1
|
De Silva AO, Young CJ, Spencer C, Muir DCG, Sharp M, Lehnherr I, Criscitiello A. Canadian high arctic ice core records of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:2001-2014. [PMID: 37856255 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00215b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been used as flame retardants, plasticizers, and anti-foaming agents over the past several decades. Of particular interest is the long range transport potential of OPEs given their ubiquitous detection in Arctic marine air. Here we report 19 OPE congeners in ice cores drilled on remote icefields and ice caps in the Canadian high Arctic. A multi-decadal temporal profile was constructed in the sectioned ice cores representing a time scale spanning the 1970s to 2014-16. In the Devon Ice Cap record, the annual total OPE (∑OPEs) depositional flux for all of 2014 was 81 μg m-2, with the profile dominated by triphenylphosphate (TPP, 9.4 μg m-2) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP, 42 μg m-2). Here, many OPEs displayed an exponentially increasing depositional flux including TCPP which had a doubling time of 4.1 ± 0.44 years. At the more northern site on Mt. Oxford icefield, the OPE fluxes were lower. Here, the annual ∑OPEs flux in 2016 was 5.3 μg m-2, dominated by TCPP (1.5 μg m-2) but also tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (1.5 μg m-2 TBOEP). The temporal trend for halogenated OPEs in the Mt. Oxford icefield is bell-shaped, peaking in the mid-2000s. The observation of OPEs in remote Arctic ice cores demonstrates the cryosphere as a repository for these substances, and supports the potential for long-range transport of OPEs, likely associated with aerosol transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amila O De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Cora J Young
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Christine Spencer
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Martin Sharp
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Igor Lehnherr
- Department of Geography, Geomatics and Environment, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.
| | - Alison Criscitiello
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Karkee H, Gundlach-Graham A. Characterization and Quantification of Natural and Anthropogenic Titanium-Containing Particles Using Single-Particle ICP-TOFMS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14058-14070. [PMID: 37676008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Titanium-containing nanoparticles (NPs) and submicrometer particles (μPs) in the environment can come from natural or anthropogenic sources. In this study, we investigate the use of single-particle inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (spICP-TOFMS) to measure and classify individual Ti-containing particles as either engineered (Ti-eng) or naturally occurring (Ti-nat) based on elemental composition and multielement mass ratios. We analyze mixtures of four Ti-containing particle types: anthropogenic food-grade TiO2 particles and particles from rutile, ilmenite, and biotite mineral samples. Through characterization of neat particle suspensions, we develop a decision-tree-based classification scheme to distinguish Ti-eng from Ti-nat particles and to classify individual Ti-nat particles by mineral type. Engineered TiO2 and rutile particles have the same major-element composition. To distinguish Ti-eng particles from rutile, we developed particle-type detection limits based on the average crustal abundance ratio of titanium to niobium. For our measurements, the average Ti mass needed to classify Ti-eng particles is 9.3 fg, which corresponds to a diameter of 211 nm for TiO2. From neat suspensions, we demonstrate classification rates of 55%, 32%, 75%, and 72% for Ti-eng, rutile, ilmenite, and biotite particles, respectively. Our classification approach minimizes false-positive classifications, with rates below 5% for all particle types. Individual Ti-eng particles can be accurately classified at the submicron size range, while the Ti-nat particles are classified in the nanoregime (diameter < 100 nm). Efficacy of our classification approach is demonstrated through the analysis of controlled mixtures of Ti-eng and Ti-nat and the analysis of natural streamwater spiked with Ti-eng particles. In control mixtures, Ti-eng particles can be measured and classified at particle-number concentrations (PNCs) 60-times lower than that of Ti-nat particles and across a PNC range of at least 3 orders of magnitude. In the streamwater sample, Ti-eng particles are classified at environmentally relevant PNCs that are 44-times lower than the background Ti-nat PNC and 2850-times lower than the total PNC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hark Karkee
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gundlach-Graham A, Lancaster R. Mass-Dependent Critical Value Expressions for Particle Finding in Single-Particle ICP-TOFMS. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5618-5626. [PMID: 36943803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
In time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS), ion detection is often achieved via electron multiplication followed by fast analog-to-digital conversion (ADC). This detection approach is chosen over time-to-digital conversion because it extends the dynamic range of TOFMS measurements, especially for transient analyses. However, fast ADC detection also introduces measurement noise fundamental to the electron multiplication process. In previous research, we demonstrated that TOFMS signals acquired with fast ADC follow a compound Poisson distribution in which the Poisson-distributed arrival of ions at the detector is compounded with the response profile of the electron multiplier. Here, we consider the influence of mass-to-charge (m/z)-dependent detector responses and their impact on particle-finding accuracy in single-particle inductively coupled plasma TOFMS (spICP-TOFMS). In spICP-TOFMS, highly time-resolved ion signals are recorded and particle signals are distinguished from background signals based on thresholding the data at m/z-specific critical values. Through Monte Carlo modeling with measured m/z-dependent detector responses, we generate compound Poisson model distributions and critical values that accurately account for the dispersion of measured signals. We test the accuracy of critical values through the analysis of dissolved element solutions and comparison of measured versus predicted event rates above critical value thresholds. The use of m/z-dependent compound Poisson critical values reduces false-positive particle identifications by one to two orders of magnitude compared to thresholding criteria based on normal or Poisson statistics. The improved accuracy and robustness of compound Poisson critical values enables automated multi-element particle finding in spICP-TOFMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tian X, Jiang H, Wang M, Cui W, Guo Y, Zheng L, Hu L, Qu G, Yin Y, Cai Y, Jiang G. Exploring the performance of quadrupole, time-of-flight, and multi-collector ICP-MS for dual-isotope detection on single nanoparticles and cells. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1240:340756. [PMID: 36641141 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To meet the demand for multi-element/isotope analysis at the single nanoparticle (NP) or cell level, different types of inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) have been used to simultaneously monitor multiple mass-to-charge ratios in single-particle/cell ICP-MS (SP/SC-ICP-MS) analysis. Systematic evaluation and comparison of the performance of these techniques are urgently required. Herein, three ICP-quadrupole (Q)-MS, two ICP-time of flight (TOF)-MS, and one multi-collector (MC)-ICP-MS instruments were employed to simultaneously detect 107Ag and 109Ag on single Ag NPs and Ag-exposed cyanobacteria cells. The evaluation was conducted by comparing the measured event-specific 109Ag:107Ag ratios with the natural ratio. Duration of NP or cell events and time resolution in the peak hopping mode were the main factors affecting the performance of ICP-Q-MS. Under the optimal condition (100 μs for both dwell time and settling time), less than 45% of the NP or cell events had a 109Ag:107Ag ratio deviating <30% from the natural ratio. Most events obtained via ICP-TOF-MS were paired events with both isotopes detected. For large-size NPs and cells with high exposure levels, nearly 80% of the events had a ratio deviation within ±30%. MC-ICP-MS performed particularly well in isotope determination with all the events having a ratio deviation within ±5%. For ICP-TOF-MS and MC-ICP-MS, the signal intensity of the events was the main factor affecting the accuracy of the measured 109Ag:107Ag ratios due to the counting statistics. The established methods and results provide insight on the analyses of two elements/isotopes or more on single NPs or cells. Based on the comparison of the advantages and limitations of these instruments, this study provides a critical reference for future multi-element/isotope SP/SC-ICP-MS analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Tian
- Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effect, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effect, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Meng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenbin Cui
- R&D Center, Shandong Yingsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effect, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Lingna Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ligang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yongguang Yin
- Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effect, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Yong Cai
- Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effect, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, United States
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Simultaneous multi-element and multi-isotope detection in single-particle ICP-MS analysis: Principles and applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
6
|
Paleari CI, Mekhaldi F, Adolphi F, Christl M, Vockenhuber C, Gautschi P, Beer J, Brehm N, Erhardt T, Synal HA, Wacker L, Wilhelms F, Muscheler R. Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP. Nat Commun 2022; 13:214. [PMID: 35017519 PMCID: PMC8752676 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During solar storms, the Sun expels large amounts of energetic particles (SEP) that can react with the Earth's atmospheric constituents and produce cosmogenic radionuclides such as 14C, 10Be and 36Cl. Here we present 10Be and 36Cl data measured in ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica. The data consistently show one of the largest 10Be and 36Cl production peaks detected so far, most likely produced by an extreme SEP event that hit Earth 9125 years BP (before present, i.e., before 1950 CE), i.e., 7176 BCE. Using the 36Cl/10Be ratio, we demonstrate that this event was characterized by a very hard energy spectrum and was possibly up to two orders of magnitude larger than any SEP event during the instrumental period. Furthermore, we provide 10Be-based evidence that, contrary to expectations, the SEP event occurred near a solar minimum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara I Paleari
- Department of Geology - Quaternary Sciences, Lund University, 22362, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Florian Mekhaldi
- Department of Geology - Quaternary Sciences, Lund University, 22362, Lund, Sweden
- British Antarctic Survey, Ice Dynamics and Paleoclimate, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Florian Adolphi
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Marcus Christl
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Philip Gautschi
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Beer
- Department of Surface Waters, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Brehm
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Erhardt
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Arno Synal
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Wacker
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Wilhelms
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Department of Crystallography, Geoscience Centre, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Raimund Muscheler
- Department of Geology - Quaternary Sciences, Lund University, 22362, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang X, Liu H, Lu D, Lin Y, Liu J, Liu Q, Nie Z, Jiang G. Mass spectrometry for multi-dimensional characterization of natural and synthetic materials at the nanoscale. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5243-5280. [PMID: 33656017 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00714e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of materials at the nanoscale plays a crucial role in in-depth understanding the nature and processes of the substances. Mass spectrometry (MS) has characterization capabilities for nanomaterials (NMs) and nanostructures by offering reliable multi-dimensional information consisting of accurate mass, isotopic, and molecular structural information. In the last decade, MS has emerged as a powerful nano-characterization technique. This review comprehensively summarizes the capabilities of MS in various aspects of nano-characterization that greatly enrich the toolbox of nano research. Compared with other characterization techniques, MS has unique capabilities for real-time monitoring and tracking reaction intermediates and by-products. Moreover, MS has shown application potential in some novel aspects, such as MS imaging of the biodistribution and fate of NMs in animals and humans, stable isotopic tracing of NMs, and risk assessment of NMs, which deserve update and integration into the current knowledge framework of nano-characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Dawei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yue Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China and Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Laughton S, Laycock A, Bland G, von der Kammer F, Hofmann T, Casman EA, Lowry GV. Methanol-based extraction protocol for insoluble and moderately water-soluble nanoparticles in plants to enable characterization by single particle ICP-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:299-314. [PMID: 33123761 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The detection and characterization of soluble metal nanoparticles in plant tissues are an analytical challenge, though a scientific necessity for regulating nano-enabled agrichemicals. The efficacy of two extraction methods to prepare plant samples for analysis by single particle ICP-MS, an analytical method enabling both size determination and quantification of nanoparticles (NP), was assessed. A standard enzyme-based extraction was compared to a newly developed methanol-based approach. Au, CuO, and ZnO NPs were extracted from three different plant leaf materials (lettuce, corn, and kale) selected for their agricultural relevance and differing characteristics. The enzyme-based approach was found to be unsuitable because of changes in the recovered NP size distribution of CuO NP. The MeOH-based extraction allowed reproducible extraction of the particle size distribution (PSD) without major alteration caused by the extraction. The type of leaf tissue did not significantly affect the recovered PSD. Total metal losses during the extraction process were largely due to the filtration step prior to analysis by spICP-MS, though this did not significantly affect PSD recovery. The methanol extraction worked with the three different NPs and plants tested and is suitable for studying the fate of labile metal-based nano-enabled agrichemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Laughton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Center for Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Adam Laycock
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Garret Bland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Frank von der Kammer
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elizabeth A Casman
- Center for Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Gregory V Lowry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Center for Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|