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Salaghi A, Diaz-Baca JA, Fatehi P. Enhanced flocculation of aluminum oxide particles by lignin-based flocculants in dual polymer systems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 328:116999. [PMID: 36516704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an abundant phenolic polymer produced vastly in pulping processes that could be further valorized. In this work, anionic (AKLs) and cationic (CKLs) lignin-based polymers were made by polymerizing kraft lignin (KL) with acrylic acid (AA) or [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] trimethyl-ammonium chloride (METAC), respectively. In the polymerization reactions, various molar ratios of AA or METAC to KL were applied to produce AKLs and CKLs with different characteristics. The produced AKLs and CKLs were used in single and dual systems to flocculate aluminum oxide in suspension. To assess the interaction of these lignin-based polymers with the aluminum oxide particles; the zeta potential, adsorption, and flocculation of the colloidal systems were evaluated comprehensively. The flocculation performance of the lignin-derived polymers was compared with that of the homopolymers of AA and METAC (PAA and PMETAC) and commercially used flocculants. In single polymer systems, among the anionic synthesized polymers and homopolymers, KL-A4 (an AKL) was the best flocculant for the aluminum oxide suspensions owing to its largest molecular weight (330 × 103 g/mol) and highest charge density (-4.2 mmol/g). Remarkably, when KL-A4 and KL-C4 (the CKL with the highest molecular weight and charge density) were used subsequently in a dual polymer system, a larger adsorbed mass and a more viscous adlayer were formed than those of single polymer systems on the surface of aluminum oxide particles. The synergy between KL-A4 and KL-C4 was even stronger than that between homopolymers, which led to more significant adsorption on the aluminum oxide surface and, consequently, more efficient flocculation, producing larger (22 μm) and stronger flocs, regardless of the agitation intensity used in the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyoub Salaghi
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Jonathan A Diaz-Baca
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada.
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Calcium Carbonate@silica Composite with Superhydrophobic Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237180. [PMID: 34885758 PMCID: PMC8658991 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, spherical calcium carbonate particles were prepared by using CaCl2 aqueous solution + NH3·H2O + polyoxyethylene octyl phenol ether-10 (OP-10) + n-butyl alcohol + cyclohexane inverse micro emulsion system. Then, nanoscale spherical silica was deposited on the surface of micron calcium carbonate by Stöber method to form the composite material. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the morphology and structure of the composite material. It is found that the surface of the composite material has a micro-nano complex structure similar to the surface of a “lotus leaf”, making the composite material show hydrophobicity. The contact angle of the cubic calcium carbonate, spherical calcium carbonate and CaCO3@SiO2 composite material were measured. They were 51.6°, 73.5°, and 76.8°, respectively. After modification with stearic acid, the contact angle of cubic and spherical CaCO3 were 127.1° and 136.1°, respectively, while the contact angle of CaCO3@SiO2 composite was 151.3°. These results showed that CaCO3@SiO2 composite had good superhydrophobicity, and the influence of material roughness on its hydrophobicity was investigated using the Cassie model theory.
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Ghosh I, Sharma C, Tandon R. Structural evaluation of chitosan-modified precipitated calcium carbonate composite fillers for papermaking applications. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03313-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Sabaghi S, Fatehi P. Phenomenological Changes in Lignin Following Polymerization and Its Effects on Flocculating Clay Particles. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3940-3951. [PMID: 31498610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cationic kraft lignin (CKL) macromolecules were produced via polymerizing kraft lignin (KL) with [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (ATAC) or [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium methyl sulfate (METAM). Despite slightly different charge densities (2.3-2.5 mmol/g) of CKL, lignin-METAM (KL-METAM) had a significantly larger molecular weight and radius of gyration. A correlation was observed between the structure of CKLs and their impacts on the surface hydrophilicity of kaolin particles. In interacting with kaolin particles, KL-METAM generated larger and stronger flocs with looser structures than did KL-ATAC. Compared to ATAC, METAM had one additional methyl substituent on its structure, which provided fundamental evidence on how a small group (i.e., a methyl group) on the structure of a cationic monomer can have a substantial influence on its polymerization with lignin and subsequently on the efficiency of the induced macromolecule as a flocculant in a kaolin suspension system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Sabaghi
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department , Lakehead University , 955 Oliver Road , Thunder Bay , ON , Canada P7B 5E1
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department , Lakehead University , 955 Oliver Road , Thunder Bay , ON , Canada P7B 5E1
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CO2 capture and preparation of spindle-like CaCO3 crystals for papermaking using calcium carbide residue waste via an atomizing approach. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-019-0336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhang Y, Gao W, Fatehi P. Structure and settling performance of aluminum oxide and poly(acrylic acid) flocs in suspension systems. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Flocculation of kaolin particles with cationic lignin polymers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2672. [PMID: 30804391 PMCID: PMC6389989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, lignin of black liquor is incinerated to generate energy in pulp mills; but it has potential to be valorized through different modification methods. In this work, kraft lignin (KL) was polymerized with 2-[(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (DMC) to produce cationic water soluble polymers. After producing five polymers with different molecular weights and charge densities, their flocculation efficiency in kaolin suspensions was investigated. The adsorption, zeta potential and flocculation results confirmed that the polymer with the highest charge density and molecular weight (KLD5) was a more effective flocculant than other polymers. The structure and size of flocs formed from the interaction of kaolin with KLD were determined by a focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM). The sedimentation studies, conducted under gravitational (by vertical scan analyzer) and centrifugal force (by Lumisizer analytical centrifuge), revealed that KLD5 was very effective in flocculating kaolin particles.
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He B, Lin Q, Chang M, Liu C, Fan H, Ren J. A new and highly efficient conservation treatment for deacidification and strengthening of aging paper by in-situ quaternization. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 209:250-257. [PMID: 30732806 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ancient papers, facing the threat of acidification, aging and microbial corrosion, need to be repaired due to their significance of history, art and culture research. In this work, a new and highly efficient approach was proposed to deacidify and strengthen aging paper by in-situ quaternization for the conservation, in which MgO nanoparticles dispersed in hexamethyldisiloxane was coated on the paper surface and the aqueous alkaline solution and the 2, 3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride/isopropyl alcohol/water mixture were sprayed in a closed reactor. Results showed that properties of ageing papers were improved after MSCE-8/2 treatment. The pH value was in the range of 7.5-9.0 and the maximum amount of alkali storage was 220 mmol/Kg. The tensile strength and folding endurance were increased by 28.05% and 80%, respectively. The fluctuation range of brightness and chromatic aberration was 0.14 and 1.27. Moreover, treated paper also had the great anti-bacteria and anti-aging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei He
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qixuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Minmin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chuanfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Huiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Junli Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Yu H, Xu Y, Ni Y, Wu Q, Liu S, Li L, Yu S, Ji Z. Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose from waste paper fibers by cationic polymers addition. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 200:248-254. [PMID: 30177163 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cationic polymers (cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM), polyethyleneimine (PEI) or cationic starch (CS)) were used to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of waste paper fibers (WPFs) at 15% (w/w) solids concentration. Results showed that 0.05 g/L PEI, CPAM and CS resulted in 72.5%, 65.9% and 59.7% conversion of WPFs, increased by 15.4%, 8.8% and 2.6%, respectively, compared with control (57.1%). PEI was shown to have a larger effect than CPAM and CS, and generate a total sugar concentration of 73.9 g/L. Improvement in hydrolysis with cationic polymer addition is attributed to increased cellulase adsorption on cellulose through electrostatic attraction, rather than enhancement of cellulase activity. A patching/ bridging mechanism of cationic polymer enhancement of cellulose adsorption in cellulose is hypothesized. PEI exhibited maximum cellulose binding for polymers examined and appears to promote binding through a patching mechanism. CPAM and CS adsorbed a relatively low cellulase through bridging mechanism. In addition, enzyme loading could be reduced by addition of cationic polymers to obtain the same glucose yield, especially when PEI was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Yuqin Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Qiong Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shiwei Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Lu Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shitao Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Zhe Ji
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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Xie J, Zhang H, An S, Qian X, Cheng H, Zhang F, Li X. Role of a "surface wettability switch" in inter-fiber bonding properties. RSC Adv 2018; 8:3081-3089. [PMID: 35541166 PMCID: PMC9077703 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12307h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fiber surface wettability is one of the most important lignocellulosic fiber characteristics affecting the inter-fiber bonding properties of final bio-products. In this study, the surface wettability (evaluated by the surface free energy, surface lignin and surface charge) of mechanically refined fibers and the bonding properties of the fiber matrix (handsheets) were measured and correlated to each other. The results showed that the fiber surface charge increased from 48.38 mmol kg-1 to 60.38 mmol kg-1 and the surface lignin decreased from 87.1% to 77.5% during the fiber mechanical treatment, leading to the improvement of the fiber surface free energy from 46.63 mJ m-2 to 54.45 mJ m-2. As a result, the bonding strength index increased from 2.60 N m g-1 to 9.73 N m g-1 without significant loss of bulk properties. In a word, the fiber surface wettability could be adjusted to facilitate the inter-fiber bonding properties of the paper or paperboard products using lignin-rich fibers as raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglei Xie
- Tianjin Key Lab of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology Tianjin 300457 China +86-22-6060-2510 +86-22-6060-2199
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology Tianjin 300457 China +86-22-6060-2510 +86-22-6060-2199
- Hebei Huatai Paper Industry Co. Ltd., Huatai Group Zhaoxian 051530 China
- Shandong Huatai Paper Industry Co. Ltd., Huatai Group Dongying 257335 China
| | - Shuai An
- Tianjin Key Lab of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology Tianjin 300457 China +86-22-6060-2510 +86-22-6060-2199
| | - Xuejun Qian
- Hebei Huatai Paper Industry Co. Ltd., Huatai Group Zhaoxian 051530 China
| | - Hongshun Cheng
- Hebei Huatai Paper Industry Co. Ltd., Huatai Group Zhaoxian 051530 China
| | - Fengshan Zhang
- Shandong Huatai Paper Industry Co. Ltd., Huatai Group Dongying 257335 China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Shandong Huatai Paper Industry Co. Ltd., Huatai Group Dongying 257335 China
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Li T, Fan J, Chen W, Shu J, Qian X, Wei H, Wang Q, Shen J. Coaggregation of mineral filler particles and starch granules as a basis for improving filler-fiber interaction in paper production. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 149:20-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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