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Krupčíková S, Stiborek M, Kalousková P, Urík J, Šimek Z, Melymuk L, Muz M, Vrana B. Investigation of occurrence of aromatic amines in municipal wastewaters using passive sampling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 939:173196. [PMID: 38750764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Aromatic amines (AAs) are human-made compounds known for their mutagenic properties, entering surface waters from various sources, often originating as transformation products of dyes or pesticides. Despite their low concentrations in surface waters, AAs can exhibit mutagenicity. Our study focused on evaluating three passive samplers (PSs) for enriching these compounds from influent and effluent of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Brno, Czech Republic. The PSs tested included variants containing AttractSPE™ SDB-RPS sorbent disk, one with and one without a diffusive agarose hydrogel layer, and a modified Speedisk (Bakerbond Speedisk® H2O-Philic). PSs were deployed in wastewater (WW) for one to four weeks in various overlapping combinations, and the uptake of AAs to PSs was compared to their concentrations in 24-hour composite water samples. A targeted LC/MS analysis covered 42 amines, detecting 11 and 13 AAs in daily composite influent and effluent samples, respectively. In the influent, AAs ranged from 1.5 ng L-1 for 1-anilinonaphthalene to 1.0 μg L-1 for aniline, and the highest concentration among all measured amines was observed for cyclohexylamine at 2.9 μg L-1. In the effluent, concentrations ranged from 0.5 ng L-1 for 1-anilinonaphthalene to 88 ng L-1 for o-anisidine. PSs demonstrated comparable accumulation of amines, with integrative uptake up to 28 days in both influent and effluent and detection of up to 23 and 27 amines in influent and effluent, respectively; altogether 34 compounds were detected in the study. Sampling rates (Rs) were estimated for compounds present in at least 50 % of the samples and showing <40 % aqueous concentration variability, with robustness evaluated by comparing values for compounds in WWTP influent and effluent. Although all devices performed similarly, hydrogel-based PS exhibited superior performance in several criteria, including time integration and robustness of sampling rates, making it a suitable monitoring tool for AAs in WW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Krupčíková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Marek Stiborek
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Kalousková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Urík
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeněk Šimek
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Melis Muz
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH-UFZ, Department Exposure Science, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Branislav Vrana
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Zhu M, Su Y, Wang Y, Bo Y, Sun Y, Liu Q, Zhang H, Zhao C, Gu Y. Biodegradation characteristics of p-Chloroaniline and the mechanism of co-metabolism with aniline by Pseudomonas sp. CA-1. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 406:131086. [PMID: 38977036 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Co-metabolism is a promising method to optimize the biodegradation of p-Chloroaniline (PCA). In this study, Pseudomonas sp. CA-1 could reduce 76.57 % of PCA (pH = 8, 70 mg/L), and 20 mg/L aniline as the co-substrate improved the degradation efficiency by 12.50 %. Further, the response and co-metabolism mechanism of CA-1 to PCA were elucidated. The results revealed that PCA caused deformation and damage on the surface of CA-1, and the -OH belonging to polysaccharides and proteins offered adsorption sites for the contact between CA-1 and PCA. Subsequently, PCA entered the cell through transporters and was degraded by various oxidoreductases accompanied by deamination, hydroxylation, and ring-cleavage reactions. Thus, the key metabolite 4-chlorocatechol was identified and two PCA degradation pathways were proposed. Besides, aniline further enhanced the antioxidant capacity of CA-1, stimulated the expression of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase and promoted meta-cleavage efficiency of PCA. The findings provide new insights into the treatment of PCA-aniline co-pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Yuhua Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Yaru Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Yonglin Bo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Yufeng Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Qiyou Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Qingdao 266580, PR China.
| | - Hang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Chaocheng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Yingying Gu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Qingdao 266580, PR China
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Cai K, Liu Q, Lin Y, Yang X, Liu Q, Pan W, Gao W. Amine Switchable Hydrophilic Solvent Vortex-Assisted Homogeneous Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and GC-MS for the Enrichment and Determination of 2, 6-DIPA Additive in Biodegradable Film. Molecules 2024; 29:2068. [PMID: 38731560 PMCID: PMC11085926 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
2, 6-diisopropylaniline (2, 6-DIPA) is a crucial non-intentionally organic additive that allows the assessment of the production processes, formulation qualities, and performance variations in biodegradable mulching film. Moreover, its release into the environment may have certain effects on human health. Hence, this study developed simultaneous heating hydrolysis-extraction and amine switchable hydrophilic solvent vortex-assisted homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction for the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the 2, 6-DIPA additive and its corresponding isocyanates in poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) biodegradable agricultural mulching films. The heating hydrolysis-extraction conditions and factors influencing the efficiency of homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction, such as the type and volume of amine, homogeneous-phase and phase separation transition pH, and extraction time were investigated and optimized. The optimum heating hydrolysis-extraction conditions were found to be a H2SO4 concentration of 2.5 M, heating temperature of 87.8 °C, and hydrolysis-extraction time of 3.0 h. As a switchable hydrophilic solvent, dipropylamine does not require a dispersant. Vortex assistance is helpful to speed up the extraction. Under the optimum experimental conditions, this method exhibits a better linearity (0.0144~7.200 μg mL-1 with R = 0.9986), low limit of detection and quantification (0.0033 μg g-1 and 0.0103 μg g-1), high extraction recovery (92.5~105.4%), desirable intra- and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation less than 4.1% and 4.7%), and high enrichment factor (90.9). Finally, this method was successfully applied to detect the content of the additive 2, 6-DIPA in PBAT biodegradable agricultural mulching films, thus facilitating production process monitoring or safety assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cai
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; (K.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qiang Liu
- Qiandongnan Company of Guizhou Province of CNTC, Kaili 556000, China;
| | - Yechun Lin
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; (K.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xingyou Yang
- Sichuan Province Company of CNTC, Chengdu 610096, China;
| | - Qi Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Efficient Water Use and Disaster Mitigation, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Residual Pollution in Agricultural Film, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Wenjie Pan
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; (K.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Weichang Gao
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; (K.C.); (Y.L.)
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