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Lan Y, Li X, Zhou G, Yao W, Cheng H, Tang Y. Direct Regenerating Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304425. [PMID: 37955914 PMCID: PMC10767406 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Recycling cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is critical to a sustainable society as it will relief valuable but scarce recourse crises and reduce environment burdens simultaneously. Different from conventional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling methods, direct regeneration relies on non-destructive cathode-to-cathode mode, and therefore, more time and energy-saving along with an increased economic return and reduced CO2 footprint. This review retrospects the history of direct regeneration and discusses state-of-the-art development. The reported methods, including high-temperature solid-state, hydrothermal/ionothermal, molten salt thermochemistry, and electrochemical method, are comparatively introduced, targeting at illustrating their underlying regeneration mechanism and applicability. Further, representative repairing and upcycling studies on wide-applied cathodes, including LiCoO2 (LCO), ternary oxides, LiFePO4 (LFP), and LiMn2 O4 (LMO), are presented, with an emphasis on milestone cases. Despite these achievements, there remain several critical issues that shall be addressed before the commercialization of the mentioned direct regeneration methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqi Lan
- Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research CenterShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
| | - Xinke Li
- Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research CenterShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
- Nano Science and Technology InstituteUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaSuzhou215123China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Wenjiao Yao
- Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research CenterShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Carbon NeutralityShenzhen518055China
| | - Hui‐Ming Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Carbon NeutralityShenzhen518055China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon NeutralityShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences ShenzhenShenzhen518055P. R. China
| | - Yongbing Tang
- Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research CenterShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
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Zhang N, Xu Z, Deng W, Wang X. Recycling and Upcycling Spent LIB Cathodes: A Comprehensive Review. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Heath GA, Ravikumar D, Hansen B, Kupets E. A critical review of the circular economy for lithium-ion batteries and photovoltaic modules - status, challenges, and opportunities. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2022; 72:478-539. [PMID: 35687330 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2022.2068878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To meet net-zero emissions and cost targets for power production, recent analysis indicates that photovoltaic (PV) capacity in the United States could exceed 1 TW by 2050 alongside comparable levels of energy storage capacity, mostly from batteries. For comparison, the total U.S. utility-scale power capacity from all energy sources in 2020 was 1.2 TW, of which solar satisfied approximately 3%. With such massive scales of deployment, questions have arisen regarding issues of material supply for manufacturing, end-of-life management of technologies, environmental impacts across the life cycle, and economic costs to both individual consumers and society at large. A set of solutions to address these issues center on the development of a circular economy - shifting from a take-make-waste linear economic model to one that retains the value of materials and products as long as possible, recovering materials at end of life to recirculate back into the economy. With limited global experience, scholars and practitioners have begun to investigate circular economy pathways, focusing on applying novel technologies and analytical methods to fast-growing sectors like renewable energy. This critical review aims to synthesize the growing literature to identify key insights, gaps, and opportunities for research and implementation of a circular economy for two of the leading technologies that enable the transition to a renewable energy economy: solar PV and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). We apply state-of-the-science systematic literature review procedures to critically analyze over 3,000 publications on the circular economy of solar PV and LIBs, categorizing those that pass a series of objective screens in ways that can illuminate the current state of the art, highlight existing impediments to a circular economy, and recommend future technological and analytical research. We conclude that while neither PV nor LIB industries have reached a circular economy, they are both on a path towards increased circularity. Based on our assessment of the state of current literature and scientific understanding, we recommend research move beyond its prior emphasis on recycling technology development to more comprehensively investigate other CE strategies, more holistically consider economic, environmental and policy aspects of CE strategies, increase leveraging of digital information systems that can support acceleration towards a CE, and to continue to study CE-related aspects of LIB and PV markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garvin A Heath
- Strategic Energy Analysis Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
- Joint Institute for Strategic Energy Analysis, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Dwarakanath Ravikumar
- Strategic Energy Analysis Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Brianna Hansen
- Strategic Energy Analysis Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
- Joint Institute for Strategic Energy Analysis, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Elaine Kupets
- Strategic Energy Analysis Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
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Zhang J, Wenzel M, Steup J, Schaper G, Hennersdorf F, Du H, Zheng S, Lindoy LF, Weigand JJ. 4-Phosphoryl Pyrazolones for Highly Selective Lithium Separation from Alkali Metal Ions. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103640. [PMID: 34652866 PMCID: PMC9298229 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Effective receptors for the separation of Li+ from a mixture with other alkali metal ions under mild conditions remains an important challenge that could benefit from new approaches. In this study, it is demonstrated that the 4-phosphoryl pyrazolones, HL2 -HL4 , in the presence of the typical industrial organophosphorus co-ligands tributylphosphine oxide (TBPO), tributylphosphate (TBP) and trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO), are able to selectively recognise and extract lithium ions from aqueous solution. Structural investigations in solution as well as in the solid state reveal the existence of a series of multinuclear Li+ complexes that include dimers (TBPO, TBP) as well as rarely observed trimers (TOPO) and represent the first clear evidence for the synergistic role of the co-ligands in the extraction process. Our findings are supported by detailed NMR, MS and extraction studies. Liquid-liquid extraction in the presence of TOPO revealed an unprecedented high Li+ extraction efficiency (78 %) for HL4 compared to the use of the industrially employed acylpyrazolone HL1 (15 %) and benzoyl-1,1,1-trifluoroacetone (52 %) extractants. In addition, a high selectivity for Li+ over Na+ , K+ and Cs+ under mild conditions (pH ∼8.2) confirms that HL2 -HL4 represent a new class of ligands that are very effective extractants for use in lithium separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marco Wenzel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes Steup
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerrit Schaper
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Hennersdorf
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hao Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shili Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Leonard F Lindoy
- School of Chemistry, F11, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jan J Weigand
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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Kim S, Kang JS, Joo H, Sung YE, Yoon J. Understanding the Behaviors of λ-MnO 2 in Electrochemical Lithium Recovery: Key Limiting Factors and a Route to the Enhanced Performance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9044-9051. [PMID: 32545954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently developed electrochemical lithium recovery systems, whose operation principle mimics that of lithium-ion battery, enable selective recovery of lithium from source waters with a wide range of lithium ions (Li+) concentrations; however, physicochemical behaviors of the key component-Li+-selective electrode-in realistic operation conditions have been poorly understood. Herein, we report an investigation on a λ-MnO2 electrode during the electrochemical lithium recovery process with regards to the Li+ concentration in source water and operation rate of the system. Three distinctive stages of λ-MnO2 originating from different limiting factors for lithium recovery are defined with regard to the rate of Li+ supply from the electrolyte: depleted, transition, and saturated regions. By characterization of λ-MnO2 at different stages using diverse X-ray techniques, the importance of Li+ concentration in the vicinity of the electrode surface is revealed. On the basis of this understanding, increasing the density of the electrode/electrolyte interface is suggested as a realistic and general route to enhance the overall lithium recovery performance and is experimentally corroborated at a wide range of operation environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoni Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Kang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajoo Joo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Eun Sung
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyong Yoon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Korea Environment Institute (KEI), Sejong 30147, Republic of Korea
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Xiao J, Li J, Xu Z. Challenges to Future Development of Spent Lithium Ion Batteries Recovery from Environmental and Technological Perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9-25. [PMID: 31849217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Spent lithium ion battery (LIB) recovery is becoming quite urgent for environmental protection and social needs due to the rapid progress in LIB industries. However, recycling technologies cannot keep up with the exaltation of the LIB market. Technological improvement of processing spent batteries is necessary for industrial application. In this paper, spent LIB recovery processes are classified into three steps for discussion: gathering electrode materials, separating metal elements, and recycling separated metals. Detailed discussion and analysis are conducted in every step to provide beneficial advice for environmental protection and technology improvement of spent LIB recovery. Besides, the practical industrial recycling processes are introduced according to their advantages and disadvantages. And some recommendations are provided for existing problems. Based on current recycling technologies, the challenges for spent LIB recovery are summarized and discussed from technological and environmental perspectives. Furthermore, great effort should be made to promote the development of spent LIB recovery in future research as follows: (1) gathering high-purity electrode materials by mechanical pretreatment; (2) green metals leaching from electrode materials; (3) targeted extraction of metals from electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefeng Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
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