CL calculations. The results also confirm that emission abatement actions are having their intended effects on CL exceedances and ecosystem impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Forsius
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Maximilian Posch
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Maria Holmberg
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Vuorenmaa
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sirpa Kleemola
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Algirdas Augustaitis
- Forest Monitoring Laboratory, Vytautas Magnus University, Studentu 13, Kaunas distr. LT-53362, Lithuania
| | - Burkhard Beudert
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, D-94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Witold Bochenek
- Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Szymbark 430, 38-311 Szymbark, Poland
| | - Nicholas Clarke
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, PO Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Heleen A de Wit
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Dirnböck
- Environment Agency Austria, Department for Ecosystem Research and Data Information Management, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jane Frey
- Tartu University, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Vanemuise St. 46, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ulf Grandin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hannele Hakola
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, PO Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Kobler
- Environment Agency Austria, Department for Ecosystem Research and Data Information Management, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel Krám
- Czech Geological Survey, Department of Geochemistry, Klárov 3, CZ-118 21 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Antti-Jussi Lindroos
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan Löfgren
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomasz Pecka
- Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, ul. Kolektorska 4, 01-692 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pernilla Rönnback
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, ul. Kolektorska 4, 01-692 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Józef Szpikowski
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Storkowo 32, 78-450 Grzmiąca, Poland
| | - Liisa Ukonmaanaho
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Salar Valinia
- Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Climate Department- Air Unit, SE-106 48 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Milan Váňa
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Observatory Košetice, CZ-394 22 Košetice, Czech Republic
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von Schneidemesser E, Driscoll C, Rieder HE, Schiferl LD. How will air quality effects on human health, crops and ecosystems change in the future? PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190330. [PMID: 32981439 PMCID: PMC7536027 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Future air quality will be driven by changes in air pollutant emissions, but also changes in climate. Here, we review the recent literature on future air quality scenarios and projected changes in effects on human health, crops and ecosystems. While there is overlap in the scenarios and models used for future projections of air quality and climate effects on human health and crops, similar efforts have not been widely conducted for ecosystems. Few studies have conducted joint assessments across more than one sector. Improvements in future air quality effects on human health are seen in emission reduction scenarios that are more ambitious than current legislation. Larger impacts result from changing particulate matter (PM) abundances than ozone burdens. Future global health burdens are dominated by changes in the Asian region. Expected future reductions in ozone outside of Asia will allow for increased crop production. Reductions in PM, although associated with much higher uncertainty, could offset some of this benefit. The responses of ecosystems to air pollution and climate change are long-term, complex, and interactive, and vary widely across biomes and over space and time. Air quality and climate policy should be linked or at least considered holistically, and managed as a multi-media problem. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Air quality, past present and future'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles Driscoll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Harald E. Rieder
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor-Mendel Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Luke D. Schiferl
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
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Poikane S, Salas Herrero F, Kelly MG, Borja A, Birk S, van de Bund W. European aquatic ecological assessment methods: A critical review of their sensitivity to key pressures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140075. [PMID: 32562991 PMCID: PMC7456781 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The European Union has embarked on a policy which aims to achieve good ecological status in all surface waters (i.e. rivers, lakes, transitional and coastal waters). In theory, ecological status assessment methods should address the effects of all relevant human pressures. In this study, we analyze the degree to which methods European countries use to assess ecological status tackle various pressures affecting European waters. Nutrient pollution is by far the best-covered pressure for all four water categories. Out of total of 423 assessment methods, 370 assess eutrophication and pressure-specific relationships have been demonstrated for 212 of these. "General degradation" is addressed by 238 methods, mostly validated by relationships to combined pressure indices. Other major pressures have received significantly less effort: hydromorphological degradation is assessed by 160 methods and pressure-specific relationships have been demonstrated for just 40 of these. Hydromorphological pressures are addressed (at least by one BQE) only by 25% countries for coastal waters and 70-80% for lakes and transitional waters. Specific diagnostic tools (i.e. single-pressure relationships) for hydromorphology have only been developed by a few countries: only 20% countries have such methods for lakes, coastal and transitional waters and less than half for rivers. Toxic contamination is addressed by 90 methods; however, pressure-specific relationships have been demonstrated for just eight of these. Only two countries have demonstrated pressure-specific acidification methods for rivers, and three for lakes. In summary, methods currently in use mostly address eutrophication and/or general degradation, but there is not much evidence that they reliably pick up the effects of other significant pressures such as hydromorphology or toxic contamination. Therefore, we recommend that countries re-examine: (1) those pressures which affect different water categories in the country; (2) relevant assessment methods to tackle those pressures; (3) whether pressure-response relationships have been developed for each of these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Poikane
- European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), via Fermi 2749, Ispra 21027, Italy.
| | | | - Martyn G Kelly
- Bowburn Consultancy, 11 Monteigne Drive, Bowburn, Durham DH6 5QB, United Kingdom; School of Geography, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Angel Borja
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Herrera Kaia Portualdea s/n, 20100 Pasaia, Spain
| | - Sebastian Birk
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Wouter van de Bund
- European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), via Fermi 2749, Ispra 21027, Italy
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