1
|
Yu G, Dai C, Liu N, Xu R, Wang N, Chen B. Hydrocarbon Extraction with Ionic Liquids. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3331-3391. [PMID: 38447150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Separation and reaction processes are key components employed in the modern chemical industry, and the former accounts for the majority of the energy consumption therein. In particular, hydrocarbon separation and purification processes, such as aromatics extraction, desulfurization, and denitrification, are challenging in petroleum refinement, an industrial cornerstone that provides raw materials for products used in human activities. The major technical shortcomings in solvent extraction are volatile solvent loss, product entrainment leading to secondary pollution, low separation efficiency, and high regeneration energy consumption due to the use of traditional organic solvents with high boiling points as extraction agents. Ionic liquids (ILs), a class of designable functional solvents or materials, have been widely used in chemical separation processes to replace conventional organic solvents after nearly 30 years of rapid development. Herein, we provide a systematic and comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art progress in ILs in the field of extractive hydrocarbon separation (i.e., aromatics extraction, desulfurization, and denitrification) including (i) molecular thermodynamic models of IL systems that enable rapid large-scale screening of IL candidates and phase equilibrium prediction of extraction processes; (ii) structure-property relationships between anionic and cationic structures of ILs and their separation performance (i.e., selectivity and distribution coefficients); (iii) IL-related extractive separation mechanisms (e.g., the magnitude, strength, and sites of intermolecular interactions depending on the separation system and IL structure); and (iv) process simulation and design of IL-related extraction at the industrial scale based on validated thermodynamic models. In short, this Review provides an easy-to-read exhaustive reference on IL-related extractive separation of hydrocarbon mixtures from the multiscale perspective of molecules, thermodynamics, and processes. It also extends to progress in IL analogs, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in this research area, and discusses the current challenges faced by ILs in related separation fields as well as future directions and opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gangqiang Yu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Chengna Dai
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Ruinian Xu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Biaohua Chen
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li X, Benstead M, Peeters N, Binnemans K. Recycling of metals from LiFePO 4 battery cathode material by using ionic liquid based-aqueous biphasic systems. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9262-9272. [PMID: 38505392 PMCID: PMC10949915 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00655k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries are essential for electric vehicles and energy storage devices. With the increasing demand for their production and the concomitant surge in waste generation, the need for an efficient and environmentally friendly recycling process has become imperative. This work presents a new approach for recycling of metals from the LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode material. The cathode material was first leached by a HCl solution without an oxidizing agent. Subsequently, an ionic-liquid-based aqueous biphasic system (IL-based ABS) was used for the separation of lithium and iron from leachate solutions, followed by a precipitation process. The influence of the acid concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio and leaching time on the leaching yield was investigated. UV-vis absorption spectra revealed the presence of mixed-valent iron in the leachate, with 83 ± 1% Fe(ii) and 17 ± 1% Fe(iii). The ABS systems comprised tributyltetradecylphosphonium chloride [P44414]Cl and a salting-out agent (HCl or NaCl). The extraction percentage of iron reached 90% and less than 1% of lithium was extracted under the studied optimal conditions. Further enhancement of iron extraction, reaching 98%, was achieved via a two-stage cross-current extraction process. Iron was precipitated from the loaded IL phase with an efficiency of 97% as Fe(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3, using an aqueous ammonia solution. Lithium was precipitated as Li3PO4 with a lithium purity of 99.5% by adding K3PO4 solution. The ionic liquid used in the process was efficiently regenerated and used in four extraction cycles with no activity decline, with an extraction percentage of 90% of iron in each cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F, P. O. Box 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Maia Benstead
- Durham University, Department of Chemistry Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Nand Peeters
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F, P. O. Box 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F, P. O. Box 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cai D, Zhang G, Hu D, Li J, Wang M, Zhang Y, Yuan J. Efficiently Removing Heavy Metals from High-Salinity Wastewater via Ionic Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:30898-30905. [PMID: 37663460 PMCID: PMC10468934 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
For the separation of metal ions, ionic liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems (IL-ABSs) offer a promising alternative to solvent extraction. However, the incorporation of an extensive quantity of inorganic salts restricts their practical application. Because heavy metal wastewater often contains high concentrations of inorganic salts, it offers good prospects for the application of IL-ABSs in the separation of heavy metals. In this work, an IL-ABS was formed by tributyltetradecylphosphonium chloride ([P44414]Cl), and simulated high-salinity wastewater (NaCl and Na2SO4 as the main inorganic salts) was used for the separation of heavy metals. The phase diagram results indicated that the formation of a two-phase system required a relatively high salt concentration. The extraction process followed the mechanism of anion exchange; thus, heavy metals such as zinc and cadmium that formed complexes with chloride ions could be effectively extracted (extraction rate >99.5%) with a very fast rate (extraction time <1 min) at a wide pH range (pH = 2-7). After extraction, the metals could be stripped well (stripping rate >99.5%) after contact with the NaOH solution. This research provided a new approach for treating heavy metals in high-salinity effluents, which has the advantages of IL-ABS and avoids the disadvantages of adding large amounts of inorganic salts at the same time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniu Cai
- College
of Chemical Engineering and Material, Quanzhou
Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian China
| | - Guangcai Zhang
- College
of Chemical Engineering and Material, Quanzhou
Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian China
| | - Dongliang Hu
- Qingyuan
Jingong Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Quanzhou 362200, Fujian China
| | - Jianyang Li
- Qingyuan
Jingong Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Quanzhou 362200, Fujian China
| | - Minggong Wang
- College
of Chemical Engineering and Material, Quanzhou
Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian China
| | - Yingwu Zhang
- College
of Chemical Engineering and Material, Quanzhou
Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian China
| | - Junsheng Yuan
- College
of Chemical Engineering and Material, Quanzhou
Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun Y, Lu T, Pan Y, Shi M, Ding D, Ma Z, Liu J, Yuan Y, Fei L, Sun Y. Recovering rare earth elements via immobilized red algae from ammonium-rich wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 12:100204. [PMID: 36157340 PMCID: PMC9500351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2022.100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Biotreatment of acidic rare earth mining wastewater via acidophilic living organisms is a promising approach owing to their high tolerance to high concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs); however, simultaneous removal of both REEs and ammonium is generally hindered since most acidophilic organisms are positively charged. Accordingly, immobilization of acidophilic Galdieria sulphuraria (G. sulphuraria) by calcium alginate to improve its affinity to positively charged REEs has been used for simultaneous bioremoval of REEs and ammonium. The results indicate that 97.19%, 96.19%, and 98.87% of La, Y, and Sm, respectively, are removed by G. sulphuraria beads (GS-BDs). The adsorption of REEs by calcium alginate beads (BDs) and GS-BDs is well fitted by both pseudo first-order (PFO) and pseudo second-order (PSO) kinetic models, implying that adsorption of REEs involves both physical adsorption caused by affinity of functional groups such as -COO- and -OH and chemical adsorption based on ion exchange of Ca2+ with REEs. Notably, GS-BDs exhibit high tolerance to La, Y, and Sm with maximum removal efficiencies of 97.9%, 96.6%, and 99.1%, respectively. Furthermore, the ammonium removal efficiency of GS-BDs is higher than that of free G. sulphuraria cells at an initial ammonium concentration of 100 mg L-1, while the efficiency decreases when initial concentration of ammonium is higher than 150 mg L-1. Last, small size of GS-BDs favors ammonium removal because of their lower mass transfer resistance. This study achieves simultaneous removal of REEs and ammonium from acidic mining drainage, providing a potential strategy for biotreatment of REE tailing wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yabo Sun
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, School of Material Science & Engineering, Anhui University, Jiulong Rd 111, Hefei, Anhui, 230039, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, School of Material Science & Engineering, Anhui University, Jiulong Rd 111, Hefei, Anhui, 230039, PR China
| | - Yali Pan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, School of Material Science & Engineering, Anhui University, Jiulong Rd 111, Hefei, Anhui, 230039, PR China
| | - Menghan Shi
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, School of Material Science & Engineering, Anhui University, Jiulong Rd 111, Hefei, Anhui, 230039, PR China
| | - Dan Ding
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, School of Material Science & Engineering, Anhui University, Jiulong Rd 111, Hefei, Anhui, 230039, PR China
| | - Zhiwen Ma
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, School of Material Science & Engineering, Anhui University, Jiulong Rd 111, Hefei, Anhui, 230039, PR China
| | - Jiuyi Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, School of Material Science & Engineering, Anhui University, Jiulong Rd 111, Hefei, Anhui, 230039, PR China
| | - Yupeng Yuan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, School of Material Science & Engineering, Anhui University, Jiulong Rd 111, Hefei, Anhui, 230039, PR China
| | - Ling Fei
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70504, United States
| | - Yingqiang Sun
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, School of Material Science & Engineering, Anhui University, Jiulong Rd 111, Hefei, Anhui, 230039, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
| |
Collapse
|