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Langan LM, Paparella M, Burden N, Constantine L, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Miller TH, Moe SJ, Owen SF, Schaffert A, Sikanen T. Big Question to Developing Solutions: A Decade of Progress in the Development of Aquatic New Approach Methodologies from 2012 to 2022. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:559-574. [PMID: 36722131 PMCID: PMC10390655 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In 2012, 20 key questions related to hazard and exposure assessment and environmental and health risks of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the natural environment were identified. A decade later, this article examines the current level of knowledge around one of the lowest-ranking questions at that time, number 19: "Can nonanimal testing methods be developed that will provide equivalent or better hazard data compared with current in vivo methods?" The inclusion of alternative methods that replace, reduce, or refine animal testing within the regulatory context of risk and hazard assessment of chemicals generally faces many hurdles, although this varies both by organism (human-centric vs. other), sector, and geographical region or country. Focusing on the past 10 years, only works that might reasonably be considered to contribute to advancements in the field of aquatic environmental risk assessment are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to methods of contemporary interest and importance, representing progress in (1) the development of methods which provide equivalent or better data compared with current in vivo methods such as bioaccumulation, (2) weight of evidence, or (3) -omic-based applications. Evolution and convergence of these risk assessment areas offer the basis for fundamental frameshifts in how data are collated and used for the protection of taxa across the breadth of the aquatic environment. Looking to the future, we are at a tipping point, with a need for a global and inclusive approach to establish consensus. Bringing together these methods (both new and old) for regulatory assessment and decision-making will require a concerted effort and orchestration. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:559-574. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Langan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Martin Paparella
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natalie Burden
- National Centre for the 3Rs (NC3Rs), Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK
| | | | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NQ, UK
| | - Thomas H. Miller
- Centre for Pollution Research & Policy, Environmental Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - S. Jannicke Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stewart F. Owen
- AstraZeneca, Global Sustainability, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Alexandra Schaffert
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tiina Sikanen
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 3, Helsinki, 00100, Finland
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Pasquariello R, Pavlovic R, Chacon MA, Camin F, Verdile N, Løkka G, Panseri S, Faustini M, Tandler A, Peggs D, Kortner TM, Bitan A, Brevini TAL, Gandolfi F. Development of a Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Intestinal In Vitro Platform for Profiling Amino Acid Digestion and Absorption of a Complete Diet. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2278. [PMID: 37508055 PMCID: PMC10376269 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The ever-increasing number and variation of raw materials utilized to provide alternative feed formulations continues to allow for a more sustainable and flexible approach. Testing all these options in vivo is still the most robust and reliable manner to pick the best raw material candidates, but it requires the use of large numbers of animals and is time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, we are developing an in vitro platform that can provide a reliable evaluation of new ingredients. The main aim of this work was to combine an in vitro digestion protocol of extruded, commercially relevant aquafeeds with the exposure of intestinal epithelial cells to the extracted bio-available fraction (BAF). The results show that 250,000 cells/cm2 represents the optimal seeding density and that up to 50% BAF concentration for up to 24 h had no negative effects on the epithelial barrier morphology and function. It is possible to determine amino acid digestibility and bioavailability in all the experimental conditions (with and without BSA, at 25% and 50% dilution) and at all time points (0, 6, and 24 h). However, BAF concentration, the medium used for its dilution, and the length of exposure to the different epithelial cell lines can all influence the results and, therefore, must be selected according to the final aim of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Pasquariello
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility (ProMeFa), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Marcelo A Chacon
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), The National Center for Mariculture, Eilat 8800001, Israel
| | - Federica Camin
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicole Verdile
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Guro Løkka
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Massimo Faustini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Amos Tandler
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), The National Center for Mariculture, Eilat 8800001, Israel
| | - David Peggs
- Skretting Aquaculture Research Centre, 4016 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Trond M Kortner
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Amir Bitan
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), The National Center for Mariculture, Eilat 8800001, Israel
| | - Tiziana A L Brevini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Fulvio Gandolfi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Balk F, Hollender J, Schirmer K. Investigating the bioaccumulation potential of anionic organic compounds using a permanent rainbow trout liver cell line. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 174:107798. [PMID: 36965398 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Permanent rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell lines represent potential in vitro alternatives to experiments with fish. We here developed a method to assess the bioaccumulation potential of anionic organic compounds in fish, using the rainbow trout liver-derived RTL-W1 cell line. Based on the availability of high quality in vivo bioconcentration (BCF) and biomagnification (BMF) data and the substances' charge state at physiological pH, four anionic compounds were selected: pentachlorophenol (PCP), diclofenac (DCF), tecloftalam (TT) and benzotriazol-tert-butyl-hydroxyl-phenyl propanoic acid (BHPP). The fish cell line acute toxicity assay (OECD TG249) was used to derive effective concentrations 50 % and non-toxic exposure concentrations to determine exposure concentrations for bioaccumulation experiments. Bioaccumulation experiments were performed over 48 h with a total of six time points, at which cell, medium and plastic fractions were sampled and measured using high resolution tandem mass spectrometry after online solid phase extraction. Observed cell internal concentrations were over-predicted by KOW-derived predictions while pH-dependent octanol-water partitioning (DOW) and membrane lipid-water partitioning (DMLW) gave better predictions of cell internal concentrations. Measured medium and cell internal concentrations at steady state were used to calculate RTL-W1-based BCF, which were compared to DOW- or DMLW-based model approaches and in vivo data. With the exception of PCP, the cell-derived BCF best compared to DOW-based model predictions, which were higher than predictions based on DMLW. All methods predicted the in vivo BCF for diclofenac well. For PCP, the cell-derived BCF was lowest although all BCF predictions underestimated the in vivo BCF by ≥ 1 order of magnitude. The RTL-W1 cells, and all other prediction methods, largely overestimated in vivo BMF, which were available for PCP, TT and BHPP. We conclude that the RTL-W1 cell line can supplement BCF predictions for anionic compounds. For BMF estimations, however, in vitro-in vivo extrapolations need adaptation or a multiple cell line approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Balk
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Ligina V, Martin R, Aiswarya MV, Mashirin KR, Chitra KC. Acute and sublethal effects of acrylamide on the freshwater fish Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:90835-90851. [PMID: 35879632 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide, a synthetic compound, has a wide range of industrial applications that find multiple ways to reach aquatic ecosystem. The median lethal concentration of acrylamide determined using probit analysis in the fish Anabas testudineus was 132 µg L-1 concentration together with altered behavioral patterns. Hematological and antioxidant status was evaluated at a sublethal concentration (one-tenth of LC50-96 h), i.e., 13.2 µg L-1 concentration for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. A reduction in erythrocytes count, hemoglobin content, and packed cell volume with a significant (P < 0.05) increase in leukocyte counts and differential counts were observed. Erythrocyte indices like mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) increased, whereas the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease when compared with control groups. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase in gill tissues showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction, whereas the levels of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation increased significantly (P < 0.05) indicating oxidative stress. The findings suggest that acrylamide at sublethal concentration caused alteration in hematological parameters and induced oxidative stress in gill tissue of the fish A. testudineus. Hence, restrictions on the use of acrylamide in food and industrial products are recommended since humans are the direct consumer of fish products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velliyath Ligina
- Endocrinology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Malappuram District, Kerala, 673 635, India
| | - Ranjana Martin
- Endocrinology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Malappuram District, Kerala, 673 635, India
| | | | - Kajahussain Reeha Mashirin
- Endocrinology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Malappuram District, Kerala, 673 635, India
| | - Kumari Chidambaran Chitra
- Endocrinology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Malappuram District, Kerala, 673 635, India.
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Hou R, Huang Q, Pan Y, Lin L, Liu S, Li H, Xu X. Novel Brominated Flame Retardants (NBFRs) in a Tropical Marine Food Web from the South China Sea: The Influence of Hydrophobicity and Biotransformation on Structure-Related Trophodynamics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3147-3158. [PMID: 35175039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increasing discharge and ubiquitous occurrence of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in aquatic environments have initiated intense global concerns; however, little information is available regarding their structure-related trophodynamics in marine food webs. In this study, a tropical marine food web including 29 species (18 fish and 11 invertebrate species) was collected from coral reef waters of the Xisha Islands, the South China Sea, for an analysis of 11 representative NBFRs. The mean ∑NBFR concentrations generally increased in the following sequence: sea cucumbers (0.330 ng/g lw) < crabs (0.380 ng/g lw) < shells (2.10 ng/g lw) < herbivorous fishes (2.30 ng/g lw) < carnivorous fishes (4.13 ng/g lw), with decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and hexabromobenzene (HBB) as the predominant components. Trophic magnification was observed for all of the investigated NBFRs, with trophic magnification factors (TMFs) ranging from 1.53 (tetrabromobisphenol A bis(dibromopropyl ether)) to 5.32 (HBB). Significant negative correlations were also found between the TMFs and the tested in vitro transformation clearance rates (CLin vitro) for the target NBFRs except for bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (TBPH) (p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis confirmed that the transformation rate is a more powerful predictor for TMFs than the hydrophobicity of NBFRs in this marine food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Qianyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunfeng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Hengxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
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6
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Zoppo M, Okoniewski N, Pantelyushin S, Vom Berg J, Schirmer K. A ribonucleoprotein transfection strategy for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing and single cell cloning in rainbow trout cells. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:103. [PMID: 34082820 PMCID: PMC8176604 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advent of the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology marked the beginning of a new era in the field of molecular biology, allowing the efficient and precise creation of targeted mutations in the genome of every living cell. Since its discovery, different gene editing approaches based on the CRISPR/Cas9 technology have been widely established in mammalian cell lines, while limited knowledge is available on genetic manipulation in fish cell lines. In this work, we developed a strategy to CRISPR/Cas9 gene edit rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell lines and to generate single cell clone-derived knock-out cell lines, focusing on the phase I biotransformation enzyme encoding gene, cyp1a1, and on the intestinal cell line, RTgutGC, as example. RESULTS Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, consisting of the Cas9 protein and a fluorescently labeled crRNA/tracrRNA duplex targeting the cyp1a1 gene, were delivered via electroporation. A T7 endonuclease I (T7EI) assay was performed on flow cytometry enriched transfected cells in order to detect CRISPR-mediated targeted mutations in the cyp1a1 locus, revealing an overall gene editing efficiency of 39%. Sanger sequencing coupled with bioinformatic analysis led to the detection of multiple insertions and deletions of variable lengths in the cyp1a1 region directed by CRISPR/Cas9 machinery. Clonal isolation based on the use of cloning cylinders was applied, allowing to overcome the genetic heterogeneity created by the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Using this method, two monoclonal CRISPR edited rainbow trout cell lines were established for the first time. Sequencing analysis of the mutant clones confirmed the disruption of the cyp1a1 gene open reading frame through the insertion of 101 or 1 base pair, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The designed RNP-based CRISPR/Cas9 approach, starting from overcoming limitations of transfection to achieving a clonal cell line, sets the stage for exploiting permanent gene editing in rainbow trout, and potentially other fish cells, for unprecedented exploration of gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Zoppo
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Nicole Okoniewski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Stanislav Pantelyushin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Vom Berg
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,ENAC, EPF Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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Krause S, Goss KU. Relevance of desorption kinetics and permeability for in vitro-based predictions of hepatic clearance in fish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 235:105825. [PMID: 33857871 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The impact of desorption kinetics and permeation kinetics on in vitro-based predictions of in vivo hepatic blood clearances is investigated in the present study. Most commonly, possible limitations due to slow desorption of chemicals from albumin or slow permeation of chemicals through cellular membranes are not considered when in vivo clearances are predicted from in vitro biotransformation rate constants. To evaluate whether the most commonly used extrapolation models might thus overlook important kinetic limitations, we compare predictions of in vivo clearance that explicitly consider desorption and permeation kinetics with predictions of in vivo clearance that neglect these aspects. Our results show that strong limitations due to slow permeation kinetics are possible depending on the assumed permeability value. While permeability values estimated with a mechanistic approach are fast enough to avoid significant limitations, other experimentally derived permeability values lead to dramatically decreased in vivo clearance predictions. These latter values lead to unrealistically low in vivo biotransformation estimates. Furthermore, we also evaluated the implications of desorption kinetics using experimentally determined desorption rate constants. These evaluations show that slow desorption kinetics are unlikely to limit in vivo clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Krause
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Kai-Uwe Goss
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; University of Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
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Chapman FM, Sparham C, Hastie C, Sanders DJ, van Egmond R, Chapman KE, Doak SH, Scott AD, Jenkins GJS. Comparison of passive-dosed and solvent spiked exposures of pro-carcinogen, benzo[a]pyrene, to human lymphoblastoid cell line, MCL-5. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104905. [PMID: 32497684 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxicity testing methods in vitro provide a means to predict the DNA damaging effects of chemicals on human cells. This is hindered in the case of hydrophobic test compounds, however, which will partition to in vitro components such as plastic-ware and medium proteins, in preference to the aqueous phase of the exposure medium. This affects the freely available test chemical concentration, and as this freely dissolved aqueous concentration is that bioavailable to cells, it is important to define and maintain this exposure. Passive dosing promises to have an advantage over traditional 'solvent spiking' exposure methods and involves the establishment and maintenance of known chemical concentrations in the in vitro medium, and therefore aqueous phase. Passive dosing was applied in a novel format to expose the MCL-5 human lymphoblastoid cell line to the pro-carcinogen, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and was compared to solvent (dimethyl sulphoxide) spiked B[a]P exposures over 48 h. Passive dosing induced greater changes, at lower concentrations, to micronucleus frequency, p21 mRNA expression, cell cycle abnormalities, and cell and nuclear morphology. This was attributed to a maintained, definable, free chemical concentration using passive dosing and the presence or absence of solvent, and highlights the influence of exposure choice on genotoxic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Chapman
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Chris Sparham
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Colin Hastie
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - David J Sanders
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Roger van Egmond
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Katherine E Chapman
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Andrew D Scott
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Gareth J S Jenkins
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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Ngamkala S, Satchasataporn K, Setthawongsin C, Raksajit W. Histopathological study and intestinal mucous cell responses against Aeromonas hydrophila in Nile tilapia administered with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Vet World 2020; 13:967-974. [PMID: 32636595 PMCID: PMC7311884 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.967-974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to examine the intestinal histopathological lesions and mucous cell responses in the entire intestines of Nile tilapia administered with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)-mixed feed, after Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. Materials and Methods Intestinal samples from fish fed with control normal diet or LGG-mixed feed (1010 colony-forming unit [CFU]/g feed) with or without A. hydrophila in phosphate-buffered saline challenge (7.46 × 108 CFU/mL/fish) were collected and processed for histopathological study. The mucous cell responses were evaluated using histochemistry, using Alcian blue (AB) at pH 2.5, AB at pH 1.0, and periodic acid-Schiff-AB at pH 2.5. The quantification of the intestinal mucous cell size and the staining character of each mucin type from the entire intestine were recorded and counted. Results Histopathological study showed remarkable lesions only in the proximal intestine in fish infected with A. hydrophila, while LGG-fed fish had less intestinal damage, perhaps resulting from heterophil infiltration. Furthermore, a significant (p<0.01) increase in mixed mucous cell numbers was observed mainly in the proximal intestine of all challenged fish, compared with normal diet-fed fish without challenge, and also in LGG-fed fish with A. hydrophila challenge compared with LGG-fed fish without challenge. Conclusion Dietary LGG-fed Nile tilapia showed improvements in host innate immunity. In addition, LGG was effective in decreasing intestinal lesions from A. hydrophila-induced intestinal damage. Moreover, increasing numbers of mixed mucous cells in the proximal intestine might be indicative of certain pathological conditions in Nile tilapia after A. hydrophila infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchanit Ngamkala
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Khomson Satchasataporn
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chanokchon Setthawongsin
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wuttinun Raksajit
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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