1
|
Tian Y, Feng X, Wang C, Shang S, Liu H, Huang X, Jiang J, Song Z, Zhang H. Fully Biobased Degradable Vitrimer Foams: Mechanical Robust, Catalyst-Free Self-Healing, and Shape Memory Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:6523-6532. [PMID: 38275160 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Thermosetting foams have limited capabilities for recycling, reprocessing, or reshaping. Moreover, most of the foaming agents currently employed in these foams are derived from organic compounds sourced from petrochemicals, thereby posing a significant environmental threat due to heightened pollution. To solve these problems, a fully biobased degradable vitrimer foam (EPC-X) was fabricated using an environmentally friendly all-in-one foaming strategy by cross-linking epoxidized malepimaric anhydride (EMPA), 1,5-diaminopentane (PDA), and 1,5-diaminopentane carbamate (PDAC) as a latent curing-blowing agent. To our delight, the vitrimer foams exhibit excellent mechanical properties (2.86 ± 0.11 MPa compressive strength) owing to their unique rigid rosin backbone and cross-linking networks. The presence of dynamic β-hydroxy ester bonds and the self-catalytic behavior of tertiary amine groups facilitate network rearrangement without requiring additional catalysts, thereby resulting in the development of EPC-X with rapid self-healing and shape memory properties. The self-healing foam could support a weight of 500 g (approximately 562 times its own mass). Moreover, these high-performance vitrimer foams can also be easily degraded in an ethanolamine (EA) or NaOH solution under mild conditions. Such a design strategy offers an alternative approach for developing superior degradable and thermal stimuli-responsive thermosetting foams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forestry Resource, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xuezhen Feng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Chao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Shibin Shang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - He Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xujuan Huang
- School of Chemical and Chemistry, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhanqian Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen Q, Gao Z, Wu Y, Li H, Jiang J, Yang Y, Xu L, Shi H. Insight into chemical features of migrated additives from plastics and associated risks to estuarine ecosystem. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130861. [PMID: 36738617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Distinct hydrodynamic conditions created a hotspot of plastic and associated additive pollution within estuaries, which is of considerable scientific interest. However, the effects of specific estuarine weathering (severe mechanical wear, constant turbulence, and strong ultraviolet radiation) on migration of additives remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the release of migrated plastic additives (MPAs) from three representative plastics, namely floating foam, fishing nets, and packaging bags, under simulated estuarine conditions. Sixty-seven MPAs leached out under the wave scenario, greater than those under the ultraviolet radiation (62) and shoal (40) scenarios. We detected forty MPAs in the plastic bag leachates, whereas fewer MPAs were released from the foam and nets. Several MPAs were peculiar to specific plastics, e.g., antistatic and curing agents in the bag and foam leachates, respectively. Particularly, a suite of nonionic surfactants, octylphenol polyethoxylates (OPEOn), exhibited outstanding responses in the packaging bag leachates and had elevated toxic potential. OPEOn significantly inhibited the hatching of zebrafish and caused cardiovascular system disorder and morphological distortions even at environmentally relevant concentrations as in estuaries. Collectively, the leaching of MPAs was significantly enhanced by wave actions, and the plastic leachates, particularly those of plastic bags, can cause detrimental risks to the estuarine ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Zhuo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Haifeng Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products of CAAS, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Li Xu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products of CAAS, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Uy Lan DN, Bethke C, Altstädt V, Ruckdäschel H. Preparation of pros-foam sheets and their epoxy foams using the solid-state carbamate-foaming technique. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
4
|
Novel Expandable Epoxy Beads and Epoxy Particle Foam. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124205. [PMID: 35744266 PMCID: PMC9228838 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Expanded polymeric beads offer the advantage of being able to produce parts with complex geometries through a consolidation process. However, established polymeric beads are made of thermoplastics, deform and melt beyond their temperature services. In this manuscript, a new technique is proposed to fabricate expandable epoxy beads (EEBs), then expand and fuse them to produce epoxy particle foams (EPFs). This technique is called solid-state carbamate foaming technique. For production of EEBs, a mixture of epoxy, carbamate and hardener is prepared and poured into a 10 mL syringe. The mixture is manually extruded into 60 °C water to obtain a cylindric shape. The extrudate is then further cured to obtain an epoxy oligomer behaving rheological tan delta 3 and 2 at 60 °C. The extrudate is cut into pellets to obtain EEBs. The EEBs are then loaded into an aluminum mold and placed in an oven at 160 °C to expand, fuse to obtain EPFs of 212 kg/m3 and 258 kg/m3. The obtained EPFs provide a Tg of 150–154 °C. The fusion boundaries in EPFs are well formed. Thus, the produced EPFs exhibit a compressive modulus of 50–70 MPa, with a torsion storage modulus at 30 °C of 34–56 MPa.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaysser ST, Bethke C, Romero IF, Wei AWW, Keun CA, Ruckdäschel H, Altstädt V. Investigations on Epoxy-Carbamate Foams Modified with Different Flame Retardants for High-Performance Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3893. [PMID: 34833192 PMCID: PMC8623778 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In transport sectors such as aviation, automotive and railway, materials combining a high lightweight potential with high flame retardant properties are in demand. Polymeric foams are suitable materials as they are lightweight, but often have high flammability. This study focuses on the influence of different flame retardants on the burning behavior of Novolac based epoxy foams using Isophorone Diamine carbamate (B-IPDA) as dual functional curing and blowing agent. The flame retardant properties and possible modifications of these foams are systematically investigated. Multiple flame retardants, representing different flame retardant mechanisms, are used and the effects on the burning behavior as well as mechanical and thermal properties are evaluated. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP), used with a filler degree of 20 wt.% or higher, functions as the best performing flame retardant in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon T. Kaysser
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (S.T.K.); (C.B.); (H.R.)
- CompriseTec GmbH, Rödingsmarkt 20, 20459 Hamburg, Germany; (I.F.R.); (A.W.W.W.); (C.A.K.)
| | - Christian Bethke
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (S.T.K.); (C.B.); (H.R.)
| | | | - Angeline Wo Weng Wei
- CompriseTec GmbH, Rödingsmarkt 20, 20459 Hamburg, Germany; (I.F.R.); (A.W.W.W.); (C.A.K.)
| | - Christian A. Keun
- CompriseTec GmbH, Rödingsmarkt 20, 20459 Hamburg, Germany; (I.F.R.); (A.W.W.W.); (C.A.K.)
| | - Holger Ruckdäschel
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (S.T.K.); (C.B.); (H.R.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (S.T.K.); (C.B.); (H.R.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| |
Collapse
|