1
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Kang Y, Tian P, Feng K, Li J, Hubacek K. Opportunities beyond net-zero CO 2 for cost-effective greenhouse gas mitigation in China. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024:S2095-9273(24)00589-9. [PMID: 39183110 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Achieving net-zero CO2 emissions is the current main focus of China's carbon neutrality goal. However, non-CO2 greenhouse gases (GHGs) are more powerful climate forcers, making their emission reduction an opportunity to rapidly mitigate future warming. Here, we evaluate non-CO2 mitigation potentials, costs and climate benefits in the context of China's carbon neutrality goals. The assessment is conducted by coupling the integrated assessment model GCAM with a climate emulator. The findings indicate that mitigation technologies can largely reduce fluorinated gas emissions from industrial sectors, but long-term non-CO2 reductions of energy sector activities rely heavily on fuel switching. Furthermore, the cumulative costs of deploying non-CO2 mitigation technologies are projected to be less than 10 % of the total costs of achieving carbon neutrality from 2020 to 2060. If non-CO2 mitigation measures are included in the overall mitigation portfolio, the benefits of avoided warming would by far outweigh the total mitigation cost increase. Our results thus highlight that incorporating a wider suite of GHGs into climate change mitigation strategies can enhance the cost-effectiveness of mitigation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Kang
- Institute of Blue and Green Development, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; Integrated Research on Energy, Environment and Society (IREES), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Peipei Tian
- Institute of Blue and Green Development, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Kuishuang Feng
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Jiashuo Li
- Institute of Blue and Green Development, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Klaus Hubacek
- Integrated Research on Energy, Environment and Society (IREES), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747 AG, the Netherlands
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2
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Zhao B, Xu Q, Lu J. Recent advances in abatement of methane and sulfur hexafluoride non-CO 2 greenhouse gases under dual-carbon target. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174992. [PMID: 39047831 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
With the clarification of the CO2 abatement targets and pathways, the management and control of non-CO2 greenhouse gases (GHGs) have been widely emphasized. As the potent GHGs restricted by the Kyoto Protocol, methane (CH4) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) emissions contribute to a significant and increasing share of the total global GHG emissions, resulting in a continuous impact on the environment. Hence, the abatement of CH4 and SF6, the potent GHGs, is a matter of urgency. This paper focuses on recent advances in abatement of lean CH4 and SF6 waste gas. Firstly, a systematic review of abatement technologies for lean CH4 is presented, and two methods, namely, pressure swing adsorption and catalytic combustion, are emphasized. Additionally, the current status of four mainstream methods such as adsorption separation, thermal (catalytic) degradation, photocatalytic degradation, and non-thermal plasma degradation, as well as emerging technologies for SF6 abatement are summarized, and the inherent shortcomings and industrialization potentials of each technology are analyzed from multiple perspectives. This review demonstrates that, under dual-carbon target, existing abatement technologies are inadequate to meet the complex and diverse demands of the power and coal industries. There are many drawbacks for lean CH4 abatement technologies such as high investment in utilization devices, low processing capacity, high operating cost and requirement of high CH4 concentration. Degradation technologies for SF6 waste gas also suffer from low energy efficiency, high investment in catalytic degradation devices, and secondary pollution of degradation products. Based on this, two large-scale processing schemes with high feasibility are proposed. Finally, the current research hotspots, challenges, and future directions are put forward. This review aims to contribute some new perspectives to the abatement efforts of non-CO2 GHGs, so that the dual-carbon target can be realized as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhao
- Dept. Environ. Sci. & Engn., Hebei Key Lab. Power Plant Flue Gas Multipollutant, North China Elect. Power Univ., Baoding 071003, PR China
| | - Qing Xu
- Dept. Environ. Sci. & Engn., Hebei Key Lab. Power Plant Flue Gas Multipollutant, North China Elect. Power Univ., Baoding 071003, PR China
| | - Jianyi Lu
- Dept. Environ. Sci. & Engn., Hebei Key Lab. Power Plant Flue Gas Multipollutant, North China Elect. Power Univ., Baoding 071003, PR China; Coll. Environm. Sci. & Engn, MOE Key Lab Resources & Environm. Syst. Optimizat., North China Elect. Power Univ., Beijing 102206, PR China.
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3
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Dai F, Wang Y. Mitigating methane emissions: Domestic and joint efforts by the United States and China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 20:100398. [PMID: 38572084 PMCID: PMC10987791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2024.100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Dai
- California-China Climate Institute, The University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Sun S, Ma L, Li Z. Methane emission and influencing factors of China's oil and natural gas sector in 2020-2060: A source level analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167116. [PMID: 37722430 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese oil and gas industry requires targeted policies to reduce methane emissions. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to predict future methane emission trends and analyze the factors that influence them. However, changing economic development patterns, insufficient analysis of various factors influencing emissions, and inadequate resolution of methane emission inventories have made these goals difficult to achieve. Accordingly, this study aims to expand the methane emission estimation method to compile source-level emission inventories for future emissions, analyze the factors influencing them, and form a mechanistic understanding of the methane emissions from the local oil and gas industry. The research results indicate that methane emissions deriving from this industry will increase rapidly before 2030, after which they will decline slowly in all scenarios. The production and utilization processes in the natural gas supply chain, i.e., compressors and liquid unloading, include the main sources of methane emissions. Emissions are affected significantly by total production and consumption. Change in the overall supply and demand of natural gas affects change in methane emissions more significantly than adopting new technologies and strengthening facility maintenance, i.e., the overall supply and demand of natural gas are the dominant factors in controlling methane emissions. This study suggests that controlling the total demand for oil and gas should be at the core of the methane emission control policy for the local oil and gas industry. Moreover, equipment maintenance and emission reduction technologies should be used more effectively to reduce total emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua-BP Clean Energy Research and Education Centre, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Linwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua-BP Clean Energy Research and Education Centre, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua-BP Clean Energy Research and Education Centre, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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5
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Wu B, Li J, Yao Z, Li X, Wang W, Wu Z, Zhou Q. Characteristics and reduction assessment of GHG emissions from crop residue open burning in China under the targets of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167235. [PMID: 37751839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Driven by the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the crop residue open burning (CROB) in China cannot be ignored. In this study, we have established a high-resolution (0.05° × 0.05°) GHG emissions inventory (including CO2, CH4, and N2O) of CROB from 2012 to 2021 in China based on the VIIRS data and official statistics. To improve the results accuracy, we compared the two commonly used bases for grid allocation, fire counts (FC) and fire radiative power (FRP), in the construction of high-resolution inventory. In 2012, GHG emissions are overestimated by 599 t CO2e per grid on average in 24,577 grids, and underestimated by 1096 t CO2e per grid on average in 13,546 grids based on FC compared to FRP. Then, we characterized the spatial and temporal distribution of GHG emissions from CROB by using the FRP-based method. From 2012 to 2021, total GHG emissions from CROB in China have decreased by 31.2 %, of which the East and South-Central China contributed 22.51 and 9.12 Tg CO2e of GHG reductions, while the Northeast China contributed 10.73 Tg CO2e of GHG growth, respectively. In addition, GHG emissions from CROB on the time scale are mainly concentrated in April, June, and October, with variations between years and regions influenced by the policy, climate, and farmers' perceptions. Finally, we assessed the GHG emission reductions from CROB under different scenarios in the future. By 2060, GHG emissions would be significantly reduced by 57.3 %-77.9 % compared to 2021 under effective control measures. We believe the results will be of great significance for GHG policy formulation and emission reduction potential assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Wu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jiahan Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Xin Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zichun Wu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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6
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Guo L, Fang X. Mitigation of Fully Fluorinated Greenhouse Gas Emissions in China and Implications for Climate Change Mitigation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19487-19496. [PMID: 37948623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Fully fluorinated greenhouse gases (FFGHGs), including sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs), have drawn attention because they have long atmospheric lifetimes (up to thousands of years) and high global warming potential. Targeting SF6, NF3, and four PFCs (CF4, C2F6, C3F8, and c-C4F8), this study projects future FFGHG emission patterns in China, explores their mitigation potential, and evaluates the effects of FFGHG emission reduction on the achievement of the country's carbon neutrality goal and climate change. FFGHG emissions are expected to increase consistently, ranging from 506 to 1356 Mt CO2-eq yr-1 in 2060 under the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. If mitigation strategies are sufficiently employed, FFGHG emissions under three mitigation scenarios: Technologically Feasible 2030, Technologically Feasible 2050, and Technologically Feasible 2060, will eventually decrease to approximately 49-78, 70-110, and 98-164 Mt CO2-eq yr-1 in 2060, respectively, compared to the BAU scenario. Extensive implementation of FFGHG emission mitigation technologies will curb temperature rise by 0.008-0.013 °C under the slowest mitigation scenario, compared to 0.013-0.026 °C under the BAU scenario. Well-coordinated policies and reforms on FFGHG emission mitigation are recommended to prevent potential adverse effects on the climate to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Guo
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Gao Y, Jiang M, Yang L, Li Z, Tian FX, He Y. Recent progress of catalytic methane combustion over transition metal oxide catalysts. Front Chem 2022; 10:959422. [PMID: 36003612 PMCID: PMC9393236 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.959422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methane (CH4) is one of the cleanest fossil fuel resources and is playing an increasingly indispensable role in our way to carbon neutrality, by providing less carbon-intensive heat and electricity worldwide. On the other hand, the atmospheric concentration of CH4 has raced past 1,900 ppb in 2021, almost triple its pre-industrial levels. As a greenhouse gas at least 86 times as potent as carbon dioxide (CO2) over 20 years, CH4 is becoming a major threat to the global goal of deviating Earth temperature from the +2°C scenario. Consequently, all CH4-powered facilities must be strictly coupled with remediation plans for unburned CH4 in the exhaust to avoid further exacerbating the environmental stress, among which catalytic CH4 combustion (CMC) is one of the most effective strategies to solve this issue. Most current CMC catalysts are noble-metal-based owing to their outstanding C–H bond activation capability, while their high cost and poor thermal stability have driven the search for alternative options, among which transition metal oxide (TMO) catalysts have attracted extensive attention due to their Earth abundance, high thermal stability, variable oxidation states, rich acidic and basic sites, etc. To date, many TMO catalysts have shown comparable catalytic performance with that of noble metals, while their fundamental reaction mechanisms are explored to a much less extent and remain to be controversial, which hinders the further optimization of the TMO catalytic systems. Therefore, in this review, we provide a systematic compilation of the recent research advances in TMO-based CMC reactions, together with their detailed reaction mechanisms. We start with introducing the scientific fundamentals of the CMC reaction itself as well as the unique and desirable features of TMOs applied in CMC, followed by a detailed introduction of four different kinetic reaction models proposed for the reactions. Next, we categorize the TMOs of interests into single and hybrid systems, summarizing their specific morphology characterization, catalytic performance, kinetic properties, with special emphasis on the reaction mechanisms and interfacial properties. Finally, we conclude the review with a summary and outlook on the TMOs for practical CMC applications. In addition, we also further prospect the enormous potentials of TMOs in producing value-added chemicals beyond combustion, such as direct partial oxidation to methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- UM-SJTU Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxin Jiang
- UM-SJTU Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liuqingqing Yang
- UM-SJTU Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- UM-SJTU Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei-Xiang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulian He
- UM-SJTU Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yulian He,
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8
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Chou J, Li Y, Xu Y, Zhao W, Li J, Hao Y. Carbon dioxide emission characteristics and peak trend analysis of countries along the Belt and Road. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022:10.1007/s11356-022-22124-7. [PMID: 35895171 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Under the pressure of global carbon neutrality, it is necessary to study the characteristics of carbon emissions and the trend of "carbon peaking" in countries along the "Belt and Road." Because most of these countries have not yet reached their peak carbon emissions, they still have great potential for growth, and peak carbon emissions are a prerequisite for carbon neutrality. This paper divides the countries along the Belt and Road into 9 country groups according to the level of economic development and industrial structure. Based on the carbon emission panel data of countries along the "Belt and Road" from 1970 to 2018 and environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) theory, a panel model was established for each country group for research. This paper analyzes the characteristics of carbon emissions and the trend of "carbon peaking" in these countries and analyzes the economic growth and carbon emissions in combination with the Tapio decoupling model. The decoupling relationship changes on the time scale as a supplement. The results show that in the study area, some countries have completely passed the "carbon peak." The reasons for this are as follows: first, the carbon peak is achieved through industrial upgrading; second, the "carbon peak" is caused by the drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union and deindustrialization; and third, the carbon peak is caused by poverty and population growth. Most of the remaining countries have not yet achieved the carbon peak. Among them, some countries represented by the Middle East are highly coupled with their economic development and carbon emissions. Middle-income and high-industrial-dependence countries are in the transitional period in terms of the carbon peak. Low-income and medium- and high-industrial-dependence countries are currently still in the stage of barbaric development. From the research on the decoupling situation, the relationship between the economic growth of countries along the "Belt and Road" and their carbon emissions has been improving in recent decades, and it is expected that a more ideal state of decoupling will be achieved in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieming Chou
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Yuanmeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Weixing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jiangnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yidan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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9
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Gao N, Wei Y, Zhang W, Yang B, Shen Y, Yue S, Li S. Carbon footprint, yield and economic performance assessment of different mulching strategies in a semi-arid spring maize system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154021. [PMID: 35202691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Crop productivity maximization while minimizing carbon emissions is of critical importance for achieving sustainable agriculture. Socio-economic and ecological benefits should be taken together under the circumstance of stagnant farming profitability and climatic variability. The effectiveness of various mulching strategies in rain-fed semiarid areas has been confirmed, but scarce the comprehensive evaluations of the conventional and new mulching strategies in terms of yield, economic benefit, and carbon footprint based on life cycle assessment (LCA) have been conducted. Hence, a two-year field experiment was conducted on maize (Zea mays L.) crop to explore the effects of four mulching strategies (PM: plastic-film mulching, SM: maize straw mulching, BM: biodegradable-film mulching, and NM: no mulching) on the yield, net return, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and carbon footprint (CF). The results revealed that PM and BM significantly increased maize yield by 11.3-13.3% and 9.4-10.6%. PM marginally raised the net return by 2.0-2.4% whereas BM slightly reduced it by 4.6-8.8% relative to NM. Unexpectedly, the yield and net return were the lowest under SM, and intensified N2O emissions, GWPdirect, and yield-scaled GWPdirect were observed. When the GHGs using LCA concept and SOC sequestration rate were considered, the lowest net GWP (1804.1-1836.4 kg CO2-eq ha-1) and CF (148.9-119.9kg CO2-eq t-1) were observed in the SM treatment due to the boost of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. Conversely, PM and BM significantly increased the net GWP and CF compared to NM. When the tradeoffs between the high production, high net return and low net GWP were assessed by an integrated evaluation framework, the NM was recommended as an efficient low-carbon agricultural practice in the rain-fed semiarid areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yanan Wei
- College of Resource and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China
| | - WeiWei Zhang
- College of Resource and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Bin Yang
- College of Resource and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yufang Shen
- College of Resource and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shanchao Yue
- College of Resource and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shiqing Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Resource and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China.
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10
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Xu P, Houlton BZ, Zheng Y, Zhou F, Ma L, Li B, Liu X, Li G, Lu H, Quan F, Hu S, Chen A. Policy-enabled stabilization of nitrous oxide emissions from livestock production in China over 1978-2017. NATURE FOOD 2022; 3:356-366. [PMID: 37117572 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00513-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Mitigating livestock-related nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions is key for China to meet its 2060 carbon neutrality target. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of the magnitude, spatiotemporal variation and drivers of Chinese livestock N2O emissions from 1978 to 2017. We developed scenarios to explore emissions mitigation potential and associated marginal abatement costs and social benefits. The average growth rate of China's livestock N2O emissions increased by 4.6% per year through 2006, falling sharply over 2007-2015 and gradually declining in 2017 due to a slowdown in population and meat-consumption growth rates. We estimate the technical mitigation potential of livestock N2O emissions in 2030 to be 7-21% (or 23.1-70.9 Gg N2O), with implementation costs of US$5.5 billion to US$6.0 billion. Priority regions for intervention were identified in the North China Plain, Northeast Plain and Lianghu Plain. Among mitigation opportunities, anaerobic digestion offers the greatest social benefit, while low crude protein feed is the most cost-effective option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Benjamin Z Houlton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Department of Global Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- Shenzhen Municipal Engineering Lab of Environmental IoT Technologies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Feng Zhou
- Sino-France Institute of Earth Systems Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Geng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Function Hub, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Quan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiyao Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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11
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Ziyuan C, Yibo Y, Simayi Z, Shengtian Y, Abulimiti M, Yuqing W. Carbon emissions index decomposition and carbon emissions prediction in Xinjiang from the perspective of population-related factors, based on the combination of STIRPAT model and neural network. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:31781-31796. [PMID: 35013948 PMCID: PMC8747851 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17976-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the STIRPAT model was adopted to examine the impacts of several factors on dioxide emissions using the time series data from 2000 to 2019 in Xinjiang. The said factors included population aging, urbanization, household size, per capita GDP, number of vehicles, per capita mutton consumption, education level, and household direct energy consumption structure. Findings were made that the positive effects of urbanization, per capita GDP, per capita mutton consumption and education on carbon emissions were obvious; the number of vehicles had the biggest positive impact on carbon dioxide emissions; and household size and household direct energy consumption structure had a significantly negative impact on carbon emissions. Based on the aforementioned findings, the GA-BP neural network was introduced to predict the carbon emission trend of Xinjiang in 2020-2050. The results reveal that the peak time of the low-carbon scenario was the earliest, between 2029 and 2033. The peak time of the middle scenario was later than low-carbon scenario, between 2032 and 2037, while the peak time of the high-carbon scenario was the latest and was unlikely to reach the peak before 2050.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai Ziyuan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830046 China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Ministry of Education Laboratory, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830046 China
| | - Yan Yibo
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830046 China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Ministry of Education Laboratory, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830046 China
| | - Zibibula Simayi
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830046 China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Ministry of Education Laboratory, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830046 China
| | - Yang Shengtian
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830046 China
- School of Geography and Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Maliyamuguli Abulimiti
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830046 China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Ministry of Education Laboratory, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830046 China
| | - Wang Yuqing
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830046 China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Ministry of Education Laboratory, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830046 China
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12
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He J, Li Z, Zhang X, Wang H, Dong W, Du E, Chang S, Ou X, Guo S, Tian Z, Gu A, Teng F, Hu B, Yang X, Chen S, Yao M, Yuan Z, Zhou L, Zhao X, Li Y, Zhang D. Towards carbon neutrality: A study on China's long-term low-carbon transition pathways and strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 9:100134. [PMID: 36157858 PMCID: PMC9488042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2021.100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
As the world's biggest carbon dioxide (CO2) emitter and the largest developing country, China faces daunting challenges to peak its emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality within 40 years. This study fully considered the carbon-neutrality goal and the temperature rise constraints required by the Paris Agreement, by developing six long-term development scenarios, and conducting a quantitative evaluation on the carbon emissions pathways, energy transformation, technology, policy and investment demand for each scenario. This study combined both bottom-up and top-down methodologies, including simulations and analyses of energy consumption of end-use and power sectors (bottom-up), as well as scenario analysis, investment demand and technology evaluation at the macro level (top-down). This study demonstrates that achieving carbon neutrality before 2060 translates to significant efforts and overwhelming challenges for China. To comply with the target, a high rate of an average annual reduction of CO2 emissions by 9.3% from 2030 to 2050 is a necessity, which requires a huge investment demand. For example, in the 1.5 °C scenario, an investment in energy infrastructure alone equivalent to 2.6% of that year's GDP will be necessary. The technological pathway towards carbon neutrality will rely highly on both conventional emission reduction technologies and breakthrough technologies. China needs to balance a long-term development strategy of lower greenhouse gas emissions that meets both the Paris Agreement and the long-term goals for domestic economic and social development, with a phased implementation for both its five-year and long-term plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankun He
- Institute of Climate Change and Sustainable Development, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Institute of Climate Change and Sustainable Development, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Corresponding author. Institute of Climate Change and Sustainable Development, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xiliang Zhang
- Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hailin Wang
- Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenjuan Dong
- Institute of Climate Change and Sustainable Development, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ershun Du
- Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shiyan Chang
- Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xunmin Ou
- Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Siyue Guo
- Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhiyu Tian
- Energy Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Macroeconomic Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Alun Gu
- Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Institute of Climate Change and Sustainable Development, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiu Yang
- Institute of Climate Change and Sustainable Development, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mingtao Yao
- Energy Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Macroeconomic Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Zhiyi Yuan
- Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhao
- Division of Public Policy, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Climate Change and Sustainable Development, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Danwei Zhang
- Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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13
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Synthesis of titanium oxyfluoride with oxygen vacancy as novel catalysts for pyrolysis of fluorinated greenhouse gasses to hydrofluoroolefins. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Mi Z, Zheng J, Green F, Guan D, Meng J, Feng K, Liang X, Wang S. Decoupling without outsourcing? How China's consumption-based CO 2 emissions have plateaued. iScience 2021; 24:103130. [PMID: 34622174 PMCID: PMC8482520 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The shift of China’s economy since 2013, dubbed the “new normal”, has caused its production and consumption emissions to plateau, with the country seeming to embody the tantalizing promise of decoupling its economic growth from carbon emissions. By using multi-region input-output analysis, we find that China’s relative decoupling in the new normal is technology driven, evidenced by the narrowing gap between its technology-adjusted and non-adjusted consumption emissions. By applying structural decomposition analysis, we further explore the driving forces behind the slowdown in China’s imported emissions growth, finding that it is attributable to restructuring of import patterns resulting from changes in the structures of domestic demand. These changes could have been caused by China moving along the global value chain and rebalancing its industrial linkages toward trade in carbon-efficient goods to avoid transferring emissions-intensive production to other regions, indicating a shift to less emissions-intensive trade rather than pure outsourcing. China’s consumption-based CO2 emissions have plateaued during the “new normal” period Technology-adjusted consumption emissions show relative decoupling is technology driven The slowdown in import emissions growth is related to restructuring of import patterns Improvements in trade patterns have occurred, rather than pure outsourcing of emissions
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifu Mi
- The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Jiali Zheng
- The School of Management, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fergus Green
- Department of Political Science, University College London, London WC1H 9QU, UK
| | - Dabo Guan
- The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK.,Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Jing Meng
- The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Kuishuang Feng
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Xi Liang
- The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Shouyang Wang
- Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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15
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Gao J, Guan C, Zhang B. China's CH 4 emissions from coal mining: A review of current bottom-up inventories. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 725:138295. [PMID: 32278176 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As the world's largest CH4 emitter, China's CH4 emissions contribute to climate change more than the amount emitted by many developed countries combined. The rapid growth of China's coal demand has important implications for CH4 emissions from coal mining or coal mine methane (CMM) emissions. This paper aims to present an overview of bottom-up estimation of China's CMM emissions, including the trend in the last four decades and the limitations of current understanding on CH4 emissions. Although characterized by significant differences in inventory compilation, statistically, the total CMM emissions rose from 4.64 to 16.41 Tg with a peak of 21.48 Tg from 1980 to 2016. Large discrepancies of inventory results existed in previous studies, which were affected by the coverage of emission sources, emission factors and activity-level data. The disagreements can be largely attributable to the emission factors of underground mining, which contain substantial variances in both spatial and temporal dimensions. To develop more reliable CMM inventories and make targeted mitigation measures, more attention should be paid to the transparency of the estimated results, coal statistics, on-site CMM emission factors, and the emissions from abandoned coal mines. As the leading CH4 emission source in China, the estimations of CMM emissions urgently need to overcome existing and emerging challenges for compiling a consistent and accurate inventory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlian Gao
- School of Management, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - ChengHe Guan
- New York University Shanghai, Shanghai 200122, PR China; Harvard China Project, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, MA 02138, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Management, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China; Harvard China Project, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, MA 02138, United States; State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China.
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