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Riley BJ, Canfield NL, Chong S, Crum JV. Metal-Encapsulated, Polymer-Containing Halide Salt Composites as Potential Long-Term Hosts for Radioiodine: Evaluating Halmets, Polyhalmets, and Halcermets. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:34661-34674. [PMID: 39157085 PMCID: PMC11325406 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents composite waste form concepts for radioiodine immobilization including halide-metal (halmet) composites, polymer-halide-metal (polyhalmet) composites, and halide-ceramic-metal (halcermet) composites with data from experiments to evaluate these ideas. The encapsulant metal of choice for the pellets was Bi0, and a cold-press-and-sinter approach was used for creating the pellets. A polymer (i.e., polyacrylonitrile or PAN) phase was included in some composite forms because this porous, passive polymer is used as a host matrix for active chemisorption-based getters. Metals of Ag0, Bi0, and Cu0 were separately embedded into PAN beads, which were loaded with iodine in static tests. Included are details of experiments where PAN removal from the iodine-loaded composite beads was evaluated to reduce the overall volume of the final waste requiring immobilization and to improve the thermal stability of the final composite form. While these experiments demonstrate new concepts for radioiodine immobilization, more work is needed to fully understand the limitations of these approaches and further optimizations are needed before implementation at larger scales is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Riley
- Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd. Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Nathan L. Canfield
- Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd. Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Saehwa Chong
- Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd. Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jarrod V. Crum
- Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd. Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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Tian Z, Hao Y, Chee TS, Cai H, Zhu L, Duan T, Xiao C. Hollow Core-Shell Bismuth Based Al-Doped Silica Materials for Powerful Co-Sequestration of Radioactive I 2 and CH 3I. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308451. [PMID: 38059738 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Developing pure inorganic materials capable of efficiently co-removing radioactive I2 and CH3I has always been a major challenge. Bismuth-based materials (BBMs) have garnered considerable attention due to their impressive I2 sorption capacity at high-temperature and cost-effectiveness. However, solely relying on bismuth components falls short in effectively removing CH3I and has not been systematically studied. Herein, a series of hollow mesoporous core-shell bifunctional materials with adjustable shell thickness and Si/Al ratio by using silica-coated Bi2O3 as a hard template and through simple alkaline-etching and CTAB-assisted surface coassembly methods (Bi@Al/SiO2) is successfully synthesized. By meticulously controlling the thickness of the shell layer and precisely tuning of the Si/Al ratio composition, the synthesis of BBMs capable of co-removing radioactive I2 and CH3I for the first time, demonstrating remarkable sorption capacities of 533.1 and 421.5 mg g-1, respectively is achieved. Both experimental and theoretical calculations indicate that the incorporation of acid sites within the shell layer is a key factor in achieving effective CH3I sorption. This innovative structural design of sorbent enables exceptional co-removal capabilities for both I2 and CH3I. Furthermore, the core-shell structure enhances the retention of captured iodine within the sorbents, which may further prevent potential leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjiang Tian
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yuxun Hao
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Tien-Shee Chee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - He Cai
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, 176 Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9QQ, UK
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of National Defense Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, P. R. China
| | - Tao Duan
- School of National Defense Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, P. R. China
| | - Chengliang Xiao
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
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Wang C, Yao H, Cai Z, Han S, Shi K, Wu Z, Ma S. [Sn 2S 6] 4- Anion-Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxides for Highly Efficient Capture of Iodine. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37906218 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of low-cost and high-efficiency iodine sorbents is of great significance for the control of nuclear pollution. In this work, we intercalate the tin sulfide cluster of [Sn2S6]4- to Mg/Al-type layered double hydroxides to obtain Sn2S6-LDH, which exhibits highly efficient capture performance of iodine vapor and iodine in solutions. The dispersion effect of the positively charged LDH layers contributes to the adequate exposure of [Sn2S6]4- anions, providing plentiful adsorption sites. For iodine vapor, Sn2S6-LDH showed an extremely large iodine capture capacity of 2954 mg/g with a large contribution from physisorption. For iodine in solutions, a significantly large sorption capacity of 1308 mg/g was achieved. During iodine capture, I2 molecules were reduced to I- ions (by S2- in [Sn2S6]4-), which then reacted with Sn4+ to form SnI4, where the molar amount of captured iodine is 4-fold that of Sn. Besides, the as-reduced I- combined with I2 again to generate [I3]-, which then entered the LDH interlayers to maintain electric neutrality. While reducing iodine, S2- itself in [Sn2S6]4- was oxidized to S8, which further combined with SnI4 to form a novel compound of SnI4(S8)2. The excellent iodine capture capability endows Sn2S6-LDH with a promising application in trapping radioactive iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Huiqin Yao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Zidan Cai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Senkai Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Keren Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Zhenglong Wu
- Analytical and Testing Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shulan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Wang ST, Liu YJ, Zhang CY, Yang F, Fang WH, Zhang J. Cluster-Based Crystalline Materials for Iodine Capture. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202638. [PMID: 36180419 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of radioactive iodine in nuclear waste has always been a critical issue of social concern. The rational design of targeted and efficient capture materials is of great significance to the sustainable development of the ecological environment. In recent decades, crystalline materials have served as a molecular platform to study the binding process and capture mechanism of iodine molecules, enabling people to understand the interaction between radioactive iodine guests and pores intuitively. Cluster-based crystalline materials, including molecular clusters and cluster-based metal-organic frameworks, are emerging candidates for iodine capture due to their aggregative binding sites, precise structural information, tunable pores/packing patterns, and abundant modifications. Herein, recent progress of different types of cluster materials and cluster-dominated metal-organic porous materials for iodine capture is reviewed. Research prospects, design strategies to improve the affinity for iodine and possible capture mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Tai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Hui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
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Riley BJ, Carlson K. Radioiodine sorbent selection criteria. Front Chem 2022; 10:969303. [PMID: 36118311 PMCID: PMC9471551 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.969303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for preventing radioiodine from entering the environment are needed in processes related to nuclear energy and medical isotope production. The development and performance of many different types of sorbents to capture iodine have been reported on for decades; however, there is yet to be a concise overview on the important parameters that should be considered when selecting a material for chemically capturing radioiodine. This paper summarizes several criteria that should be considered when selecting candidate sorbents for implementation into real-world systems. The list of selection criteria discussed are 1) optimal capture performance, 2) kinetics of adsorption, 3) performance under relevant process conditions, 4) properties of the substrate that supports the getter, and 5) environmental stability and disposition pathways for iodine-loaded materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Riley
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Brian J. Riley,
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Riley BJ, Chong S, Schmid J, Marcial J, Nienhuis ET, Bera MK, Lee S, Canfield NL, Kim S, Derewinski MA, Motkuri RK. Role of Zeolite Structural Properties toward Iodine Capture: A Head-to-head Evaluation of Framework Type and Chemical Composition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:18439-18452. [PMID: 35412785 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated zeolite-based sorbents for iodine gas [I2(g)] capture. Based on the framework structures and porosities, five zeolites, including two faujasite (FAU), one ZSM-5 (MFI), one mesoMFI, one ZSM-22 (TON), as well as two mesoporous materials, were evaluated for I2(g) capture at room temperature and 150 °C in an iodine-saturated environment. From these preliminary studies, the three best-performing zeolites were ion-exchanged with Ag+ and evaluated for I2(g) capture under similar conditions. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy data suggest that Ag-FAU frameworks were the materials with the highest capacity for I2(g) in this study, showing ∼3× higher adsorption compared to Ag-mordenite (Ag-MOR) at room temperature, but X-ray diffraction measurements show that the faujasite structure collapsed during the adsorption studies because of dealumination. The Ag-MFI zeolites are decent sorbents in real-life applications, showing both good sorption capacities and higher stability. In-depth analyses and characterizations, including synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy, revealed the influence of structural and chemical properties of zeolites on the performance for iodine adsorption from the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Riley
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Saehwa Chong
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Julian Schmid
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - José Marcial
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Emily T Nienhuis
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Mrinal K Bera
- NSF's ChemMatCARS, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Sungsik Lee
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Nathan L Canfield
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Miroslaw A Derewinski
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Cracow, Poland
| | - Radha Kishan Motkuri
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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