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Wörner M, Werner L, Hornung U, Islongo Canabarro N, Baudouin D, Dahmen N. The Impact of Sulfur-Containing Inorganic Compounds during the Depolymerization of Lignin by Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Black Liquor. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2024; 38:6036-6047. [PMID: 38595992 PMCID: PMC11000222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c04737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Lignin is a promising resource for the sustainable production of platform chemicals and biofuels. The paper industry produces large quantities of lignin every year, mostly dissolved in a black liquor. With the help of hydrothermal liquefaction, black liquor can be used directly as a feedstock to depolymerize the lignin to desired products. However, because various cooking chemicals (e.g., NaHS, NaOH) used in the Kraft process, dominant in the paper industry, are also dissolved in the black liquor, it is necessary to study in detail their influence on the process as well as their fate. In this work, the focus was on the fate of sulfur and the influence of sulfide (HS-). For this purpose, hydrothermal liquefaction experiments (250-400 °C) were carried out with black liquor and self-prepared model black liquor with different sulfide concentrations (0-3 g·L-1 HS-) in batch reactors (V = 25 mL), and the products were analyzed to understand the chemical pathways involving sulfur. It was found that the inorganic sulfur compounds react with organic matter to produce organic sulfur compounds. Dimethyl sulfide is the most abundant of these products. The HS- concentration correlates with the amount of dimethyl sulfide produced. Because methanethiol has also been qualitatively detected, the reaction mechanism of Karnofski et al. for the formation of dimethyl sulfide in the Kraft process also applies to the hydrothermal liquefaction of black liquor. Increased sulfide concentration in the feed leads to an accelerated depolymerization of lignin. In contrast, the yields of some aromatic monomers decrease slightly, possibly as a result of repolymerization reactions also occurring more quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wörner
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Development (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Lukas Werner
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Development (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Ursel Hornung
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Development (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Nicholas Islongo Canabarro
- Bioenergy
and Catalysis Laboratory (LBK), Paul-Scherrer-Institute
(PSI), Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - David Baudouin
- Bioenergy
and Catalysis Laboratory (LBK), Paul-Scherrer-Institute
(PSI), Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Nicolaus Dahmen
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Development (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
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Removal of Sulfide Ions from Kraft Washing Effluents by Photocatalysis with N and Fe Codoped Carbon Dots. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030679. [PMID: 36771979 PMCID: PMC9921700 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
N and Fe codoped carbon dots (N,Fe-CDs) were fabricated from citric acid, L-glutamic acid and ferric chloride via a hydrothermal method for the photocatalytic removal of S2- from kraft washing effluents (KWE). The N,Fe-CDs were fluorescent nanoparticles (average size of 3.18 nm) and catalyzed the oxidation of S2- following a first-order kinetic model with an activation energy of 33.77 kJ/mol. The N,Fe-CDs tolerated elevated temperatures as high as 80 °C without catalyst deactivation. The N,Fe-CDs catalysts were reusable for at least four cycles, preserving over 90% of the activity. In the treatment of KWE from the kraft pulping of eucalyptus, the concentration of S2- was decreased by the N,Fe-CDs from 1.19 to 0.41 mmol/L in 6 h. Consequently, near complete remediation was obtained in 24 h. In addition, half of the chemical oxygen demand was removed after treatment with 500 mg/L of the N,Fe-CDs. In addition, the present photocatalyst was safe within a concentration of 200 mg/L, as indicated by the acetylcholinesterase inhibition test. Our findings may help develop a cleaner production process for kraft brownstock washing.
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Deng H, Tu Y, Wang H, Wang Z, Li Y, Chai L, Zhang W, Lin Z. Environmental behavior, human health effect, and pollution control of heavy metal(loid)s toward full life cycle processes. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (ONLINE) 2022; 1:229-243. [PMID: 38077254 PMCID: PMC10702911 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) have caused serious environmental pollution and health risks. Although the past few years have witnessed the achievements of studies on environmental behavior of HMs, the related toxicity mechanisms, and pollution control, their relationship remains a mystery. Researchers generally focused on one topic independently without comprehensive considerations due to the knowledge gap between environmental science and human health. Indeed, the full life cycle control of HMs is crucial and should be reconsidered with the combination of the occurrence, transport, and fate of HMs in the environment. Therefore, we started by reviewing the environmental behaviors of HMs which are affected by a variety of natural factors as well as their physicochemical properties. Furthermore, the related toxicity mechanisms were discussed according to exposure route, toxicity mechanism, and adverse consequences. In addition, the current state-of-the-art of available technologies for pollution control of HMs wastewater and solid wastes were summarized. Finally, based on the research trend, we proposed that advanced in-operando characterizations will help us better understand the fundamental reaction mechanisms, and big data analysis approaches will aid in establishing the prediction model for risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Deng
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yuling Tu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Han Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yanyu Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Liyuan Chai
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhang Lin
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangdong 510006, China
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Chen J, Meng T, Leng E, E J. Review on metal dissolution characteristics and harmful metals recovery from electronic wastes by supercritical water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127693. [PMID: 34799178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical water (SCW) technology can be applied as an efficient and environment-friendly method to recover toxic or complex chemical wastes. Separation and chemical reactions under supercritical conditions may be realized by changing the temperature, pressure, and other operating parameters to adjust the physical and chemical properties of water. However, salt deposition and corrosion are often encountered during the treatment of inorganic substances, which will hinder the commercial applications of SCW technology. The solubility of salt in high pressure/temperature water forms the theoretical basis for studying the recovery of metal salts in supercritical water and understanding salt deposition. Therefore, this work systematically and objectively reviews different research methods used to analyze salt solubility in high pressure/temperature water, including the experimental method, prediction theoretical modeling, and computer simulation method; the research status and existing data of this parameter are also analyzed. The purpose of this review is to provide ideas and references for follow-up research by providing a comprehensive overview of salt solubility research methods and the current situation. Suggestions for more efficient metal recovery through technology integration are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Chen
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Institute of New Energy and Energy-Saving & Emission-Reduction Technology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Tian Meng
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Erwei Leng
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jiaqiang E
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Institute of New Energy and Energy-Saving & Emission-Reduction Technology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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